H.A. (Hendrik Antoon Lorenz, 1853 ~ 1928), a Dutch physicist and mathematician, was born in Anan in July, 1853, where he attended primary and secondary schools with excellent grades. Although he grew up in a Christian environment, he is a free thinker. 1870, Lorenz was admitted to Leiden University to study mathematics, physics and astronomy. 1875 received a doctorate. 1877, Leiden university hired him as a professor of theoretical physics. This position was first created for J.D. Van Walls, and its academic status is very high. Lorenz was only 23 years old at that time. He taught at Leiden University for 35 years, and all his contributions to physics were made during this period. 19 12 Lorenz resigned as a professor at Leiden University, went to Harlem as a consultant of a museum, and served as an honorary professor at Leiden University. Every Monday morning, he gives lectures on some current issues in physics at Leiden University. Later, he worked in the Dutch government, working in the education department from 19 19 to 1926, and served as Minister of Higher Education from 192 1. 1911~1927 served as the fixed chairman of the Solvi physics conference. He is often a very popular host at various gatherings in the international physics community. Chairman of the Committee of the International Union for Scientific Cooperation. He is also a foreign academician of many Academy of Sciences and a foreign member of the World Science Society. Lorenz died on February 4th, 1928 in Habum, Netherlands, at the age of 75. In order to mourn the giant of Dutch modern culture, on the day of the funeral, telecommunications and telephone calls across the Netherlands were suspended for three minutes. Celebrities from scientific circles around the world attended the funeral. Einstein delivered a speech in front of Lorenz's tomb, saying that Lorenz's achievements "had the greatest influence on me" and he was "the greatest and noblest man of our time". Scientific achievements 1. Lorenz, the founder of electron theory, thinks that all matter molecules contain electrons, and cathode ray particles are electrons. Lorentz interaction between ether and matter is attributed to the interaction between ether and electron. This theory successfully explained Zeeman effect, and together with Zeeman, it won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics. Lorenz is the founder of classical electronic theory. He believes that electricity is "atomic" and that electricity itself is composed of tiny entities. Later, these tiny entities were called electrons. Lorenz explained the electrical properties of matter based on the concept of electrons. He deduced from the electronic theory that the moving charge will be acted by force in the magnetic field, that is, Lorentz force. He interpreted the luminescence of an object as the vibration of electrons inside an atom. Therefore, when the light source is placed in a magnetic field, the vibration of electrons in the atoms of the light source will change, which will increase or decrease the vibration frequency of electrons and lead to the broadening or splitting of spectral lines. 10, Zeeman, a student of Lorenz, found that the D-line of sodium spectrum widened obviously in the strong magnetic field, that is, Zeeman effect was produced. Lorenz's prediction was confirmed. Zeeman and Lorenz won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics. 1904, Lorenz proved that when Maxwell's electromagnetic field equation is transformed from one reference frame to another with galilean transformation, the speed of light in vacuum will not be a constant, which leads to Maxwell's equation and various electromagnetic effects being different for observers in different inertial frames. Later, Einstein applied Lorentz transformation to mechanical relations and established special relativity. 2. Put forward Lorentz transformation formula 1892. He studied the influence of the earth passing through the static ether. In order to explain the results of mcpherson-Morey experiment, he independently put forward the hypothesis of length contraction, which holds that the length of an object moving relative to the ether is shortened in the direction of motion. 1895, he published an accurate formula of length contraction, that is, in the direction of motion, the length contraction factor is (1-V2/C2) 1/2. 1899, in his published paper, he discussed the transformation of coordinates and time between inertial systems and drew the conclusion that electrons are related to speed. 1904, he published the famous transformation formula (first called Lorentz transformation by J.-H. Poincare) and the relationship between mass and speed, and pointed out that the speed of light is the limit of Lorentz degree of an object relative to the speed of ether. Before 1875, the unified idea of combining the electromagnetic theory of light with the molecular theory of matter has not been clearly put forward. Since then, Lorenz has made an in-depth study on this issue and wrote a paper entitled "Theory of Reflection and Refraction of Light", which comprehensively commented on the old wave theory of light and the new electromagnetic theory of light, and finally put forward this unified idea clearly, which not only made Maxwell's electromagnetic theory have a more solid physical foundation, but also established the electronic theory of matter. Then, according to the theory of electrons, he established the concept of "Lorentz force", which is the force that electrons are subjected to in a magnetic field. At the same time, he and his compatriot Zeeman discovered and verified Zeeman effect together. Zeeman effect is a theory that explains that various spectral lines emitted by a light source placed in a magnetic field are split into several lines under the influence of the magnetic field, and the interval between each spectral line is proportional to the magnetic field strength. Zeeman first discovered this phenomenon and studied it, but although he could correctly explain this phenomenon in theory through research, he encountered difficulties in the experiment. Lorenz experimented repeatedly and finally found the crux of the problem, and proved the correctness of Zeeman theory with experiments, which made Zeeman effect stand firm in theory and experiment and become a classic law in physics. Lorenz is an outstanding sports educator and an educator. For many years, he has been teaching general physics and theoretical physics at Leiden University, and has written textbooks on calculus and general physics. In Harlem, he devoted himself to lectures on popular physics. He spent most of his life testing other people's theories and giving help. He is enthusiastic and modest, and is respected by the younger generation of theoretical physicists such as Einstein and Schrodinger. They have visited Leiden University many times for advice. Einstein once said that he was most influenced by Lorenz in his life. Lorenz is the most international among physicists. In the first 20 years of his career, his international works were limited to books. Later, he began to leave Leiden's research and classroom to have extensive personal contact with foreign scientists. His electronic theory made him a leader in physics. 1898, Lorenz accepted Boltzmann's invitation to give a speech at the physics group of the Dover Conference of the German Society for Natural Sciences and Medicine in Dissel. From 65438 to 0900, he gave a speech at the International Physics Congress (a gathering of world physicists) in Paris. Lorenz's most important international activity in the field of physics was as the regular chairman of Solvay Physics Conference (191-1927), and he presided over the last meeting before his death. Lorenz presided over these international gatherings and became a recognized leader. Everyone admires his profound knowledge, brilliant technology, being good at summing up the most complicated arguments and extremely refined language. After the First World War, Lorenz's internationalist activities had some political overtones. From 1909 to 192 1, he used his influence to persuade people to join the international scientific organizations founded by the allied countries after the war. 1923 became one of the seven members of the International Cultural Cooperation Committee of the League of Nations, replacing H.Bergson as the chairman. Lorenz's most important contribution to physics is his electronic theory. Long before he wrote his thesis, he was deeply influenced by Fresnel's collected works. Later, inspired by H. von Helmholtz, he used J. C. Maxwell's electromagnetic theory to deal with the reflection and refraction of light at the dielectric interface as his doctoral thesis. At the end of the paper, he mentioned the prospect of combining magneto-optical theory with material molecular theory, which was the root of his later creation of electronic theory. 1878, he published a paper on the interaction between light and matter, which will distinguish Tai from ordinary matter and think that ether is static and ubiquitous, and the molecules of ordinary matter all contain charged harmonic oscillators; On this basis, he derived the formula of molecular refractive index (Lorenz-Lorenz formula) 1892, and he began to publish articles on electronic theory. He believes that all molecules of matter contain electrons, cathode ray particles are electrons, electrons are rigid spheres with mass, and electrons are completely transparent to ether. The interaction between ether and substance is attributed to the interaction between ether and electrons in substance. On this basis, he put forward the famous Lorentz force formula in 1895. 1896, P. Zeeman discovered the spectral line splitting (Zeeman effect) of a light source placed in a magnetic field. Lorenz immediately explained this phenomenon quantitatively with his electronic theory. Because of this contribution, he and Zeeman won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics.