The ancients were very particular about the quality of wine. As early as the Zhou Dynasty, wine was divided into "five spirits" and "three spirits". "Zhou Li Tian Guan Re zai" is edited: "Distinguish the names of five qi, one is universal, the other is qi, the third is Angqi, the fourth is qi, and the fourth is qi." "distinguish three kinds of wine, one is wine, the other is wine, and the third is sake." Wuqi wine is divided into five grades according to its unique feeling and taste, and Sanqi wine is divided into three grades according to the brewing time and length of the wine. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" said: "Sage Cai, who is suitable for Yin and Yang, distinguishes the benefits of all things to make a living, so his spirit is healthy and his poison is long. Successful people who are long but not short never put off what you can do until tomorrow. Babi, care about injury. What is injury? Great sweetness, great acid, great suffering, great sorrow and great achievements are full of forms and will cause harm; ..... if you keep healthy, you know your roots ... if you eat it, there is no (other) heavy taste, no (other) heavy taste and heavy wine. " It is believed that people who pay attention to health care in future generations should not drink those spirits with high degree and poor quality, but drink a little wine with good taste and good quality in moderation. So what kind of wine is good wine? Gu Zhong, the lover, has made an incisive exposition in the Book of Nourishing the Heart:
Wine is best for the elderly, the more you watch, the better. Violent wine (refers to wine brewed in a hurry) must not be drunk, because drinking it will hurt people. This is the first one. Alcohol abstains from acid, is independent, healthy, cruel and cold; Clear and white spirit. Or that wine is too strict. But what is the most important thing? Mouth: Not bitter, not sweet, not good, not sour, not spicy, it is really good wine. Why don't you stop talking? Japanese: Speaking is not wine, not words and deeds. Why not say no to sweets? Japan: Once upon a time, there were clouds with the highest purity, followed by bitterness, followed by acid, smelly and sweet. How can you drink the sour taste of your husband? There is no need to make commandments. It is also said that it is difficult to drink wine without highlighting any of the five flavors (namely, bitter, sour, spicy, sweet and cooked). ..... cover bitter, sweet, successful, sour, refined, not Chen Ye. If it can be changed to good wine. It's Chen Yi, which can be used as the surname of wine.
Due to the limitation of conditions, although the ancients could not accurately determine the various components of wine, their experience gained in long-term life practice was very scientific. According to modern scientific determination, the higher the alcohol content in liquor, the higher the harmful components. For example, compared with fermented wine, harmful components mainly exist in distilled wine, while there are relatively few among fermented wine. In addition to high alcohol, highly distilled liquor also contains fusel oil (including amyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, isobutanol, propanol, etc. ), aldehydes (including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, sugar aldehydes, etc. ), methanol, hydroxyl acid, lead, aflatoxin and other harmful components. People will be poisoned if they drink butyl, an inferior wine with high harmful components, for a long time or in excess. Symptoms such as dizziness, headache, stomach trouble, cough, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, etc. may occur in light cases, and in severe cases, dyspnea, coma and even death may occur. However, low-alcohol fermented wine, mixed wine, such as yellow wine, fruit dew wine, medicinal liquor, milk and so on. There are few harmful components, but they are rich in nutrients such as sugar, organic acids, amino acids, sweet wine, dextrin and vitamins.
At first, the ancients thought that high-quality wines were mainly yellow wine, wine, osmanthus wine, chrysanthemum wine, pepper wine and so on. Later, it developed into liquor and various medicinal liquor based on liquor.
Fermented yellow rice wine is one of the oldest wines in China. It is rich in chloroacetic acid, various sugars, organic acids and vitamins. And has a high calorific value. Since ancient times, it has been regarded as "fairy wine" and "precious pulp" for health preservation and fitness, and it is deeply loved by people. This is also an important reason why Shaoxing yellow rice wine has been popular since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and even became a wine for court and state banquets.
Wine contains more sugar and minerals, as well as helium-based acids, citric acid, vitamins and other nutrients. It is also a kind of health wine that the ancients loved. Cao Pi, Wei Wendi of the Three Kingdoms, once praised that the consolidation of the Tao of "being willing to bend tillers, being good at drunkenness and being easy to wake up" is the evil of salivating and loving food! "Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, not only loves to drink, but also personally sees the Governor. Minister Wei Zhi is good at making wine. He once wrote a poem praising his wine for "being drunk for a thousand days and not waking up for ten years". "The newly revised Materia Medica has listed grapes as tonic wine, which is considered to have the effects of" warming the waist and tonifying the kidney, preserving color and keeping out the cold ". Hu Sihui, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty, said that it had the functions of "invigorating qi, regulating middle energizer, fighting hunger and aspiring". Li Shizhen also said that wine has the function of "color preservation and cold resistance". Gao Lian also listed it as "health wine" in Eight Chapters of Yun Sheng.
Osmanthus wine was drunk by the ancients as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Qu Yuan said in "Nine Rest": "Yao Hui steamed Xi Lan chicken, Yunnan ghost wine Xi Jiaojiang." The osmanthus wine used in this ceremony is osmanthus wine brewed with osmanthus, which was also called osmanthus sugar, osmanthus vinegar and osmanthus syrup in ancient times. The ancients believed that osmanthus fragrans was the best medicine, so the wine brewed with osmanthus fragrans could be "delicious and dry for many years". According to "Today's Four People Month", osmanthus wine in Han Dynasty is a good product for people to worship their ancestors. After the sacrifice, the younger generation respects this wine to the elders, and the elders will live long after drinking this wine. In addition, osmanthus wine is the top grade for people to entertain guests. "History of rites and music in Han Dynasty" says: "Honorable for a long time, Bimba Township." Many feudal emperors also gave osmanthus wine as a gift to ministers. Scholars of all ages also praised osmanthus wine. Bai Juyi once praised osmanthus wine with the poem "The red cherry is colorless and the foam is fine". Su Shi's poems on osmanthus wine in Song Dynasty show that the ancients cherished osmanthus wine.
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the ancients knew the medicinal and edible value of chrysanthemum. Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei, thinks that chrysanthemum "helps to prolong life, and the moss is expensive." Su Shi also believes that the flowers, leaves, roots and responsibilities of chrysanthemum are all "longevity drugs". In the Han dynasty, people used drugs to make wine with flowers. Liu's Miscellaneous Notes on Xijing: "Chrysanthemum is suitable, and it is brewed with stems and leaves and miscellaneous millet. Drink it when it is ripe on September 9 next year, so it is called chrysanthemum wine. " The ancients thought that chrysanthemum was a flower that did not fade after frost, so chrysanthemum wine could resist aging. Medical books such as Compendium of Materia Medica say that chrysanthemum has the effects of dispelling wind and improving eyesight, calming the liver and clearing heat, which is particularly beneficial to the hearing and vision of the elderly. Therefore, ancient chrysanthemum wine is favored and is a must-have for the Double Ninth Festival.
In addition, pit liquor, chrysanthemum wine, chinese wolfberry wine, lotus seed wine, ginseng wine, Meiling wine and other nourishing wines are also good wines for health and longevity. Taking wine as a waiter and abstaining from drinking has always been a way of keeping in good health that the ancients attached great importance to. They believe that the purpose of drinking is to "borrow things to support things" rather than "serve things", and drinking must be done according to one's ability and enough is enough. No matter how good the wine is, it will also damage your health if it is not controlled. In view of the harm of drinking alone and drinking too much, the ancients have always been committed to banning alcohol by legal means and persuading people to consciously quit drinking and drinking with moral cultivation. Classic works such as The Book of Changes and The Book of Songs admonish cowards to abstain from drinking and drinking. Xi que, a famous doctor in the warring States period, said: "if you drink for a long time, you will lose your marrow, steam your tendons, hurt your spirit and hurt your life." Bai Juyi, who called himself an alcoholic in the Tang Dynasty, also said that "delicacies and delicacies, wine is believed to be rotten sausage paste." Su Shi, a poet in the Song Dynasty, also strongly emphasized the importance of abstinence from drinking. Hu Sihui's Eating Wine in Yuan Dynasty said: "Too much wine is the source of death." Mao Ming elaborated the relationship between drinking and keeping in good health in Dietary Guide. He believes that if people want to last for a long time, they must first control drinking. He said: "There are many kinds of wine with different tastes, including sweet, bitter, sour, weak and bitter, all of which are hot and toxic. Most of them help the fire to produce phlegm, faint and soften the body, hurt the muscles and bones, hurt the spleen and stomach, consume lung qi, and die. " Compendium of Materia Medica quotes Shao's poem: "Good wine and good drink teach you to be slightly drunk. This is the beauty of drinking. The so-called drunkenness is not about wine, and the pot is high. If the husband is too ill and drunk as usual, it will lead to illness and failure, and even national subjugation, which is more harmful than words. This big shovel is so careless, and the Duke of Zhou wine is so harmonious, which is also a warning to the world. " In his book "240 Sentences of Drinking", enthusiast Liang listed many dangers of alcoholism and called on people to give up drinking.
Modern science has proved that these understandings and statements of Gu Ding are correct. Excessive drinking will not only make people's perception, thinking, emotion, intelligence and behavior out of control, but also get carried away. It will also destroy people's health, lead to malnutrition, mental disorder, gastrointestinal discomfort, liver damage, and even cause serious consequences such as heart and cancer and poisoning. The prevalence of long-term excessive drinking is extremely high, and the mortality rate is also very high. If a person drinks too much for a long time, his life span will be shortened by ten to twelve years.