The first paragraph is a vivid description of "Sister Niu". With a strong pen and ink, the author shows his leisurely expression and harmonious movements when trying to solve the problem of cattle. All hands, shoulders, feet and knees are used together, touching, leaning, stepping and touching cooperate with each other, and everything seems so harmonious and natural. If the sound is vivid, the knife will play naturally. The sound of separation of cattle's flesh and blood, the sound of cutting cattle's bones, sometimes light and sometimes heavy, alternating with ups and downs, the sound can be heard.
The second paragraph is followed by Wen's exclamation: "Good! Technical cover ends here! " It is further pointed out that we know how to understand the "god" of cattle, paving the way for the later theory from Syria to cattle.
The beauty of the third paragraph is that my answer is not limited to "skill", but the reason for "skill so far" is attributed to "Tao" and "my lover, Tao also, skill also." And thus tells the story of seeking "Tao" and being good at "technique" This paragraph is the essence of the full text. In order to explain how "Tao" is superior to "skill", the article uses two comparisons: one is the comparison between the beginning and three years later, and the other is the comparison between skilled workers and ordinary chefs. At the beginning of my understanding of cattle, I saw a complete cow; Three years later, I haven't seen the whole cow, but I know the natural structure of the cow, the gap between bones and muscles and the joints like the back of my hand. Ordinary kitchen workers do not understand the internal organization of cattle and blindly cut bones with knives; Although a good cook can avoid bones, he will inevitably cut tendons with a knife. My master is not. He didn't feel the cow with his senses, but "looked at the cow with his heart instead of his eyes, and he longed to walk with Zhi Zhi". He experienced the cow in spirit, followed the nature, chose the gap, split the tendon and led it to the empty joint, and followed the natural structure of the cow.
It is the pursuit of Taoism to conform to nature and integrate things with me. It is my skill that makes him advance from "skill" to "Tao", achieving perfection and superb skills. "The knife is very small, but it has been solved, such as the Land Commission." These twelve words describe the effect of my skill in understanding cattle. The right method can not only solve the cow quickly, but also not hurt the knife. /kloc-in the past 0/9 years, thousands of cows have been solved, but a knife has not been changed, and the blade is still sharp. This is of course incredible for a junior chef who changes a knife every month. The difference lies in their pursuit of "technology", while my ambition is "Tao".
On the relationship between "skill" and "Tao" Zhuangzi School believes that "technology" and "Tao" are interlinked. "Tao" is higher than "technology", and "technology" is subordinate to "Tao"; Only when "technology" conforms to "Tao" can technology be pure and refined. The essence of Tao lies in natural inaction, and the perfection of Shu lies in natural inaction. Only by "harmony between man and nature" (Zhuangzi's success) and combining man's inner nature with his outer nature can we reach the highest level of "technology". I don't know much about cooking, so I can be a leader in solving cows. On the other hand, there is a way in "technology", from which we can view "Tao". "Skills can help, things can help, righteousness can help, virtue can help, virtue can help, and Tao can help" (Zhuangzi Heaven and Earth). It is through the "skills" of skilled craftsmen that Wen understands the "Tao" of health preservation. The fundamental method of health preservation is to conform to nature. Obviously, it is Zhuangzi's image metaphor of the method of keeping in good health that he knows how to treat cows.
Zhuangzi's "depending on nature" and "because of its nature" objectively reveal the problem of how people realize freedom in practice. The "justice" and "process" mentioned in this paper, if extended, can also be understood as the external objective things that people face. Although it will bring such restrictions or obstacles to those who yearn for freedom, wise people are not helpless in front of it. As long as they know it and obey it, they can be as free and easy as my master. In this regard, Zhuangzi once made a very subtle analysis: "There is a gap in the knot, but the blade is not thick; Without thickness, there is room for recovery. " Festival is insurmountable, but after all, there is a gap, which provides a world for people to "swim". As long as they are good at displaying their skills in this world, they are also free. The word "wandering blade" vividly shows that Niu Xieshi lives in harmony with nature and transcends the deified realm of nature. Of course, the understanding of "course" is not once and for all. Even a skilled person like me, whenever his bones and muscles are knotted, he is always careful, "I dare not take a warning, dare not read more, dare not go late", so I must not be careless at all, I can only pursue it tirelessly and never slack off.
This fable is intended to clarify "keeping in good health", in fact, it also expounds a profound aesthetic proposition, that is, artistic creation is a free creation. Zhuangzi believes that there is "skill" in "skill". Zhihu knows the movements of cattle, which is quite artistic and ornamental. His performance is like a beautiful music and dance, with the dance steps matched with the dance music of Sanglin and the rhythm matched with the brilliant movement of Xianchi. As a creative activity with beautiful significance, it fascinates viewers. The expression of "standing with a knife, looking around, full of ambition" makes people see the joy of the creator's inner satisfaction after the work is completed.
Zhuangzi reveals that beauty is a kind of free creation through clever expression. The creation of this kind of beauty must achieve the unity of law ("because it is natural") and purpose ("to the point") in order to reach the realm of freedom ("freedom"). "Meeting God without looking at him, and wanting to do things with Zhi Zhi as an official" is an essential state of mind in creation, which emphasizes eliminating all sensory interference and attaching importance to everything, which is consistent with Qing Zi's "fasting and meditation" and "forgetting myself in four shapes" mentioned in Zhuangzi Sheng Da. This state of "contemplation" and "forgetting" is the same as that of "contemplation" and "contemplation" emphasized by modern western aesthetics, but it is 2 100 years earlier than Schopenhauer and Nietzsche.
Zhuangzi's prose is good at using visual reasoning. This fable uses a variety of techniques such as exaggeration, contrast, contrast and description. It shows the skillful skills, leisurely manner, graceful movements, harmonious rhythm and natural and unrestrained body and mind of an understanding cow. Specifically, the main features of this article in writing are:
First, the structure is tight. The full text is divided into two parts, first telling the story (the first and second paragraphs) and then pointing out the meaning (the third paragraph). As far as the story is concerned, it is divided into two layers, that is, from writing "skills" to saying "Tao". First, I describe my superb skills in understanding cows, and then I explain his way of understanding cows. The writing skills of My Master are first described directly, then summarized by the admiration of the writer, and transferred to my conversation. The exposition of Tao is divided into three aspects: first, it introduces the three stages of mastering Tao vertically, highlighting the characteristics after mastering Tao; Secondly, from the horizontal aspect, I will compare my master with the good master and the master, and explain the similarities and differences between them. Third, it shows that the thorny issue of "clan" has been successfully solved. This is from general to special. These three aspects are closely related to the ways of "following nature" and "because of its nature". My answer to the first sentence of Wen is naturally to associate writing skills with speaking. The way of keeping in good health mentioned in My Clever Words also plays a role in controlling the whole text and revealing the theme. The full text expounds a word "Tao" around the incident of solving cattle, from concrete to abstract, interlocking, and making the truth clear.
Second, the language is vivid and concise. For example, the movements of writing hands, shoulders, feet and knees only need to touch, lean, walk and squat, which embodies their own characteristics. Use "hey! Very good! So much for technical coverage? " These eight words (empty word and semi-empty word) will truly reflect Wen's thoughts and feelings of surprise, admiration and incomprehension caused by his superb skills in understanding cattle. The words "I'm afraid to take a warning, do it according to my will, act late, and seldom use a knife" vividly depict my inner activities, eyes and actions that are focused, cautious and full of confidence when solving special difficulties, in sharp contrast to my carefree actions and demeanor because of difficulties.