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The Bronze Age (or Bronze Age or Bronze Civilization) is a stage of human cultural development marked by the use of bronzes in archaeology.
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. Because of its bluish gray, it is named bronze. Because the melting point of bronze is relatively low, about 800 degrees; High hardness, more than twice that of copper or tin, so it is easy to melt and cast. At the beginning of the Bronze Age, the proportion of bronzes was very small, and even stone tools were dominant. The proportion gradually increased in the middle and late stages. With the development of bronzes, the productivity of agriculture and handicrafts has been improved, and the material living conditions have been gradually enriched. Compared with the Stone Age, the invention of bronze casting played an epoch-making role.
The earliest bronze age in the world was in the two river basins and Egypt, which began in 3000 BC.
The Bronze Age in China
China's bronze age is Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States. The existing Simuwu Dafang Ding is a rare large bronze ware in the world.
According to archaeological findings, in the early Shang Dynasty, Liu Lige in Huixian and Donggangou in Luoyang belonged to this era with Erligang in Zhengzhou as the center. In the late Shang Dynasty, the upper floors of Zhengzhou Park and the ruins and tombs of Taishan Temple in Luoyang all belonged to this era, with Anyang village as the center. In the early Zhou Dynasty (Western Zhou Dynasty), the main representative sites were the tombs of Anfenghao Village and Baoji in the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the riverside of Luoyang was the center, and the tombs of Guo in Shangcunling, Zheng Zheng in Xinzheng and Cai Hou in Shouxian were the representatives of this period. During the Warring States Period, Liu Lige, Guweicun, Changsha and Tangshan in Huixian all belonged to this era.
In the Bronze Age, China had established a slave country, developed agriculture and handicrafts, and Chinese characters were mature.
People's life in Han and Tang dynasties
The Han and Tang dynasties are the transition period from the Spring Festival to the modern Spring Festival. Specifically, there are two evolution processes: First, the festival date is gradually transformed from beginning of spring to the first day of the first month, such as the story in Jingchu Chunqiu: "The first day of the first month is also the day of three yuan." That is, the yuan of the year, the yuan of the time and the yuan of the month, so Han and Tang dynasties called it New Year's Day; Secondly, in the spring, a single type of agricultural festival gradually transits to a compound festival. As a result, a series of dietary customs aimed at eliminating the epidemic and prolonging life have emerged, which are mainly manifested in drinking pepper and cypress wine, Tu Su wine, peach soup, eating five parsley and gum teeth.
As early as the Han Dynasty, the custom of drinking pepper and cypress wine was combined on New Year's Day. In the pre-Qin period, pepper wine was once a wine cellar for Chu people to enjoy the gods. In the Han dynasty, the "horn" was hooked with the Big Dipper, one of the immortals. According to Cui in the Eastern Han Dynasty? "Four-person Moon Order" said: "Pepper is the essence of jade star, which makes people light (endure) old age and cypress is the fairy medicine." It can be seen that people believed that drinking wine soaked in pepper, cypress and leaves in the New Year could make people healthy, eliminate all diseases and prolong life in the new year.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, people began to drink Tu Su wine in the New Year, except pepper and cypress wine. "Chronicle of Jingchu's Age" said: On the first day of New Year's Day, "All ages wear clothes, worship each other, drink pepper and cypress wine, and drink peach soup; Into the Tu Su wine, gum cup, under the spiced plate; Apply silt to disperse, but take ghost pills; One chicken per person. " Tu Su is a medicine. Shen Yue, a Southern Dynasty man, said in the saying, "Tu Su is the name of Cao An. Once upon a time, people lived in grass temples. Every year except at night, they send a dose of medicine to soak in the well. During the Chinese New Year, they put water in the wine and the whole family drank it to avoid catching the plague. Today, people have their own ways. I don't know their names, but their names are Tu Su. " Obviously, the earliest Tu Su wine is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation to prevent epidemic diseases. On New Year's Day, it was taken from well water soaked with Tu Su medicine, implying the worship of new water. Later, Ge Hong, a native of A Jin, brewed Tu Su wine with asarum and dried ginger, and gradually evolved into some traditional Chinese medicines to make wine, thus playing a role in treating diseases and preventing diseases.
Eating five spices is also for fitness. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, garlic, garlic, leek, mustard and coriander were also called five spices. On New Year's Day, people eat these five kinds of spices together, which is intended to give off the qi of the five internal organs. Sun Simiao, a famous medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty, said in "No Food": "On the first day of the first month, eat five spices to eliminate furuncle." He also said in "Health Tactics": "Eating five spicy things on New Year's Day can open five internal organs and relieve summer heat." According to the viewpoint of modern science, on New Year's Day, the cold has come to an end, and spring is coming, which is when you are prone to catch a cold. Using five spices to dredge dirty qi and disperse sweat will undoubtedly play a certain role in preventing influenza. Eating spiced food reflects that people in the Han and Tang dynasties pinned their pursuit of New Year's health on New Year's Day.
Spiced board is the embryonic form of spring board and spring cake in later generations. In the Tang Dynasty, people improved the five coriander, added some seasonal vegetables, and made it into a dish, named Spring Plate, which meant that spring buds sprouted and was eaten during New Year's Day to beginning of spring. For example, the Four Seasons Baojing in the Tang Dynasty said, "beginning of spring has spring cakes and lettuce, but no spring vegetables." Guanzhong Ji also said: "In the Tang Dynasty, sweet wormwood and leek are the best for making spring cakes in spring? ! Are you tired of climbing mountains and running? First otter. 3. Han? Take it? Portuguese? Close? Is it arrogant to chew spectrum? Lazy forgiveness? BR> Some other foods on New Year's Day are also auspicious, expressing people's longing for a better life in the new year. For example, eating "chewing gum toothpaste" on New Year's Day is a kind of candy. In ancient Chinese, "gingiva" and "fixation" are connected, and gingival teeth are fixed. It is said that eating this kind of candy can make teeth strong and not fall off.
Eating and drinking during New Year's Day has become a trend since the Han Dynasty. According to books such as The Book of Rites of the Han Dynasty, it is stipulated in the Han Dynasty that every year on New Year's Day, ministers should congratulate the emperor, which is called "Zheng Chao". The emperor should give a big banquet to entertain the ministers, and the monarch and ministers should also hold a banquet to celebrate the festival. Since then, in the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, New Year's greetings and the ministers of the emperor's banquet have all become customized. For example, Cao Zhi's poem "Hui Yuan" describes the New Year's Day banquet of Wei in the Three Kingdoms: "Just ask for good luck at the beginning of the year." This is a grand meeting and a banquet in this high hall. "When the Jin Dynasty paid a New Year's greeting to the emperor, the emperor wanted to raise the salary of officials and give each person two liters of mash wine. At the banquet, "the crown gathers together and the stars grow old." "There are many kinds of steamed vegetables. Yu Jue is not calculating, he is very happy. " The court New Year's Eve party in Tang Dynasty not only followed the old customs of Han and Jin Dynasties, but also became a rare event because of the unification of the world and the prosperity of economy and culture. On the New Year's Day, the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty was not only congratulated by hundreds of Han officials, but also presented gifts and congratulations by leaders and envoys from distant ethnic minorities and affiliated countries. As a result, the banquet in the main hall of the imperial court was full of people, bells and drums were loud, silk and bamboo were deafening, and singing and dancing were crowing. I wish the country prosperity in the new year.
Lantern Festival, also known as Shangyuan Festival, is the first full moon night of the New Year.
Lantern Festival originated in the Han Dynasty, but there have been several opinions about the origin of Lantern Festival since ancient times. One of the main opinions is that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted the advice of the alchemist, set up a "Taiyi God Sacrifice" in Ganquan Palace, and from the fifteenth night of the first month, he sacrificed "Taiyi God" under the lights all night, thus forming the custom of decorating with lanterns. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Buddhism was introduced into China, and the custom of gathering and watching lanterns in Buddhism was combined with it. In this way, the brightly lit activities on the fifteenth day of the first month, whether it is the ancient custom of offering sacrifices to Taiyi God or the piety of burning lanterns to worship Buddha, have become a traditional festival with unique style.
During the Han and Tang Dynasties, the Lantern Festival was not about eating dumplings, which began in the Song Dynasty. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, people mainly drank bean porridge on this day. "The Chronicle of Jingchu" said: "Make bean paste on the fifteenth day of the first month, come on, and take the temple as the gateway." "The first half of the first month is suitable for eating rice porridge and pot cakes."
In the Tang Dynasty, when people watch lanterns at night, they like to eat a kind of powdered fruit and jiaozi, which is a kind of fried round cake with stuffing. Jiaozi is exactly the same as Tangyuan in appearance and stuffing, so some people think that jiaozi is actually fried Yuanxiao, but it is not.
The above is just the custom of Lantern Festival in Han and Tang Dynasties. After the Song Dynasty, the diet of the Lantern Festival became increasingly rich.