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Internal analysis of four-character idioms
In Chinese idioms, there are many objective things or phenomena represented by four-character idioms with double rhetorical colors, such as ① "chicken intestine" versus "mouse abdomen" in Chicken intestine and mouse abdomen; ② Bitterness and blood in Bitterness; ③ "integration" and "infiltration" in "integration"; ④ The extended meaning or figurative meaning of "life" to the formation of dual idioms such as "year" in "Saving Life and Saving the Year" cannot be found in the dual sentences. For example, "street talk" is extended to public opinion; "Dai Yue Pi Xing" describes going out early and returning late, working hard in the fields ... It is very important to analyze the structure, categories and forms of such idioms and further reveal their extended or figurative meanings in Chinese interpretation teaching in senior high schools. The antithesis analyzed in this paper comes from the monograph of idioms, so it is called "antithesis within idioms"
Internal pair structure
In fact, all four words are words (or morphemes) in four-character antithesis idioms. From the structural relationship between four words (or morphemes), we can see that one or two words (or morphemes) and three or four words (or morphemes) are closely structured and combined into two parts of idioms. The combination method is dual, but the paired structures are different. There are four common structures: partial rightness, verb-object, verb-complement, and subject-predicate as mentioned above. ① In chicken intestines and mouse bellies, chicken intestines and mouse bellies are both partial nouns, and their meanings have changed, indicating that they are narrow-minded, considering only small things and ignoring the overall situation. For example, clues, heresy, triviality, honeyed words, square handle chisel, golden horse, human face and animal heart, sweet smell and national color, golden mouth and jade words ... are all two semi-formal nouns that combine back and forth to produce new meanings, and the internal parts of these idioms can be interchanged back and forth with the same meaning. For example, "tianxiang national color" can be said to be "national color tianxiang"; "Jin Goma Tie" can be said to be "Jin Ge" ... Some formal verbs are relatively combined into idioms, for example, they started from chaos and finally abandoned, imperceptibly ... while some formal adjectives are relatively combined into idioms, for example, they are extremely vicious and safe ... ② Verb-object compound words are used before and after "painstaking", and verb-object juxtaposition produces new semantics. "Metaphor took great pains. Another example is: beating your chest, losing the enemy's strength, catching the wind and catching the shadows, stealing chickens and dogs, being timid, being firm, being ashamed of flowers on the moon, flirting with flowers ... The verb-object relationship of these idioms is "verb+name" mode, and the relationship is obvious. There is also an idiom that is hidden by the verb-object relationship. Its pattern representation is "verb+description", but in fact "description" here has become a noun. For example, "be persistent and sharp", "be persistent" and "be sharp" are translated into "solid protective armor" and "sharp weapon", which are juxtaposed and relatively combined, and "metaphorically charged". Another example is: doing something unconventional, bringing order out of chaos, pretending to be crazy and selling stupidity, liking the new and hating the old, picking the fat and picking the thin, strengthening the body resistance and eliminating the evil ... ③ The two parts of "mastery" are verb-complement compounds, which are juxtaposed before and after and complement each other to form an internal pair of fixed phrases, resulting in new semantics, such as killing everything, correcting and proofreading, and stabilizing the balance.
The grammatical relationship of the structure in idioms tells us that the meaning of idioms can't be expressed only by the front or back of the inner pair. Only by combining the front and back into a pair can the overall meaning of idioms be expressed.
2. Internal category
In four-character idioms, there are common words of the same kind, synonyms and antonyms.
(1) Compared with four-character idioms, similar words have the same internal parts of speech as modern Chinese, namely nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers and pronouns.
1 Noun pairs are words that indicate the names of people and things, including concrete and abstract. Such as: running around here and there, yellow boy and old man, rat head and tail, jujube and pear disaster, fighting for stars, getting drunk and having a full meal, playing bamboo and silk, carving beams and painting buildings, and being tongue-tied. , the nouns "east" and "west" are right; "Child" and "old man" are a pair of interpersonal nouns; A pair of animal nouns "roe" and "rat"; Noun pairs of "jujube" and "pear" plants; Astronomical terms on "dou" and "xing"; Dietary noun pairs of "wine" and "rice"; Noun pairs of "bamboo" and "silk" musical instruments; The noun pairs of "Liang" and "Lou"; Nouns pair "mouth" and "tongue" human organs ...
There are three verb pairs: ① those that express specific actions, such as abandoning one's helmet and looking around … ② those that express psychological activities, such as thinking about the past and thinking about the future; (3) indicating judgment and existence, such as: the past is the present, there is no coincidence ...
There are three commonly used adjectives: ① for shapes, such as the inside of the outer circle, the sky is thick ... ② for properties, such as purity and cleanliness, the sky is dark ... ③ for states, such as boys and girls, frowning. ...
4 quantifier pairs, such as: two times and three times, three years and five years ... There are not many cases of internal matching of this quantifier. There are many numerals, mainly three kinds:
(1) The exact figures, such as "Huang San" and "Five Emperors" in "Three Emperors and Five Emperors", respectively refer to the legendary oldest Fuxi, Suiren and Shennong as Huang San, and Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Tang Yao and Yu Shun as the five Emperors. Another example is: three cardinal guides and five permanents, three obedience and four virtues ... ② table number, such as: inextricably linked, three-order and five applications ... ③ table reference, such as giving inferences, reversing right and wrong. ...
Pronoun pairs can be divided into two categories: ① demonstrative pronoun pairs, such as taking care of one thing and losing another, one after another ... ② personal pronoun pairs, such as life and death and conspiracy. ...
(2) The objective things or phenomena reflected by the front and back parts of synonym pairs have the same or similar meanings, such as "half a catty is eight liang". The old system is sixteen taels a catty, and half a catty is eight taels. Another example: loneliness, Chixian Shenzhou ... the inner meaning is brand-new.
(3) Antisense pairs are common in nouns, verbs and function words, which belong to the same scope in semantics, but have opposite semantics, the same part of speech and correct structure. For example, "East" and "West" in "East Neighborhood" are locative nouns; The adjectives "long" and "short" in Learn from each other refer to length. Another example is: all over the world, to Qin Chu; Strolling and drilling into the ground; After the formation of fixed phrases, words such as "width and narrowness" and "talking long and short" all produced new meanings.
There are countless four-word phrases composed of synonyms and antonyms. If you think hard, what will you do? Sigh, fight, love leisure and hate work, and abandon darkness for clarity. ...
It can be seen that similar words, synonyms and antonyms all have a "pairing" feature in four-character idioms. Embedded words (morphemes) are identical, similar and opposite in word (semantic) meaning, but opposite in structure. After being combined into idioms, the meaning is transformed. For example, "East" and "West" represent two directions. When the verbs "Zhang" and "Wang" are embedded, they represent all directions, which means "everywhere". "Long" and "short" indicate length, and after the verbs "belt" and "complement" are embedded, the semantics are transformed into "advantages" and "disadvantages".
Three-inner pair form
According to the relationship between the two parts in four-character idioms, the forms of four-character idioms can be divided into three types: affirmative, negative and string-pair:
The front and back parts of 1 are related, similar, similar things or two aspects of the same thing, which are complementary in meaning and indicate the same thing. For example, "Wu" and "Rabbit" in Flying Rabbit belong to animal noun pairs, which refer to the legendary sun in the sun and the jade rabbit in the moon respectively. Here "Wu" is used to represent the sun, and "Rabbit" is used to refer to the moon; "Fly" and "walk" are verb pairs, both of which mean to move quickly; The subject-predicate structure of "flying in the sky" and "walking in the rabbit" explains a truth: "Time runs fast". Another example is "preparing for the army", which consists of two verb-object compound words "preparing for the army". "Preparing the army" means "grinding weapons" and "preparing horses", that is, grinding weapons well and feeding horses well, that is, preparing for war. Another example is "returning to the horse and herding cattle", which consists of two verb-object compounds, namely "returning to the horse" and "herding cattle". In ancient wars, cattle and horses were requisitioned to serve the war and made great contributions. The verbs "Huan" and "Fang" are embedded in front of "Ma" and "Niu" respectively, indicating that the constraint of cattle and horses to serve the war has been lifted, indicating that "this idiom of changing from positive to negative has flexible combination, unchanged semantics after exchange, and no sequence of actions.
The front and back parts of the internal alignment are opposite things or use the opposite side of one thing to contrast and complement each other to explain something. For example, ① Yang follows Yin, ② Ancient is not today, and ③ Mount Tai is a feather. ① "Yang Feng" versus "Yin Wei": the former refers to superficial obedience, while the latter refers to covert disobedience; ② Its "ancient is" versus "present is not": a pair of noun antonyms and a pair of verb antonyms are cross-paired: it discusses the good and bad, beauty and ugliness, right and wrong from ancient times to the present; ③ The former is a geographical noun, which means "heavy", while the latter is an animal noun, which means "light". The combination of "light" and "heavy" forms the metaphorical meaning of "Mount Tai" and "a feather": the difference between light and heavy. Another example is: love leisure and hate work, make friends far away and attack near, fear of death, pairs of pros and cons, make people think deeply and understand things.
The front and back parts of the string are related to inheritance, conditions, cause and effect, purpose, etc., such as: the rabbit is sad after death, wave after wave, shocking, dripping water wears away the stone, following the trail, being greedy for the small and losing the big, being frightened, thinking differently, getting carried away, being complacent, being red in the lips and cold in the teeth, and being fruitful in the Spring and Autumn Period. ...
To sum up, in the teaching of Chinese interpretation in junior and senior high schools, a careful analysis of the phenomenon of inner pairs of four-character idioms and a careful study of their inner pairs structure, inner pairs categories and inner pairs forms can help us to understand the connotation and figurative meaning of four-character idioms more deeply, which is of great benefit to guiding middle school students to reveal and master the original meaning, extended meaning and figurative meaning of four-character idioms.
References:
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