Sexual reproduction refers to the process that sperm and eggs of hermaphroditic germ cells combine to form fertilized eggs, and the fertilized eggs develop into new individuals. Asexual reproduction refers to the process of directly producing new individuals from the mother without the combination of hermaphroditic germ cells. The way in which plants propagate with vegetative organs such as roots, stems and leaves is called vegetative propagation. Asexual reproduction includes grafting, cutting, layering, cloning and tissue culture.

Grafting refers to grafting the buds or branches of one plant to another plant, so that the combined two parts grow into a complete plant. When grafting, the grafted buds or branches are called scions, and the grafted plants are called rootstocks. When grafting, the cambium of scion and rootstock should be closely combined to ensure survival, because the cambium has strong splitting ability and can continuously divide to produce new cells, so that scion and rootstock can grow together and survive easily.

Cutting generally refers to cutting off the stems of plants, inserting them into the soil after treatment, and then each branch can take root and sprout to grow new plants.

Layering: A method of burying branches and vines in a moist substrate and cutting them from the mother plant after they take root to form new plants. Also called pressing branches.

So, the answer is: cutting; Stratification; Cambium