In 362 BC, Qin Xiangong's son Qu Quliang succeeded to Qin Xiaogong, determined to change the weak situation of Qin. So he was thirsty for talents and issued the "Order of Seeking Talents", so Shang Yang came to the State of Qin and was reused after talking with Qin Xiaogong and Kan Kan. In 359 BC, the State of Qin promulgated the Order of Praying for Grass, which abolished the Shi Qing Shilu system and established the 20 th-class military service system.
Why do you want to mention the difference between Shang Yang and Qin? This is about the "scholar" class. Nowadays, scholars believe that "scholars" may originally refer to the warriors of the same family as clan and tribal leaders and dignitaries at the end of primitive society, and they have a certain position in society. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, and "scholar" generally refers to intellectuals and learned people.
Later, in the Han Dynasty, scholars attached great importance to the names of scholars. Once they become celebrities, the utilitarian position is at your fingertips, and the wheel of history rolls forward. After the establishment of Jiupin Zheng Zhi system in Wei and Jin Dynasties, the imperial court paid special attention to a person's family background, so the gentry occupied a prominent position, and they were aristocratic families who had been officials for generations.
"Five surnames and seven expectations" was born under this historical background, that is to say, among all the prominent aristocratic families, five are the most prominent. At that time, even the royal family was not qualified to marry a woman with five surnames. Do you have your last name?
One: Li, divided into Zhao.
Li in Longxi is a family named Li, and the county is in Longxi County. Li Mi, the tenth ancestor of Li Yuan, the founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty, began to study Confucianism after being used by Zhang Gui, the founding monarch of Liang Qian, and his family's social status gradually rose. In 400 AD, his grandson became the founding monarch of Xiliang and the first monarch of Li.
Li Yong's great-grandson Li Chong was a famous minister in the Northern Wei Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, he served as the general of Fuguo. Because of his high status, when Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty divided surnames, Li was able to be called five surnames together with four surnames. Later, Li Liyuan in Longxi opened up the Tang Dynasty, and Li became the surname of the emperor. In addition, by the time of the Tang Dynasty, Li in Longxi had produced 65,438+00 prime ministers. Zhao is the second largest branch of the surname Li, from Li Mu, one of the "Four Famous Warring States", and one of Zhao's ancestors is the 17th grandson, the grandson of Li Mu. Kai Lee once served as Si Nongcheng and a scholar in the Western Jin Dynasty. In addition, from Zhao to Tang Dynasty, nine people served as prime ministers.
Second: Cui Shi is divided into Boling Cui Shi and Qinghe Cui Shi.
Cui Shi originated from Jiang's surname, and later generations took Cui as their surname. In the Western Han Dynasty, Cui Zhongmou, a descendant of Cui Shi, lived in Anping County, Zhuoxian (now Anping County, Hebei Province). In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Anping County belonged to Boling County, and Cui Shi also became a noble family. As a result, "Boling Cui Shi" appeared, and there were 15 prime ministers in the Tang Dynasty. Cui Ye, a descendant of Cui Shi, settled in Dongwucheng County, Qinghe County (now Gucheng County, Hebei Province) in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Qinghe Cui Shi was slightly higher than Boling Cui Shi, and Qinghe Cui Shi had 14 people.
It is worth mentioning that Cui Shi has the title of "the highest hall in the world and the head of the aristocratic family in the north". When officials in the Tang Dynasty revised the Genealogy, Cui Ming 'an, assistant minister of Huangmen, who was born in the second house of Cui Shi in Boling, was listed as the first family in the world. Emperor Taizong was very unhappy when he saw it, so he listed the royal family Li as the first and Boling Cui Ming 'an as the third. However, in people's minds, Qinghe and Boling are still better than Cui.
Third: john young Lushi
Lu's family also originated from Jiang's surname. Because of the fief, Lu was the surname. Later generations settled in Zhuoxian (now Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province) during the Qin and Han Dynasties. Zhuoxian belonged to Fanyang County during the Cao Wei period, so there appeared the "Fanyang Lushi", known as the "Northern Crown Family", with eight prime ministers, who were also called "Cui Shi" with Ercui.
Lushi people enjoyed fame earlier than other gentry. As early as Qin Shihuang, Lushi people had a very famous doctor of the Five Classics, Lu Ao, and a doctor of astronomy, Lu Sheng. Later, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Lu Zhicheng, the Lu family of Fanyang, was one of the 28 great Confucians who enjoyed the Confucius Temple in history, and Lu was famous all over the world.
Fourth: Xingyang Zheng.
In the Western Han Dynasty, Zheng Dangshi, a senior farmer, settled in Kaifeng County, Henan Province (now Xiangfu District, Kaifeng City, Henan Province). In the Western Jin Dynasty, Kaifeng County belonged to Xingyang County, and "Xingyang Zheng Family" appeared. There were ten prime ministers in the Tang Dynasty.
Tang Wenzong Li Ang once wanted to betroth the granddaughter of Prime Minister Xingyang to the Prince, but refused. Qin Zheng wants to marry her granddaughter to Cui Mou. Although Cui Mou is just a nine-product sesame official, the family background behind her should not be underestimated. Tang Wenzong also lamented after learning: "My family is a 200-year-old son of heaven, and I can't take care of Cui and Lu Ye?"
Fifth: King Taiyuan
King Taiyuan came from the royal family of Zhou Dynasty, and later generations took Wang as their surname. When Emperor Xiaowen was in the Northern Wei Dynasty, "Taiyuan Wang, Lushi, Qinghe Cui Shi and Xingyang Zheng" were the four surname halls. In the Tang dynasty, they ranked among the seven surnames and ten, and there were seven prime ministers.