original work
Cao Gui debate
In the spring of ten years, the army of Qi attacked our country of Lu. Men can fight, please see Cao Gui. His fellow villager said, "What's the point of Jian?" high mountain
: "Carnivores underestimate their enemies (bǐ) and fail to make long-term plans." Then they went to the court to see the duke. "What are you fighting for?" Cao Gui asked. "The duke said," If you have enough food and clothing, and you dare to be an expert, you will be divided into different people. "Yes, I said," A little kindness is not enough (biàn), and people are obedient. "Gong said," offer jade (bó), dare to add, will believe. "Yes, I said," Little faith is not blessed, but God is blessed. " Zhuang Gong said, "Even if you can't see all the lawsuits in Mix, I must be based on facts." He said, "Loyalty belongs to you. You can fight a war, but please follow it. "
Multiply it. Beat with a long spoon (pronounced Changshuò or Chang Shao[ 1]). Zhuang Gongzheng wants to order drums. "Not now," said Cao Gui. "Wait until after Qi Jun drummed three times. Cao Gui said, "You can play the drums. "."Qi Jun was completely defeated. Their duke ordered the horse to be chased by the horse. "Not now," said Cao Gui. Looking at it, Deng Shi looked at it and said, "Yes." So the pursuit of Qi Jun was pursued.
After winning, the king asked him why he won. He said: "It takes courage to fight. High spirits, then decline, three exhausted. I am tired, I am surplus, so I will overcome it. Great powers are unpredictable and frightening. I regard it as chaos and watch its flag (mǐ), so I chase it. " [2]
translate
(Duke Zhuang of Lu) In the spring of ten years, the Qi army attacked us (Lu). Duke Zhuang of Lu can fight. Cao Gui asked Zhuang Gong to be interviewed. His fellow countryman said, "People in high positions and with good salaries will plan this. Why do you participate?" Cao Gui replied: "People who are high officials and enjoy high salaries are short-sighted and can't have foresight." So I went to visit (Duke Lu Zhuang). Cao Gui asked, "What do you fight for?" Lu Zhuanggong said: "Health care clothes and food (such things) dare not be exclusive, and must be given to others." Cao Gui replied: "This small kindness has not spread to the people, so the people will not follow you." Duke Zhuang of Lu said, "I dare not exaggerate the sacrifices used in ancient sacrifices. I must tell God the truth. " Cao Gui replied: "People who can't make small contributions like benefiting the people can't get the full trust of the gods. The gods will not bless you. " Lv Zhuanggong said: "Even if we can't find out all the litigation cases, we should try our best to handle them carefully according to the actual situation." Cao Gui replied: "(This is) a class (thing) that I have done my duty, and I can fight a battle with (this condition). If you fight, please allow (me) to follow. "
Duke Zhuang of Lu sat in a car with him. Fighting in a spoon. Duke Zhuang of Lu wants to beat the drums. Cao Gui said, "Not yet." Qi Jun drummed three times and said, "(Now) it's ok." The Qi army was defeated. Duke Zhuang of Lu wants to chase by car. Cao Gui said, "Not yet." (He) got off the bus, watched the tracks left by Qi Jun's wheels running over the ground, got on the bus again, propped up the crossbar in front of the car and looked at Qi Jun, and said, "(Now) it's all right." So I chased the Qi army.
Qi Zhuanggong beat Cao Gui and asked him why he won. Cao Gui replied, "Fighting depends on courage. Playing drums for the first time can cheer up the soldiers. The second drum beat will weaken morale, while the third drum beat will exhaust morale. They were tired and we were high, so we beat them. Qi is so big that it's hard to guess (his situation). I'm afraid there is an ambush. I saw that their car prints were chaotic and the military flag fell, so I ordered the pursuit. "
To annotate ...
(1) Ten years: the tenth year of Lu Zhuanggong (684 BC).
(2) Attack: Attack
(3) Qi Division: Qi army. Qi, in today's central Shandong Province. I mean Lu. Lu, in the southwest of Shandong today. Zuo Zhuan was written for Lu, a historian, so he called Lu "I".
(4) Gong: the general name of princes, here refers to Duke Zhuang of Lu.
(5) (Gui): A doctor in the State of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. A famous military theorist.
(6) Carnivores: originally refers to people who eat meat. This refers to people with high visibility.
(7) jiàn: participation.
(8) meanness: meanness. This refers to myopia.
(9) Yes: So, just.
(10) How to fight: that is, "how to fight" and why to fight. Take: preposition, use, depend on.
(1 1) Food and clothing: clothes and food are health-preserving things.
(12) Exclusive: Personal exclusive.
(13) all: pass "all pass", all pass, universal.
(14) Sacrifice to jade and silk (bó): ancient sacrifice. Sacrifice pigs, cows, sheep, etc. Jade, jade articles; Silk, silk fabrics.
(14) fu (fú): convincing.
(15) Fu: Nouns are used as verbs to bless and bless.
(16) prison: case.
(17) Long spoon: the place name of Lu, in the north of Qufu County, Shandong Province.
(18) Drums: Nouns as verbs, beating drums to advance.
(19) Chi: Drive (drive).
(20) Zhe (zhé): the trace left by the wheel running over the ground.
(2 1) Stone: The crossbar in front of the ancient carriage was used to make passenger handrails. This refers to the front crossbar.
(22) Bicycle: It has been defeated.
(23) surplus: full. Morale is high here.
(24) Mie (mǐ): Fall down.
Woman: No.
(26) Loyalty is also: (this is) doing a good job and doing a good job.
(27) It varies from person to person: the ellipsis omits the word "zhi", and the complete sentence is "it varies from person to person" and must be shared with others.
(28) Plus: exaggeration, here refers to underreporting.
(29) inspection: observe clearly and explain clearly.
(30) Emotion: Sincerity and truthfulness. This refers to the reasonable handling of all kinds of litigation cases.
(3 1) Loyalty belongs to Ye: it is something dedicated to the people. Be loyal and try your best to do your duty.
(32) Can fight: that is, "can fight", and you can fight with this condition. Relying on: relying on.
(33) defeat: rout.
If you fight [2], please allow me to follow.
(35) Then: Just, then.
(36) chase: chase, here is the meaning of chase.
When fighting, you have courage. Fighting depends on courage. Husband, when making words, discussing or explaining, it is used at the beginning of a sentence, which has no practical significance [2].
(38) v: ambush
Make an appreciative comment
The theme of war is best written in Zuo Zhuan, with appropriate details and bright colors. This article is an example. Cao Gui's argument is based on "cannibalism", that is, an official's knowledge is shallow and he can't consider everything. The starting point of his foresight is whether Lu Zhuanggong can put the people's interests first, so he doesn't value Lu Zhuanggong's kindness and kindness to his attendants, and he doesn't value Lu Zhuanggong's honesty in offering sacrifices to the gods. Instead, he attaches great importance to Lu Zhuanggong's handling of large and small cases with the people's feelings, thinking that this is a move of loyalty to the people and can be used for World War I.
In the face of the powerful qi army, there was no rash action. When the Qi army beat drums three times, it was suggested that beating the Qi army with a long spoon should be a model of defeating the strong with the weak. Zuo Zhuan did not describe the war in detail, but simply summarized the process of the war with Cao Gui's "impossibility" and "feasibility", thus making the debate before and after the war more prominent. If the pre-war debate embodies Cao Gui's basic strategic thought of "people are the foundation of war", then the post-war debate embodies his tactical thought, and "assembly number" has become a classic battle and combat theory. However, he didn't just rely on his strength. "A big country is unpredictable and has fear. I regard it as chaos and look at its flag, so one by one, which reflects his cautious attitude.
This article is intended to show Cao Gui's "foresight", so it focuses on "debate" to select materials. In the first paragraph, through the dialogue between Cao Gui and Duke Zhuang of Lu, it is emphasized that the people's heart is the primary condition to determine the outcome of the war, and Cao Gui's strategic thought of "winning the trust of the people" is highlighted; The second paragraph briefly describes the process of Cao Gui's command of Lu army to counterattack, pursue and finally win, showing Cao Gui's military command ability, laying the foundation for the following analysis of the reasons for winning; The third syllogism describes the reasons for winning, and highlights Cao Gui's tactical thought of being good at seizing fighter planes and being cautious and decisive. The full-text narrative is clear, the details are appropriate, the dialogue between characters is accurate and vivid, and the important words are not annoying. It is a famous article in Zuo Zhuan.
Mao Zedong's Evaluation of the Battle of the Long Spoon in The Strategic Issues of the Revolutionary War in China.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu and Qi fought. At that time, the weak countries rebelled against the strong countries. Duke Zhuang of Lu planned to fight before the Qi army was exhausted. Later, Cao Gui stopped him and adopted the policy of "When the enemy was tired, we defeated the Qi army", creating a famous example of defeating the strong with the weak in the history of China War. BACKGROUND: Zuo Zhuan is China's first chronicle work with detailed narration, which preserves many historical materials of China for more than 200 years from 722 BC, and reflects some political, military, diplomatic, economic and cultural situations among countries in the Spring and Autumn Period in a more detailed and complete way. Zuo Zhuan is a precious historical document for studying the ancient society of China. Its literary value is very high, and it is very good at writing complex historical events in concise language, especially at describing wars, and also at depicting subtle movements and psychological activities of characters, which has a great influence on the development of later prose.
Arguments on Cao Gui recorded a war between Lu and Qi in 684 BC. At that time, Qilu was in what is now Shandong (Linzi in Qidu and Qufu in Ludu). Qi is a big country, while Lu is a small country. In 682 BC, he went to Qi State and was assassinated. After Lu Huangong's death, his son Zhuang Gong succeeded to the throne. Because he was helpless, his younger brother predicted that there would be rebellion in Qi, so he and Bao ran to Juzhou (now Juxian County, Shandong Province) to see him off. In the eighth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu, Gongsun killed Qi Xianggong in ignorance and became a monarch. Guan Zhong and Gong Zijiu fled to Shandong. In the ninth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu, Sun, the doctor of Qi, killed him in ignorance. At this time, there was no monarch in Qi, and Duke Zhuang of Lu wanted to send Gong Zi back to China for a long time to be the monarch of Qi, but his younger brother ascended the throne for Duke Huan first. Huan Gong bears a grudge because Lu wants Gong Zijiu. In the second year of Huan Gong's accession to the throne, in 684 BC, he led an army to attack Lu and retaliated. This is the direct cause of the war between Qilu and Changshao recorded in Cao Gui Argument.