The turtle body is rectangular, with a slightly raised carapace and three longitudinal edges with obvious edges. The top of the head is black olive, the skin in front is smooth and the scales in the back are fine. The abdominal nail is flat with a notch at the back end. The neck, limbs and bare skin are grayish black or black olive. The male is very small, with a long tail and a bad smell. The female carapace is light brown to dark brown, and the abdominal carapace is dark brown, with short tail and no peculiar smell. Trionyx sinensis has strong adaptability to the environment, low requirements for water quality and great tolerance for poor water quality. High-density culture does not kill each other, and the prevalence rate is low.
[Edit this paragraph] 1. Living habits of sea turtles
1, amphibious. Turtles breathe with their lungs and have horny nails on their bodies, which can reduce water evaporation. Sexually mature turtles lay eggs on land without going through the complete aquatic stage.
2. The universality of food. Turtles are omnivores. In nature, animal feed mainly includes worms, small fish, shrimp, snails, clams, earthworms, animal carcasses and viscera, hot pig blood, carrion and so on. Plant feed is mainly composed of plant stems and leaves, melon skin, wheat bran and so on.
3. The obvious stage. The first is the feeding stage. Feeding began in late April, accounting for about 2-3% of the turtle's weight; From June to August, the food intake is strong, accounting for about 5-6%; 10 food intake decreased in the month, accounting for about 1-2%. The second is the dormant stage. The tortoise is a temperature-changing animal, and its body temperature changes with the outside temperature. From June 165438+ 10 to April of the following year, when the temperature is below 15 degrees, turtles dive into the mud at the bottom of the pond or lie still in the loose soil covered with straw to hibernate; From May to 65438+ 10, when the temperature is higher than 35 degrees, the tortoise's appetite begins to decline and it enters the summer sleep stage (short lunch break). At this stage, turtles are busy in estrus, mating, breeding, eating, accumulating nutrition and looking for wintering places.
4. gregarious. Turtles like to live in caves in groups, sometimes because there are too many groups, the back armor is smooth and the limbs are worn out, but they still don't spread out.
[Edit this paragraph] II. Construction of Guitang
Choose a turtle pond that is sheltered from the wind, sunny and convenient for irrigation. (1) land. Generally, the water depth is 1- 1.5m, and the bottom slope is 1: 2 or 1: 3. Water inlet and outlet shall be provided. In the pond, duckweed, water peanut or water hyacinth are kept in the shade of about 65,438+0/3 of the pond area. A fence with a height of 0.5- 1 m is built around the pond, and the foundation of the fence is buried 30 cm to prevent turtles from fleeing. Leave an open space in the wall with a length of 1.5 m and a width of 1 m (several areas can be reserved); Or leave an island in the pool, accounting for about 5% of the total area, and pile a proper amount of sand on the island of the open river for turtles to lay eggs. (2) Concrete floor. Pond depth 1.3- 1.5m, water depth 0.5-0.8m, soil 20cm. There should be water inlets and outlets for irrigation and drainage in the pond, islands should be set in the pond, weeds should grow, and sand piles should be placed in the grass. The stocking density of adult turtle ponds is generally 5-7 per square meter, and the highest is 10.
[Edit this paragraph] III. Artificial propagation technique
First, we must choose the right species. It is best to choose a parent turtle with a weight of more than 250 grams, because the gonads of this turtle have matured, and the ovaries are orange and slightly gray, so they can mate and lay eggs. Artificial breeding turtles are selected to lay eggs many times, which is easy to domesticate.
Whether mating is successful or not, adult females must lay eggs. The spawning period varies from place to place. Generally in plain waters, spawning begins at the end of May, reaches its peak in July and August, and ends in September. Female turtles can produce three or four batches a year, with one hole in each batch and 3-7 holes in each hole. Under the condition of artificial breeding, turtles often have the habit of laying eggs in groups, and sometimes several females can lay dozens of eggs in the same hole.
There are two kinds of hatching of turtle eggs: natural hatching and artificial hatching.
1, naturally hatch. There are also two ways to hatch naturally. One is to dig a sand pit with a width of 20-40 cm and a depth of 20 cm at the foot of the wall facing the sun in the pro-turtle pond, then fill the pit with yellow sand, arrange the turtle eggs in the sand at a spacing of 1 cm, keep a certain humidity, and keep warm by the sun, and the young turtle will be born in 50-60 days. Secondly, build a few small sand piles around the parent turtle pond, let the mature breeding turtles climb ashore at night, dig holes in the sand piles to lay eggs, and let them hatch naturally. The young turtles will be born in about 50-70 days.
2. Artificial incubation. Put the retrieved turtle eggs into a wooden box with a height of 25cm (the length is not limited, and the width is adapted to local conditions), drill a number of small holes in the bottom of the box, spread 15-20cm of sand on the bottom of the box, arrange turtles in the sand, then sprinkle spun yarn with a thickness of about 2cm on the eggs, cover the sand with a wet towel, and keep the indoor humidity at 25-35 degrees. On sunny days with dry air, spray water 1-2 times a day on the sand, because the air humidity is high, which can reduce the number of spraying. The box is covered with wet cloth, which can prevent young turtles from escaping, prevent enemies from invading and prevent mosquitoes from biting during hatching. In this way, the young turtles hatch within 50-60 days, and the hatching rate reaches over 90%.
[Edit this paragraph] 4. Breeding and management of turtles
The young turtles after hatching are very delicate, so they should be raised separately and carefully managed. Generally, another cement pool is built, one third of which is inland and two thirds is water. At the same time, feed concentrate such as cooked protein, egg yolk, cooked noodles, rice, broken fish and shrimp, etc. Generally, it is best for young turtles to spend the winter separately from adult turtles. Most of the wintering methods for young turtles are to put a small wooden tray with 20-30 cm thick sand in it, put the young turtles in the sand, sprinkle 0.5 cm thick spun yarn on the young turtles, cover them with gauze, and spray some warm water appropriately, so that they can overwinter safely.
Adult turtles have a wide range of food habits, including small fish, shrimp, snails, mussels, vegetables, rice, wheat and so on. Generally, when the water temperature rises above 15 degrees, it begins to eat. June-September is the peak period of food intake, and the food intake starts to decrease from 165438+ 10. When the water temperature drops below 15 degrees, it goes into hibernation. The temperature is low in spring and autumn, and the feeding time is 8-9 am. In midsummer, turtles move in the morning and evening, and feeding should be at 4-5 pm. The tortoise swallows in the water when eating. Turtles swallow about 4% of their body weight and should be fed every other day. Clean up the leftovers in time after feeding to prevent pollution from causing harm. Change the water frequently to keep the water fresh. The growth of turtles is related to the quality of feeding. Generally, animals are often fed with bait, which can increase their weight by about 50 grams per month.
The main enemies of the tortoise are snakes, water rats, weasels and wild cats. In summer, turtles often move at night, and mice and weasels also go in and out at night. Although the tortoise is protected by a hard shell, it is still easy to be killed by the enemy. In addition, when turtle eggs deteriorate, they often attract a large number of ants, endangering eggs and young turtles, which is extremely unfavorable to turtle reproduction. Therefore, we must pay attention to destroying these enemies, so that the cultured soft-shelled turtles can obtain a good ecological environment, which is conducive to the reproduction and growth of soft-shelled turtles.
1. Reproductive habits of sea turtles
(1) Sex Identification The tortoise is an oviparous animal. Before sexual maturity, it is difficult to distinguish between male and female turtles, but when sexual maturity, male and female turtles can be distinguished from each other by their physical characteristics.
(2) mating and spawning
When the female turtle weighs more than 700g, it can be used for mating and reproduction, and the male-female ratio is 2: 1. If the female turtle weighs more than 700g, it needs to be paired with a larger male turtle to successfully mate and reproduce. The suitable temperature for mating is 20-30 degrees, and mating practice is mostly at 5-6 pm on sunny days and 2-4 pm on rainy days. The mating process usually takes only 3-5 minutes.
The spawning period of turtles varies from place to place. Generally, plain waters begin at the end of May, and the peak spawning period is in July and August, and ends in September. A female parent lays eggs 3-4 times a year, with 5 holes each time and 2-7 eggs per hole. Artificial turtles have the habit of laying eggs in groups, sometimes more than one, and dozens of them can lay eggs in the same hole. Before laying eggs, the female turtle chooses a slope with loose soil and a few hidden edges or weeds, and digs the soil to form a hole, the size of which is about 8- 10 cm. 9- 12 cm deep. The spawning time is mostly at night or at dawn. After the turtle eggs are extracted, they are incubated in an incubator prepared in advance.
(3) Artificial incubation
The artificial incubation of turtle eggs is to put the collected turtle eggs into a rectangular wooden box with a height of 25 cm. Several small holes should be drilled in the bottom plate of the box, and the bottom of the box should be covered with 15-20 cm spun yarn. Sand should be covered with wet gauze, and the room temperature should be kept at 25-35 degrees. Sprinkle water on the sand once every afternoon. The general standard of sprinkling water is to hold the sand by hand without dripping. If the air humidity is high, the number of nozzles can be reduced. In order to prevent invasion, you can put a veil on the incubator and let the young turtles hatch in 50-60 days.
2. Feeding and management of turtles
(1) management of young turtles
The newly hatched young turtles are not strong in disease resistance. In order to improve its disease resistance, it can be disinfected with 10% physiological saline or 1ppm high manganese potassium water. No feeding during disinfection. After 3 days, you can feed them with cooked egg yolk and protein, or some cooked blood of livestock and poultry. After 7 days, they can be transferred to a temporary breeding pond. The temporary pool is generally a rectangular cement pool of 5- 10 square meter, of which the water surface accounts for 2/3. Before stocking, it needs to be disinfected with 10% quicklime, and the stocking density is about 100 /m ~ 2. Feeding begins on the fourth day after stocking, and the dining table can be floated on the water with wooden boards or bamboo rafts, which generally accounts for about110 of the total area. Feed is generally fine, such as boiled eggs, noodles, rice, bean dregs, broken fish and shrimp. When the hatchling overwinters, it can move indoors. Put a wooden pallet indoors, evenly sprinkle 0.5 cm thick spun yarn on the back of the tray, cover the sand with gauze, and spray some warm water appropriately to safely overwinter.
(2) Breeding of adult turtles
Turtle pond is generally an earthen pond with a water depth of 1- 1.5m and a dike slope of 1:3. There are water inlets and outlets in the pond, which can shelter some duckweeds or peanuts. A 0.5m-high fence is built around the pond, and an island of 1 * 1.5m is left in the fence, and sand is placed on the island for turtles to eat. If it is a cement pool, the pool depth is 1- 1.5m, the water depth is about 0.8m, and the silt is 20cm. There is an entrance and exit in the pond, and an island of 1 * 1.5m is left in the pond, surrounded by grass and with sand in the middle for turtles to perch and lay eggs. The stocking density of land and cement pools should not be too large, generally around 10/m (square meter).
Turtles eat a wide range of food, such as small fish, shrimp, snails, mussels, vegetables, rice and wheat. Generally, people begin to eat when the water temperature rises above 15 degrees, and the peak period is from June to September. In 165438+ 10, the food intake begins to decrease, and when the water temperature drops below 5 degrees, they enter hibernation. The temperature is low in spring and autumn, and the feeding time is best at 8-9 am. In midsummer, turtles move in the morning and evening, and the feeding time should be 4-5 pm. The daily feeding amount accounts for about 4-5% of the body weight. During the peak feeding period, the tortoise's weight can increase by about 50-70 grams per month.
The water in which turtles live should be fresh, and the transparency of water should be about 30 cm. Turtle is a temperature-changing animal, and the change of water temperature will directly affect the change of turtle body temperature. So the depth of the pool water will increase or decrease with the change of seasons. In spring, the temperature is low and the water is shallow, generally about 0.5 meters; In summer, the temperature is high, the water depth is deep, and in autumn, the water temperature gradually drops and the water is shallow; The water level should be stable in winter, because the turtle's body temperature changes with the rise and fall of air temperature and water temperature. If the temperature drops sharply and the water level rises and falls, the tortoise can only use its accumulated nutrients to regulate its body temperature. When the nutrients in the body are exhausted, it will die.
3. Enemy damage and disease control of turtles
The main enemies of the tortoise are snakes, weasels, water rats and wild cats. Although the tortoise is protected by a hard shell, its head, tail and limbs are easily attacked and injured by the enemy when it is active at night in summer, until it dies. When artificially hatched, a small amount of rotten turtle eggs often attract a large number of ants, which is harmful to both turtle eggs and young turtles and extremely unfavorable to turtle reproduction. So be sure to remove these things.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Market supply and demand
Chinese grass turtle belongs to low-grade soft-shelled turtle, which has certain edible and medicinal value, the price is generally low, and the consumption of ordinary people is also large. The breeding speed is slow and the feeding cost is high. In recent years, the supply of Chinese turtles has exceeded the demand, and the problem of unsalable sales has become more prominent, and the breeding efficiency has declined.
[Edit this paragraph] Dietotherapy value
The flesh of a turtle belonging to the family Tortoise. Turtles are also called soft-shelled turtles, water turtles, golden turtles and soft-shelled turtles. Distributed in China, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi and other places. After it is obtained, it is killed (beheaded) or boiled to death, and the turtle shell and internal organs are removed for eating.
[Attribute] Sweet in taste and flat in nature. It can nourish yin, replenish blood and stop bleeding.
[References] Contains protein, fat, inorganic salts and other ingredients.
【 Usage 】 Used for fatigue, fever, hot flashes, bone steaming, cough and upper qi; Yin deficiency and blood heat, hemoptysis, vomiting blood and hematochezia; Yin deficiency of liver and kidney, amenorrhea.
[Usage] Cook soup, steam it and serve it on a plate.
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1, grilled fish: 1 turtle, cut the meat into pieces, stir-fry it with cooking oil, and add onion, pepper, soy sauce, sugar, salt, etc. , mix well, add appropriate amount of water, stew with low heat.
Originated from convenient dietotherapy. Carp can nourish the yin of liver and kidney and reduce fire. Used for fatigue, fever, cough and hemoptysis; It can also be used for hematemesis, hematochezia and hemorrhoid bleeding.
2, water turtle mutton soup: 1 turtle, take meat and cut into pieces; 250g mutton, cut into pieces. Add appropriate amount of water, simmer soup, and season with pork fat and salt.
Carp tends to tonify kidney yin, while mutton tends to tonify kidney yang. Compatibility and application have the miraculous effect of supplementing yin and yang. Can be used for treating essence and blood deficiency, kidney yang deficiency, dizziness, tinnitus, impotence, frequent urination or infantile enuresis.