Universal characters refer to Chinese characters that can be interchanged in use, including homophones, synonyms and ancient and modern characters. Homophonic universality refers to replacing another word with a homonym (or homonym), which has certain universality.

Ancient classics

Synonymous commonness refers to the commonness between synonyms. For example, in general, the words "talent" and "material" cannot be mixed, but they are synonymous in the sense of "talent" and can be used universally. Lutz's Analects of Confucius: "Forgive small mistakes and cultivate talents." "Xianyou has virtue, pseudo-ancient literature and history": "Being an official and talented." For another example, "Ji" and "Ji" are synonyms in the sense of "security" and "stability" and can be used universally. Zhao Yi, the Warring States Policy: "Why did this sage gather in the country?" "Hanshu Biography of the Western Regions": "Can be edited, edited; Can fight, fight. "

Ancient and modern generality refers to the generality between ancient and modern characters, that is, replacing modern characters with ancient characters. For example, "bird" is an ancient word, and "capture" is a modern word. The word "catching" was used in Du Fu's poems in the Tang Dynasty, while the word "bird" was commonly used in Zi Tong Zhi Jian edited by Sima Guang in the Song Dynasty. Such as: "General bird fuck, should be today" (Volume 65) "Birds are thousands of miles away, and the merits of Anping Jun are also" (Volume 4). Another example is the meaning of value. "Straight" is an ancient word, and "value" is a modern word. Before the Tang Dynasty, it was "straight", and after the Tang Dynasty, it was "value". Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in the Qing Dynasty used an old word "Zhi": "Chivalrous men in the city, imprison them until they are well, and then hold them up."