According to the textual research of Huangqi's materia medica, it can be seen from the descriptions of Huangqi's origin in previous dynasties that the authentic origin of Huangqi changed with the change of dynasties, initially in central and northern Sichuan, southwestern Shaanxi and southern Gansu, moved to eastern Gansu and southern Ningxia in the Tang Dynasty, moved to central Shanxi in the Song Dynasty, and extended to Inner Mongolia in the late Qing Dynasty until the middle of the Republic of China.
There are many kinds of Astragalus membranaceus, mainly Leguminosae Astragalus mongholicus and Astragalus membranaceus, in addition to Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus membranaceus and Astragalus membranaceus.
1.2 Identification of Radix Astragali;
Astragalus resources are widely distributed and varied in China. The general method of identifying medicinal materials is: the roots are cylindrical, some are branched, the upper end is thick, 30-90 cm long, the surface is light brown, and there are irregular longitudinal wrinkles or grooves. It is hard and tough, and it is not easy to break. Slices are fibrous and powdery; The skin is yellow and white, the wood is light yellow, and there are radial textures and cracks, commonly known as Magnolia jinjing; The center of the old root is occasionally withered, dark brown or hollow. Slight breath, slightly sweet taste, slightly beany when chewing.
2. 1 chemical constituents of Astragalus membranaceus
Astragalus contains polysaccharides, glycosides, flavonoids and trace elements.
The main components of Radix Astragali are astragaloside IV, sucrose, total astragaloside, ursolic acid, choline, calycosin, formononetin, amino acids, picroside and mucus.
The main sugar components of Astragalus membranaceus in Inner Mongolia are formononetin, calycosin, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, betaine, nicotinic acid, amylase and so on.
Astragalus polysaccharide consists of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose.
3. Extraction technology of1Astragalus polysaccharide
Decocting and alcohol precipitation method: weigh Astragalus membranaceus pieces, add 8 or 6 times of water, and decoct for 65438 0 hours and 40 minutes respectively. Filtering, combining the two filtrates, concentrating to 1: 1 (1 g crude drug is equivalent to 1 ml), adding 3 times of 95% ethanol for precipitation, standing for more than 12 hours, centrifuging, and evaporating for precipitation. Dissolve in water and centrifuge. Take that supernatant, adding 3 time of 95% ethanol for precipitation, refrigerating, centrifuging and evaporate the precipitate.
Ultrafiltration method: weigh Radix Astragali pieces, add 2 times of water, decoct for the same time as above, combine the two filtrates, refrigerate and centrifuge, take the supernatant, ultrafilter with hollow fiber, intercept the medicinal liquid with molecular weight over 6000, concentrate to 1: 1, add 3 times of 95% ethanol for precipitation, as above.
Microwave extraction method: using microwave technology, the fat-soluble impurities in Radix Astragali are removed by petroleum ether and ether, and the interfering components such as monosaccharides and oligosaccharides are removed by 80% ethanol extraction. Then, in MCL-3 continuous microwave reactor, the water is continuously refluxed for 20 minutes, the power is adjusted, the concentration is reduced to half the volume, 0. 1% activated carbon is added, decolorized, filtered, and ethanol with ethanol content of 95% is added to the filtrate.
4. Determination method of1Astragalus polysaccharide content
Phenol-sulfuric acid method
Preparation of control solution Take 0. 1g anhydrous glucose, dry it to constant weight, accurately weigh it, put it in a 100ml volumetric flask, add water to dissolve it and dilute it to scale, shake well, accurately measure 10ml, put it in a 100ml volumetric flask, add water to scale, shake well, and.
Preparation of test solution Accurately measure 50 ml of this product, put it in a 250 ml volumetric flask, add 5 ml of 30% zinc sulfate solution, heat it in a water bath for 5 minutes, immediately add 5 ml of potassium ferrocyanide test solution by shaking, cool, add water to the scale, shake well, filter, discard the primary filtrate, take 25 ml of the secondary filtrate, put it in a 500 ml volumetric flask, add water to the scale, and shake well.
Determination Method Accurately measure 2ml of control solution and 2ml of test solution, put them into 65438±00ml volumetric flask respectively, add 0.5ml of 2% phenol solution and 5ml of sulfuric acid, shake them evenly, heat them in water bath for 65438±05min, cool them, dilute them with water, shake them evenly, and determine them by spectrophotometry.
5. Pharmacological effects of Astragalus polysaccharides
5. Immunomodulatory Activity of1Astragalus Polysaccharide
Astragalus polysaccharide can significantly enhance the nonspecific immune function and humoral immune function of mice, significantly enhance the phagocytic function of mouse macrophages, promote the formation of serum hemolysin, improve the hemolytic function of plaque-forming cells, significantly remove carbon and significantly increase the weight of spleen.
5.2 Antitumor effect
Astragalus polysaccharide has obvious inhibitory effect on many experimental tumor oils. Animal experiments show that Astragalus polysaccharide has similar anti-tumor effect to IL-2/LAK, and has obvious enhancement effect on IL-2/LAK. The combination of the two can obviously improve the lethality of LAK cells to target cells. The observation of dynamic cellular immune function showed that both of them could resist the decrease of NK cell activity and IL-2 production in spleen of mice. It shows that the anti-tumor effect of Astragalus polysaccharide is related to enhancing immune function.
5.3 Impact on Traumatic Infection
The pharmacological experiments of Astragalus polysaccharide on experimental mouse trauma show that it can obviously enhance the phagocytic luminescence intensity of macrophages, inhibit the release of PCE2 and further promote the release of TNF. The combination of immune activator Astragalus polysaccharide and cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen not only enhanced the phagocytic luminescence intensity of macrophages, but also significantly inhibited the IL- 1 secretion of PGE2 and TNF. It can be seen that the combined application of immune activator and cyclooxygenase inhibitor is expected to become a new scheme for drug treatment of traumatic infection.
5.4 protection
Zhangyan et al. found that Astragalus polysaccharide has obvious protective effect on experimental liver injury, and can obviously resist alanine aminotransferase in serum of mice caused by carbon tetrachloride and paracetamol, and also has obvious protective effect on pathological changes of mice caused by carbon tetrachloride and paracetamol.
5.5 Regulating effect on blood sugar
APs has bidirectional adjustment function. It can obviously reduce the blood sugar of glucose-loaded mice, obviously resist the hyperglycemic reaction of mice caused by adrenaline, and obviously resist the experimental hypoglycemia of mice caused by phenformin. But it has no obvious effect on hypoglycemia caused by insulin.
Clinical application of astragalus polysaccharide
6. 1 Astragalus polysaccharide for treating diabetes has the functions of invigorating qi, consolidating constitution, dredging pulse and lowering blood sugar. This product can obviously improve the clinical symptoms such as mental fatigue, palpitation, chest tightness and leg swelling caused by various diseases.
Treatment of hepatitis Zhang Fengling et al. treated hepatitis with Astragalus polysaccharide. The negative rate of HBV DNA antigen in patients taking Astragalus polysaccharide orally is better than that in control group.
Therapeutic effect on chicken laryngotracheitis Lang Jinghua and others treated more than 50,000 chickens suffering from laryngotracheitis for more than 3 months with Astragalus polysaccharide injection for 2-3 days, and the cure rate was over 94.4%.