I. Biological Boundaries 1. Two Boundaries (Linnaeus, Sweden, 1753) 1, Plant kingdom: photosynthesis, unable to move freely; 2. Animal kingdom: free to move and feed on plants or other organic matter. Second, the theory of five realms (division of cell biology put forward by Whitaker in 1969) 1, kingdom monera: bacteria, cyanobacteria, etc. With naked DNA and fission. 2. Protozoa: unicellular eukaryotes (dinoflagellate, Chlorella, gymnosperms, Myxomycetes and protozoa) have real chromosomes and undergo mitosis and meiosis. 【 Yeast, Chlamydomonas, etc. Exception] 3. Fungi: yeasts, molds and macrofungi, whose lifestyles are saprophytic and parasitic. 4. Plant kingdom: algae, mosses, ferns and seed plants carry out photosynthesis. 5. Animal kingdom: multicellular animals, including invertebrates and vertebrates. Attachment: Add the virus world into six realms. 2. Biological classification and species nomenclature. Biological classification ladder: boundary, phyla, class, order, family, genus and species 2. "Binominal method" (Linnaeus): naming plant species and genera (mostly nouns)+specific modifiers (mostly adjectives)+celebrity names (mostly abbreviations) [+variety names+celebrity names] in Latin. 2. Species: plant virus, animal virus, phage (bacterial virus) 3. Characteristics: (1) tiny (nano) (2) obligate parasitism: it has no independent metabolic activity, only reproduces in a specific host, does not undergo any form of metabolism outside the host, and has no life characteristics. (3) Cell-free structure, simple chemical composition and propagation mode: ① chemical composition: protein+nucleic acid protein: protective, specific affinity, antigenic nucleic acid (including single type of DNA and RNA) animal virus (DNA, RNA, single-stranded and double-stranded) plant virus (RNA, single-stranded and double-stranded) phage (DNA, single-stranded and double-stranded). ② Propagation mode: For reproduction, it depends on the host cell [Explain bacteriophage infection test] Adsorption-invasion-replication-synthesis-assembly-release attachment: viroid (free kingdom monera i. bacteria (rhizobia) 1, morphology (tiny individual, diverse morphology) ①, cocci (monococcus, diplococcus). Bacillus (3), Spirillum (2), structure (1), conventional structure: cell wall (peptidoglycan), cell membrane, cytoplasm (ribosome), nuclear region (DNA exposure) (2), accessory structure: capsule (polysaccharide or polypeptide, which has protective effect), flagella (protein, which is helpful to. Strong resistance to bad environment. In terms of nutrient assimilation (1), most of them are heterotrophic ① saprophytic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) ② parasitic bacteria (Shigella dysenteriae) (2) a few autotrophic ① photosynthetic bacteria, namely, green sulfur bacteria: 6co2+12h2s → c6h12o6+12s (. Organic matter synthesized from CO2) Nitrifying bacteria (ammonia → nitrite) Sulfur bacteria (sulfide → sulfur → chemoautotrophic (hydrogen bacteria: hydrogen → water) Alienation (1), mostly aerobic bacteria (2), anaerobic bacteria (lactic acid bacteria fermentation) (3), facultative anaerobic bacteria: nitrate-reducing bacteria (4), and trace amounts. Research methods (1), microscope (2), culture medium (3), Gram staining [dyeing (ammonium oxalate+iodine) → decoloring (ethanol) → counterstaining (saffron)] Positive: no decoloring; negative: decoloring and dyeing with saffron color. 2. Cyanobacteria (the earliest prokaryotic cyanobacteria appeared in 35-33 years) (2) Similar to the conventional structure of bacteria (there is a colloidal sheath outside the cell wall); (2) Nutrition model (photosynthesis); (1) pigments (chlorophyll a, carotenoids, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin) have different external colors. (2) Chromophore 3. Schizophyllum 3. Actinomycetes [between bacteria and fungi, causing mud odor in soil] 1. Morphological structure (2). Single cell, radial mycelium. (2) hyphae are divided into vegetative hyphae (absorbing nutrients) and aerial hyphae. (2) Aerobic breathing and saprophytic life are the most nutritional ways. 3. Propagation mode (spore propagation) (1), aerial hyphae forming sporophytes (2), sporophytes maturing to form conidia (3), spores sprouting to form new mycelium (4), and special function: producing antibiotics. Other prokaryotes (bacteria-mycoplasma-rickettsia-chlamydia-virus) 1, rickettsia: cell structure, specific intracellular parasitism, division and reproduction. 2. Cladosporium: the smallest prokaryote with cell structure and no cell wall; Most camps are saprophytic; Split or germinate. 3. Chlamydia: it has a cellular structure and is parasitic in cells; Split and reproduce. 3. The lowest eukaryotes (single-celled eukaryotes and single-celled groups) in the protozoa kingdom, the plant kingdom, the animal kingdom and the fungi kingdom all originated from the protozoa. 1, tabular cell wall, grass flagella (9+2) and dinoflagellate (dinoflagellate) are living fossils. 2. Chrysophyta (diatom) has a silicified hard cell wall, which divides and reproduces, and its sperm is grass whip flagella (9+2). 3. Euglena has no cell wall, grass flagella (9+2), bright green chloroplasts and eye spots (photosensitivity), and can move, store vacuoles, contract vacuoles and divide. When the environment is unfavorable, colloid can be separated to form capsules. It can be divided into heterotrophic forms in places with rich organic matter and no light. Some people think that this is the primitive ancestor of plants and animals. 4. Myxomycetes (1). Organisms between animals and fungi (1). Vegetation stage: naked multinucleated protoplast without cell wall-amoeba (similar to amoeba in animals) (1). Breeding period: spores with cellulose cell walls (with fungal characteristics) are produced. 5. Protozoa (1) features: (1) single cells or groups, most of which are tiny; (2) primitive and present protozoa are not the ancestors of various animals; ③ Three nutrition modes: plant nutrition (photosynthetic nutrition), animal nutrition (phagocytic nutrition) and osmotic nutrition (saprophytic nutrition). ④ Intracellular differentiation forms various organelles. 2. Classification: ① The locomotor organelles of Fruit Foot (Amoeba) are pseudopods with feeding function; ② Ciliates (paramecium) have cilia, macronucleus (nutrition) and micronucleus (reproduction); ③ Spores (plasmodium) have no active organelles, and are all parasitic, with both human and female hosts. Attachment: The movable organelle of the class Flagellata (green eye worm) is one or more flagella (3). Other characteristics of paramecium are introduced: ① food-mouth-food vacuole-anus (blue ink experiment); ② Breathing on surface membrane; ③ Cytoplasm is divided into endoplasm (flowing) and ectoplasm (spiny filament vesicle); ④ Waste discharge-shrinking bubbles and collecting pipes; Four. Mycobacterium field 65438. 2. Classification: (three categories and one category) (1). Algae (zygomycetes): Rhizopus, Mucor (which can be used to make distiller's yeast) and other branches are filiform, with no transverse partition and multi-nuclei. Spore reproduction (sporangium or conidia), sexual reproduction (zygotic reproduction) (2), ascomycetes: yeast, Penicillium, Cordyceps, etc. , mycelium separation, mononuclear, bud propagation (yeast), spore propagation (conidia), sexual propagation (ascospores) (3), basidiomycetes: mushrooms, Ganoderma lucidum, etc. , primary hypha separation, mononuclear, bud reproduction, spore reproduction (conidia, pollen spores), sexual reproduction (basidiospores) (4), epiphytes (3), yeast (1), egg-shaped unicellular organisms (2), chlorophyll-free, saprophytic life (3), aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration to produce carbon dioxide and water. (4), mold (1), filamentous fungi: mycelium can be divided into septate hyphae (Rhizopus and Mucor) and septate hyphae (Penicillium and Aspergillus) (2), chlorophyll-free, saprophytic (a few parasites): mycelium can be divided into vegetative hyphae (absorbing nutrients) and aerial hyphae (2). Related to reproduction) aerobic respiration (few anaerobic respiration) (3), spore reproduction (sporangium and conidia) (5), macrofungi (various edible fungi and medicinal fungi) (1), fruiting bodies formed by mycelium (nutrition and differentiation) and fruiting bodies (reproduction) (2), spore reproduction (5), plant kingdom (/. (1) Chlamydomonas (single cell, double flagella, red-eye spot, goblet chloroplast, spore reproduction and gamete fusion) (2) Volvariella volvacea (multicellular hollow ball filled with colloid and water). Oval reproduction) (3) Alternation of Spirogyra in the same generation (filamentous, banded chloroplast, fractured reproduction and zygotic reproduction) (alternation of sexual generation [gametophyte generation] and asexual generation [sporophyte generation]) 2. Phaeophyta (kelp: containing phycoerythrin and chlorophyll) 3. Rhodophyta (Porphyra: containing phycoerythrin and chlorophyll) attachment: ①. Two definitions of fungi) ③ Lichen (the living body of fungi and algae, which can secrete lichenic acid to turn the rock surface into soil, is a pioneer in the plant kingdom) ② Bryophyte (Dicey, Cucurbita) 1, a small multicellular green plant, a transitional type from aquatic to terrestrial. 2. There are roots, stems and leaves, but there is no conducting tissue. 3. Heterotypic generations alternate, gametophyte (N) is developed and sporophyte (2n) is parasitic. 4. Fertilization depends on water. 5. There are archegonia and embryos, belonging to higher plants. 3. Pteridophytes (Pteridophyte, Lycopodium, Equisetum, Eupatorium) 1 have differentiation of roots, stems and leaves; 2. Vascular system appears inside, belonging to vascular plants: xylem (tracheid and vessel) and phloem (sieve spore and sieve tube). 3. Spore and gametophyte can live independently when alien generations alternate. 4. Spore propagation is a spore plant. 5. Fertilization depends on water. Four, one of the seed plants-gymnosperm 1, sporophyte developed, forming tall trees, gametophyte parasitic. 2, the seeds are bare, and there is no fruit bag outside. 3. There is cambium in vascular bundle. Xylem (tracheid without vessel) and phloem (sieve tube without spore). 4. Classification: (1) Cycadaceae: Ginkgo biloba (3), Pinaceae: Cedar (4), Taxodiaceae: Metasequoia glyptostroboides (5), Cupressaceae: Platycladus orientalis (2)- angiosperm 1. General characteristics of angiosperms: (1) There are true flowers. (2) The ovule is enclosed in the pistil ovary. (3) Double fertilization. (4) The sporophyte is highly developed and the gametophyte is further degraded. 2. The performance of angiosperms flowers: (1) flower pattern: (2) flower pattern: (3) inflorescence: (3) classification of angiosperms: dicotyledonous plants (1), Magnoliaceae (2), Ranunculaceae (3), Leguminosae (/kloc-). So until now, there is no perfect animal classification system in the world. Some divide it into 33 doors, such as J.E. Webb et al.1978; Others divide them into 30 doors, such as R.M. Alex Ender L979, and others divide them into 28 doors, such as W.A. Johnson. The reason for these differences is that some scholars have upgraded some different classes to phyla, such as rotifers, abdominal hairs, moving kisses, linear, nematodes and other animals in the original prosthesis cavity, and some scholars have upgraded them to phyla; In addition, some new taxonomic groups have been found, which are not suitable for the original door, so Suoxing was newly established as an independent door, such as Ctenomedusae, which is because of the discovery of Ctenomedusae. For the research of medicinal animals, pharmacology 1960 was divided into 10 in the early stage, and later 1977 was also used in the identification of traditional Chinese medicine. For the convenience of research and narration, this chapter still adopts this classification system and divides the animal kingdom into 10. According to the characteristics, it is still: cell differentiation, germ layer formation, the presence or absence of body cavity, morphological symmetry, body segment division, bone properties, appendage characteristics, the occurrence and development of other organ systems, and the strata are divided with reference to geological data. At present, the animal kingdom of the phylum 10 can be divided into the following categories: (1) Protozoa are all unicellular animals, and a few live freely in water or wet soil, some live parasitically and reproduce asexually or sexually. There are no species of medicinal animals in this phylum, but it is a primitive group in evolution and is closely related to human life. Some parasitic species will do great harm to human health and the reproduction of economic animals. It can be divided into four categories according to different exercise methods: 1). Flagellates of the class Flagellata move with flagella, with L ~ several flagella. For example, the green eye worm. 2). Sarcodina of Carnipoda moves with pseudopoda, that is, there is no fixed surface membrane on the body surface, and protoplasm can protrude in all directions as a cell organ for movement and predation. Such as amoeba Pr0teus. 3). Sarcocystis is completely parasitic and produces spores in its life history. Such as plasmodium. 4). Ciliates move with cilia, that is, there are many cilia on the body surface. Such as paramecium caudatum (2) Spongia, also known as porous animal, is the most primitive multicellular animal living in water. Although cells are differentiated, they do not constitute tissues. Cells can be arranged in two layers, but they do not differentiate into endoderm and ectoderm. There is a pipeline system in the body to get food from water, and bone needles support and protect the body. For example, the fragile needle sponge Sp0ngiLLa Fragilis can be used in medicine. (3) coelenterata, coelenterata, is symmetrical in shape, and its body wall is composed of two layers of cells, the outer layer is ectoderm and the inner layer is endoderm, which has the original mouth, and some species can be combined into groups, but there is a division of labor among individuals in morphology and function, most of them are marine organisms and a few are freshwater organisms. Such as jellyfish, Rhodiloma esculenta, can be used medicinally. (4) The phylum Platycladus, which is symmetrical on both sides, is divided into three layers: the outer, middle and inner germ layers, that is, the mesoderm begins to appear, the soft body cavity is mostly hermaphrodite, and the excretory system has flame cells, which live freely in water and land, and some species are parasitic. At present, there are no species of medicinal animals in this door. Like a worm. (5) Nematode, a linear animal with a long or cylindrical body. The third germ layer has protocorms, which are not segmented. The body surface is covered with translucent elastic horny membrane, and there is anus at the end of digestive tract. Most of them are bisexual, living freely in seawater, fresh water and soil, and many of them are parasitic. Such as ascaris lumbricoides, can be used as medicine according to herbal records. (6) annelids have a cylinder, which is divided into several isomorphic links. The internal system differentiation tends to be perfect, and there are cavities, bristles or wart feet on the body surface, hermaphroditic or hermaphroditic, which directly develop or metamorphose, resulting in trochanter. Most of them live freely in seawater, fresh water and soil, and a few can be exotic species. Such as coccidia earthworm, can be used as medicine. (7) Mollusca, the phylum Mollusca, has an mantle and mesoderm on its body surface. Its muscular feet are called fleshy feet and are usually located on the ventral surface of the body. Molluscs live in seawater, fresh water and land, with about 654.38 million known species, making them the second largest gate in the animal kingdom. Such as snails, can be used as medicine. (8) Arthropods have symmetrical sides, special-shaped joints (such as head, chest and abdomen) and segmented appendages, and the surface has an exoskeleton composed of chitin and calcareous. Its body cavity is underdeveloped, its muscles are divided into muscle bundles, and its circulatory system is open. There are about 923,000 known species, which is the first in the animal kingdom. Such as centipede, centipede, can be used as medicine. (9) Echinoderm phylum, which has endoskeleton formed by mesoderm, spines on body surface, posterior orifice, developed eukaryotic cavity and special water pipe system or stepped pipe system. Such as sea urchin, can be used as medicine. All the above animals have no spinal cord (or spine) on the back of their bodies, no central nervous system, or a chain shape, which is located on the ventral surface of the digestive tract. The main part of the circulatory system is on the back of the digestive tract. Most of them have no bones or only exoskeletons. Also called invertebrates, it is a lower type, which is different from the vertebrates below. (10) Chordata, Chordata phylum, animals with spinal cord (or segmented spine), dorsal neural tube, cleft cheek (or cheek pouch) and posterior mouth. There are about 4 1200 species known, which is the third door in the animal kingdom. Animals in this phylum can be divided into three subfamilies: urochordates, cephalochordates and vertebrates. Among them, Vertebrate subfamily has many kinds and great economic value, which is the highest type in evolution. Nowadays, many biologists have regarded it as an independent branch. Such as Japanese hippocampus, can be used in medicine. Reference: /jj.htm Mu Lan/Zhongyao/Zhongyao _ Jichu/Jichu _ Wu Dong/Donggu Jichu.