Ni Zan was raised by his eldest brother since childhood, and his life was extremely easy and carefree. Ni Zhaokui invited fellow countryman "real person" Wang Renfu as his mentor. Under such family influence and education, Ni Zan developed an unusual attitude towards life, which was lofty and aloof, totally honest, not asking about politics and unwilling to manage production. He called himself "lazy Zan", also known as "Ni Yu", and he was immersed in poetry and painting all the year round, which was quite different from the Confucian ideal of joining the WTO, so he became an official at the end of his life. The sexual intercourse is clean, the towels are washed several times a day, and the trees in front of and behind the house are often washed and wiped. There are thousands of books at home, all written by hand.
Ni Zan, a teenager, was well-off and well-off, but he didn't get into the habit of being a dude and clung to his study and cultivation. There is a three-story library in the home, Qingyi Pavilion, and there are more than a thousand volumes of Tibetan scriptures, history, books, collections, Buddhist scriptures and Taoist books. Ni Zan reads and writes poems upstairs every day. In addition to studying classics carefully, he also dabbled in Buddhist and Taoist books. There are also famous calligraphy and paintings in the Qing Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty, such as The History of the Three Kingdoms, Zhong You's Four Seasons Table, and Mi Fei's Picture of Haiyue Temple in the Song Dynasty. Ni Zan plays with these masterpieces every morning and evening, especially Dong Yuan's Xiaoxiang map, Li Cheng's Maolin Yaoyuan map and Hao Jing's Qiushan map, and devotes himself to copying and imitating their verve temperament. At the same time, he often goes out for sightseeing and draws casually when he sees valuable scenery and things. He carefully observed various phenomena in nature, carefully sketched, and often came back with a full picture. On the one hand, Ni Zan paid attention to the inheritance of traditional techniques, learned from others' strengths and studied hard, which laid a solid foundation for his later painting innovation.
In Yuan Ni Zan, Lao Liu doesn't know the snowstorm, which was published in Thai for five years (1328), the eldest brother Ni Zhaokui died suddenly. Then, Shao's mother and teacher died one after another, and Ni Zan was very sad. He used to rely on the privileges enjoyed by his eldest brother, but later he lost everything. Ni Zan became an ordinary Confucian scholar, and his family economy became increasingly difficult. With a sad mood, he wrote his own poems and described in detail his painful environment at that time.
The twenty years from three years (1330) to eleven years (135 1) of the Yuan calendar are the maturity of Ni Zan's painting creation. During this period, Ni Zan made a wide range of friends, most of whom were monks, Taoists, poets and painters. Most of his poems are also sung with such people. Zhang Boyu, his best friend, was a famous Taoist priest, and Ni Zan drew a picture of bamboo and stone for him. Huang was another famous painter whom he admired, and also a famous figure of Quanzhen Taoism at that time. He is 32 years older than him, because his Taoism is deep. In 65,438+00, Huang Zenghua painted a long scroll of more than 20 feet for Ni Zan, which is one of the representative works of yellow, pale and crimson landscapes. The title of the scroll is Zheng Zhi Wuzi (65,438+0348); Ni Zan was 48 years old. At this time, he began to believe in Taoism (Quanzhen religion) and developed a withdrawn and reclusive character, which is also reflected in his paintings, which show a desolate, simple, quiet and generous intention.
During the 20 years from the 13th year of Yuan Dynasty (1353) to his death, Ni Zan roamed Taihu Lake. I traveled all over Jiangyin, Yixing, Changzhou, Wujiang, Huzhou, Jiaxing and Songjiang, entertaining myself with poems and paintings. This period is also the heyday of Ni Zan's painting. He carefully observed the beautiful scenery of Taihu Lake, understood its characteristics, concentrated, refined and summarized it, and created new composition forms and new pen and ink techniques, thus gradually forming a new artistic style. The work is characterized by distinctive personality, unique brushwork and simple painting. It features a vein of soil slope, with three or five trees planted next to it, one or two thatched cottages, with white space in the middle to show the beauty of the lake and clear sky, and mountains looming in the distance. The picture is quiet and serene, and the realm is far-reaching. This style is unprecedented. At this stage, Ni Zan created Pine Pavilion (1354), Qiu Ji Map of Fishing Village (1355), Luo Map of Strange Rocks (1360) and Shu Ting Yao Cen Map (65438+).
In the 23rd year of Yuan Zhizheng (1363), on September 18th (125), his wife Jiang died of illness, which dealt a great blow to Ni Zan. The eldest son died young, and the second son was unfilial. The more lonely he feels in life, the more depressed he is and at a loss. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang once asked Ni Zan to go to Beijing for business, but he refused to go. In the fifth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1372), on May 27th (June 28th), he wrote a poem, "Words are Brave", saying that he was unwilling to be an official. He only wrote Jiazi Year in poems and books on paintings, but did not write Hongwunian.
In the seventh year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1374), Ni Zan temporarily stayed at Zou's home in Changjing, Jiangyin. On the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, he was infected with spleen disease, so he went to the famous doctor Xia ZZ's house of Qiyou for medical treatment and stayed halfway. Ni Zan was seriously ill and died in Xiafu on November 11th of the lunar calendar (65438+1February) at the age of 74. His body was buried in Xi and Jiangyin, and later in the ancestral grave at the foot of Furong Mountain in Wuxi. Nan Zhou wrote an epitaph.
Ni Zan is good at painting landscapes, bamboo stones and dead wood. Among them, he used a typical technique-folding in landscape painting. He is a representative painter of landscape painting of Nanzong in Yuan Dynasty, and his works are mainly paper-based ink and wash. Its landscape painters Dong Yuan, Hao Jing, Guan Tong and Li Cheng developed it, and their paintings are unpretentious and have a naive and quiet style. Most of the works draw mountains and rivers around Taihu Lake, with plain composition and simple scenery, mostly sparse slopes and shallow water. Use a pen to change the center into a flank and draw the rocks in a zigzag shape. The pen is dry and the ink is sparse, and the artistic conception is desolate and ethereal. Simple and elegant style, simple and complex, small and big, solitary and connotative. He is also good at painting ink bamboo, and his painting style is "elegant", bony and full of vitality. There are many poems in this painting. Because of his simplicity, his paintings have been faked for many years, but it is not easy to imitate their depressed and indifferent temperament. In Ni Zan's painting theory, he advocates expressing subjective feelings, and thinks that painting should show the author's "escape from the chest" and not seek the shape ("the so-called servant painter only avoids rough brushwork and does not seek the shape, but only talks about self-entertainment"). In the history of painting, he was called Huang, Zhenwu and Wang Meng. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Dong Qichang and others held him in high esteem and often put him above the other three. He Ming Liang Jun said, "Yunlin's official order is that there should be no dust." Wang Mian's "Send Lady Yang to the Yunlin" said that Ni Zan "has a room full of toothpicks and books, and colored pens all over Cigarette Cards".
The works of Ni Zan and Ni Zan were the greatest painters who influenced later generations in Yuan Dynasty. His unpretentious landscape painting style was sought after by masters in Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Dong Qichang and Shi Tao, who all cited him as the originator. Shi Tao's calligraphy and painting are based on Ni Zan in spirit and style. Ni Zan is also a calligrapher who takes retro as the banner and pursues artistic individualization. Like Zhang Yu and Yang Weiting, he belongs to this era and does not belong to this era. This is the transcendental value of art to the times.
In the Ming Dynasty, Jiangnan people divided elegance and vulgarity according to whether they collected his paintings. His painting practice and theoretical viewpoints had a great influence on the painting circles in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and he was still rated as "Top Ten Painters in Ancient China" and listed as a world cultural celebrity by Encyclopedia Britannica.
His paintings include: river bank mountain scenery, bamboo tree wild stone map, hill map, six-man map, water bamboo residence map, pine pavilion map, lion forest map, Xilin meditation room map, quiet creek cold pine map, Qiu Linshan color map, spring rain crescent map, small mangosteen tree map and so on. There are water bamboo residence map, knee rongzhai map, fish village Qiu Ji map, Yushan forest valley map, Song tour map, family letter map, strange stone cluster map, bamboo branch map, Xishan Fairy Hall, frost forest and rocks, etc.
Calligraphy Ni Zan is good at regular script. As an outstanding wild rhyme man, his calligraphy is a Zen master, and he travels around the world. He wrote his own unique style of simplicity, simplicity, dryness and lightness with the charm of ice and snow. Xu: "Your book was introduced by Li, but it was reborn in Zhong You's" Recommended Seasons ",which is ancient and charming, dense and sparse." Ni Zan really achieved "seclusion" and "escape". His books are vigorous and delicate, but also elegant and simple. No wonder later generations called him "Ni Gaoshi". Wen Zhiming and Dong Qichang both spoke highly of his calligraphy. Wen Zhiming commented: "Mr. Ni has a noble personality, and he is elegant and has the spirit of Jin and Song Dynasties." Dong Qichang commented: "Old innocence, stupid rice (that is, Mifei)." Compared with Ge Shoutie's calligraphy, Ni Zan's calligraphy is completely different in style, which inevitably leads to criticism. For example, Xiang Mu accused Ni Zan of being mean and shabby when writing. Even at Lao Peng's age, there will be no good in the end. "but
Li Ruiqing, a modern calligrapher who painted Ni Zan in 1352, said: "Ni Zan's books are cold and desolate, without losing the momentum of Jin people. There are disadvantages in the forest, such as Tao Yuanming in the poem, but they are not solved by meat eaters." Ni Zan's works handed down from ancient times include Three Stamps, A Boat at the Beginning of the Month, Poems in the Guest Hall, Poems to Chen, Poems with the Rate, Poems with You, Two Simple Notes, Miscellaneous Poems and so on.
Shinizan lives in a war-torn environment and wants to escape from reality, give up pastoral industry and live a wandering life. "The night wind shines on people alone, and rivers, rain and cranes depend on each other" is a portrayal of his life. However, he can't be completely divorced from reality. He said in the poem "To Gu Zhongying": "People's livelihood is very bitter and they travel thousands of miles." Especially in fifteen years in Zheng Zheng (1355), he was imprisoned for not paying the official rent. In the poem "Su Fu", he said: "The harsh one is a tiger, but the merciful one." Shows his critical attitude. Ni Zan often holds a negative attitude towards reality. He has a Sanqu "Ghost Spirit" that says: "There is no hero between heaven and earth, no hero." He is not a hermit, nor an official. He is wandering in the Jianghu. Others don't know him, and he doesn't want to be known. Ni Zan's poems are natural and elegant, beautiful and elegant, and they are not carved, so are his prose. Author of Qing Pavilion Collection (15).
Anecdote of Xu Zhang's Portrait of Ni Zan in Qing Dynasty: Ni Yunlin, a landscape painter in Yuan Dynasty, was obsessed with cleanliness. His toilet is a castle in the air, with a lattice made of fragrant wood, filled with earth below and covered with white goose feathers in the middle. "If you go down, the goose feathers will be covered and there will be no foul smell." Cleanliness is cautious about sexual issues. This man was neat and lonely, which not only angered his enemies, but also lost his friends. In retaliation, there are many versions about his death. When he said that he had dysentery before his death, he was thrown into the cesspit by Zhu Yuanzhang and drowned.
Ni Zan, like the stone carvings in Suzhou, and Ni Zan, like his Four Treasures of the Study, have two servants in charge of management and scrubbing at any time. The buttonwood trees in the yard are also deadly, and they should be washed with water every morning and evening. One day, a good friend of his visited and stayed at home for the night. I visited my friend three or four times overnight for fear of getting dirty. Suddenly I heard my friend cough, so I was worried all night. At dawn, he ordered his servant to find out where his friend spit everywhere. The servant searched every corner and found no trace of phlegm. Afraid of being scolded, I had to find a dirty leaf and send it to him, saying it was here. He glanced sideways, then closed his eyes in disgust, covered his nose and asked the servant to send it three miles away and throw it away.
Zhang Shixin, the brother of Zhang Shicheng, the "Prince of Wu", once sent someone to take a painting silk and asked him to paint, giving him a lot of money. Ni Zan was furious and said, "Ni Zan can't be a painter of Wangmen!" And tear the silk to refund the money. Unexpectedly, when I was boating in Taihu Lake one day, I met Zhang Shixin and was beaten. Ni Zan was speechless at that time. Someone asked him afterwards, and he replied, "It's vulgar to make trouble." Ni Zan once wrote a poem to describe his feelings: "He looks down on vulgar things with white eyes, speaks clearly and hesitates. He is English, broad and full."
Because I love cleanliness too much, I seldom get close to women. But once, he suddenly took a fancy to a singer named Zhao, so he took her back to the villa for the night. But I was afraid that she was not clean, so I told her to take a bath first, then go to bed, and touch her feet from beginning to end, smelling while touching. I always felt that something was unclean, so I asked her to wash it again, touch it again and smell it again, but I was still worried and washed it again. Wash, wash, it's already dawn, so we have to do it. Later, he went to prison for some reason, but during dinner, he asked the jailer to raise the bowl to the level of his eyebrows. The jailer asked him why, and he said, "I'm afraid your spit will spray into the rice." The jailer was furious and locked him next to the toilet, begging for help before he was released.
There is a secret pavilion in Ni Zan, and no one can enter it. And a white horse, take good care of it. Once when his mother was ill, he begged Ge Xianweng to see a doctor. Ge Xianweng asked for a white horse to pick him up. It rained that day, and Ni Zan was a dutiful son, so he had to agree. The white horse in the rain made a mess. When he arrived at Ni's house, Ge Xianweng asked to visit the museum. Ni Zan had to agree. Ge Xianweng rummaged about in the secret cabinet and spit everywhere. Ni Zan will never enter the secret cabinet again.
Ni himself is an eccentric person. When Mr. Zou lived in Zou's house, a son-in-law named Jin Xuanbo came to see him this day. Ni Zan heard that Jin Xuanbo was a scholar and went out to see him without wearing shoes. But when I saw his rude words and appearance, I was very angry and slapped him. Jin Xuanbo was ashamed and angry, and left without seeing Teacher Zou. When Mr Zou came out, he blamed him very much. Ni Zan said, "Jin Xuanbo looks disgusting and his words are tasteless. I scolded him! "
Ni Zan likes drinking tea, and specially made "Qingquan Baishi Tea", which attracted Zhao Hangshu, and Ni entertained him with these good teas. Zhao doesn't think much of this tea. Ni said angrily: "I regard my son as my grandson, so I don't know the taste of this product." It's really vulgar. " So I broke up with him.
Select poems and quatrains in the collection.
Before the fourth bridge in Songling, you should store a ladle when the wind is urgent.
Knock on the fire to cook tea songs, and turn over the snow to stop in the raging wave.
Beili
There is little communication between North and South, and no one has found Ye Fu's home.
Cuckoo is called planting mulberry, and tea is roasted in human speech.
Ni Zan's Complete Works of Qing Pavilion (Volume 12) The water in the pool is full of fragrant grass, and the well bed is exposed with green flowers.
Practice clothes, hang rocks, have a quiet dream, sleep and sing until the sun goes down.
Three Poems of Crossing the Stone Lake in the Misty Rain
There is a stone lake in front of the misty rain mountain, covered with autumn shadow jade.
You don't need to cut more Songjiang water, so you can dye it for painting.
There is a short long bridge outside Gusu City, which is misty and rainy, and the tide is late.
Carrying wine used to be a pleasure, playing the flute while lying drunk on the moon.
I can't wake up, I'm bald, and the waves on the Cangjiang River are light.
Gull love has nothing to do with old age, and a light leaf always worries.
Title Zheng Suo Nan Lan
The autumn wind has not stopped, and the desolation in the south has disappeared.
Only the south heart does not change, and tears and ink write Li Sao.
A remote village/village
Wandering in a deserted village, it feels far away. The bamboo road is blue in autumn rain, and the evening is bright.
A mouse can arch, and a goose can crane in the pool. How many years have you spent in depression?
wine
On the stone wall, wine is put between pines. The water is far away and the clouds are white, and the lonely crane returns on a sunny day.
The virtual pavilion reflects the moss bamboo, so we can talk about this interest. After sitting for a long time, the sound of spring birds turned off.
Zhang Mingshan Guilin Qushuangdiao
The grass in the tombs of Qin and Han dynasties is broad, and it rises and falls from generation to generation, but it looks like a moon shadow. Mountain people pile up books, when the window is loose and the laurel tree is full.
Don't be jealous of the depth of the door, white clouds are pleasant. Things are hard to say until now. There are no heroes or heroes between heaven and earth.
Yue Diao Xiao Tao Hong
The scenery in Luzhuang is depressed, so you can sigh and smile. And heaven remains our neighbourhood, who knows, swam the Jade Bridge. * * * Yushu was transferred at that time, a poor businesswoman, who didn't know about national subjugation, blew it to Ziluan Xiao.
A river of autumn water is light and cold, and Shui Ying is as bright as practice. There are several rows of geese under the eyes, which are snowy and sunny. Green apples are different from Polygonum cuspidatum. Wu Ge paddled, and with the sound of sadness, Bai Ou fell asleep.
The five lakes have not returned, and the heavens and the earth have built temples. The new bar is nearby, and the main reward is guests. In the past 100 years, there have been ups and downs in the world, with several green hills and a leaf on a fishing boat, which can talk about the sky and avoid dust.
Huangzhongren Yuan Yue
Don't ask about the sad past of the previous dynasty, I went back to Yuewangtai. Partridges are singing, the east wind blows to the first green and the sun blooms. I looked at the sky alone with sadness. The mountains were still there, and my country was not there. There were mossy trees everywhere, and it was desolate. The bright moon overhead, soft and bright, still shines on the previous dynasty, but where did it come from?
Startled back to his dream, the fisherman sang Nanjin. Painting clouds, pond spring grass, infinite ecstasy. Home should be in, sycamore trees cover the well, willow hides the door. Idle old, lonely shed listening to the rain, lights Jiangcun.
People commented that Ni Zan's paintings created a generation of ink and wash landscape painting style, and he was also called "the Four Masters of Yuan Dynasty" with Huang, Zhenwu and Wang Meng. The painting style is simple, the style is naive and quiet, and it wins with indifference. Most of his works draw mountains and rivers around Taihu Lake, and the composition takes plain scenery. He is good at drawing dead trees and bamboo and stone huts, and the scenery is extremely simple. Most of his paintings are polished with dry pen, and the pen and ink are extremely simple. The so-called "intentional or unintentional, if it is light, if it is sparse", it has formed a desolate depression. Among the four schools in Yuan Dynasty, Ni Zan enjoyed a high reputation in the minds of literati. He Ming Liang Jun said, "Yunlin's official order is that there should be no dust." In the Ming Dynasty, Jiangnan people divided elegance and vulgarity according to whether they collected his paintings. His painting practice and theoretical viewpoints have influenced the painting circles in Ming and Qing dynasties for hundreds of years. He was rated as one of the "Top Ten Painters in Ancient China" and listed as a world cultural celebrity by Encyclopedia Britannica.
Ni Zan, like Ni Zan, is aloof, pedantic and unconventional, and has never been an official in his life. The legacy of Yunlin, compiled in the Ming Dynasty, said that once he stayed a guest, he heard a cough at night, and the next morning he was ordered to search for sputum carefully. The servant can't find it. Suppose he vomits on the plane leaves outside the window, tell him to cut them off quickly and put them far away from home. There is another legend in Ni Zan: Zhang Shixin, the brother of Zhang Shicheng, the "King of Wu", once sent someone to ask him to paint with silk and gave him a lot of money. Ni Zan was furious and tore up the silk to refund the money. Unexpectedly, when I was boating in Taihu Lake one day, I met Zhang and was beaten. Ni Zan was speechless at that time. Someone asked him afterwards, and he replied, "It's vulgar to make trouble." Ni Zan once wrote a poem to describe his feelings: "Look at people's vulgar things with white eyes, bow to the times with clear speech, be rich and well-thought-out."