2C is selected from The Book of Rites. The Book of Rites, one of the Confucian classics, is a compilation of various etiquette works before Qin and Han Dynasties by Dai Sheng in the Western Han Dynasty, with a total of 49 articles. Li Yun is a book written by Confucian scholars at the end of the Warring States Period or the Qin and Han Dynasties, and its title is The Book of Rites. Avenue, in ancient times, refers to the highest political ideal.
3B。 Novels, poems and literary works were all written during the Cultural Revolution, which was an absurd and turbulent era. Academic authority was regarded as "reactionary academic authority", which was pushed to the ground by the rebels and trampled on wantonly. However, any bad style has no influence on Lao Wang. He still respects the author and his wife. He recognized them as good people, thanked them for their kindness, and thanked them when he died. Although the Lao Wang described by the author is poor and humble, his spirit has not been polluted. He has a moral conscience and is an extremely simple and kind person.
4D。 Full text. I haven't checked when the post and telecommunications network in China's vast mountainous areas was perfected. I remember that in the early years, in rural areas, foreign exchanges mainly depended on a special profession: messenger.
Writing letters is a private occupation, which is not managed by any organization. There are many people who go out to make a living in this place, and it is inevitable that they will bring some home books and some clothes and food. There is no post office for dozens of miles in Fiona Fang, Fiona Fang, so it is necessary to send letters. Petitioners should have a little culture, know the situation of major docks, have a pair of strong bones and muscles, and be able to carry heavy luggage.
Come to think of it, being a messenger is really a hard job. There are not too many people going out in the countryside, and they are not concentrated in one city, so the business of winning people is not big, but it takes a lot of effort. If the transportation is convenient, there is no need for letters. Most of the roads that passengers often take turn seven and eight, and changing cars and boats will make them dizzy. Letters and passengers can't make money if they check their luggage. They are all shoulder-shouldered, back-shouldered, waist-wrapped, biting their teeth and walking a bumpy long distance. There are many kinds of letters and articles brought by family members, and they cannot be lost or damaged. We must count them carefully and repeatedly along the way. At that time, everyone was poor, the freight was very low, and sometimes even the travel expenses could not come back. The person who received the letter had to buy the worst ticket, stay in the cheapest cabin and take some cold steamed bread and fried rice noodles with him to satisfy his hunger.
Believers work for travelers, but they are the most difficult travelers. Dressed in rags and old shirts, with a dusty face, he looks like a beggar.
Without letters, many villagers will not travel far. For a long time, the heavy footsteps of messengers were the link between the countryside and the city.
In the village next to my home, there is a messenger who is not young and has traveled for twenty or thirty years.
He studied in a private school, went out to run the pier when he was old, hit a wall several times, was down and out, had no livelihood, and came back as a messenger. There's a reason why he believes.
There used to be an old letter in the village. Once, a girl from a family in the village was getting married. The girl's father made a living in Shanghai and asked an old messenger to bring two pieces of red silk. The old messenger was about to give a gift to a distant relative, so he cut a narrow red silk and tied it on the gift. It looked good. I didn't expect Shanghai to send someone home with a message, saying that after receiving HongLing, I would like to see if there are small circles on both ends to prevent the letter from being cheated. The traveler stumbled and his scandal spread in four towns at once. The family members who asked him to take things before are recalling doubts, as if everything in his family came from deduction. But his home is shabby and gloomy, and there is nothing of value.
The old museum guest couldn't explain clearly, and his face was sad. He picked up the scissors to cut HongLing and stabbed himself in the hand. The next day, he found the young man who had just returned from Shanghai in the same village with his scarred hands. As soon as I entered the door, I said, "My reputation has been ruined, but this country can't live without believers."
For two whole days, the old museum guest whispered to him that people from four nearby townships were outside, how to find the doors of each village and how to make a living in the city. When it comes to routes in several cities, it is difficult to draw patterns on paper. The young man doesn't even know most people who go out to make a living. Old letters chatted, compared and even introduced their temper habits.
Having said that, the old messenger told him which small hotels he could stay in along the way and which waiter in the hotel he could trust. There is also eating everywhere, which stall has the thickest pie, and which small shop can buy rice without buying food.
From beginning to end, young people did not agree to take over. But after listening to the old man talk so much and in such detail, he won't refuse any more. The old man's last exhortation was to clap Yang Yang's hand and say, "A letter is a letter. Don't be like me." .
The young man thought of the old man's future life and said that he would help him if he earned money. The old man said, "no, I went to the cemetery to make a living." I stink, and you will stink next to me. "
The old messenger was originally a person and never returned to the village.
After the young messenger went on the road, they met with inquiries about the old messenger along the way. I have always known him during my difficult journey. The wandering wanderer waited for his footsteps year after year. Now, he is hiding in a broken thatched cottage on the edge of a mountain cemetery. He can't sleep every night. He can't open his eyes in the dark, thinking about the pier, boats and shadows in a daze.
When it is windy and rainy, he will get up, stand by the doorframe for a while, and secretly tell young believers to be careful along the way.
Young believers are getting older. He always suffers from stomach trouble and rheumatism. When he commits a crime, he will think of old believers. The old man said everything. Why didn't he mention these two diseases? By the way, take care of your family and bring some food to the cemetery. He has been there several times himself, and the old man forced him to talk about the changes and news of various docks. There are always more bad things than good things. Let's sigh together. If their conversation can be recorded, it must be the historical materials of modern urban and rural changes in China that historians are very interested in. It's a pity that this is a mountain. It happened that the two of them floated away immediately, and there was only a strong mountain wind outside the hut.
Xin can't go to see the old man often. He is too busy and spends too much time on the road. As soon as he got home, he was busy spreading letters and things like that, and he would collect what he took out next time. All this requires him to be present in person, check it with his own hands, and let others wait when he goes to see the old man.
When the messenger comes back to the village, his family is always crowded. Most of them are not here to send and receive letters and things, but just to watch the excitement and see how promising people from all walks of life are and what rare things they have brought. In the eyes of farmers, there are envy and jealousy; Much more comparison, contempt and ridicule. These eyes are the scores of rural adventurers in China. These eyes are a thousand-year-old homeland's exploration of the city.
Finally, a woman came and whispered to the messenger, "Take care of him, bring things back several times, and don't break them"; "You tell him, those goods can't stay in Shanghai? I am a woman's house. What should I do if the robber comes and the thief comes? " ... the messenger nodded calmly. He has seen too much and understands all this. The ups and downs of honor and disgrace in the city shake the long-term dull rural nervous system, which is the most sensitive nerve endings.
A man who made a living in the city suddenly got a sudden illness, which often happened in those years. When the recipient hears the news of the fellow villagers in the city, he will rush to arrange the funeral and sort out the relics on behalf of his family. Back in the country, he hit a black umbrella with the handle facing forward and walked to the home of the deceased. People who reported their deaths in the countryside were hung upside down by black umbrellas. As soon as the villagers saw it, they knew another guest had died in another country. When he came to the dead man's house, the messenger looked sad and told the bad news that he had been thinking for a long time along the way in a euphemistic tone. The poor family will suddenly cry and faint. He can't leave. Help comfort them. There will be some peasant women who hate the city and going out, and even hate receiving letters. They regarded him as a fool and denounced him loudly. He can only look down at his eyes, listen to it, and worry about Nuo Nuo.
In the afternoon, he will send the relics of the dead again, which is even more dangerous. Rural women will regard this pile of simple relics as the price of their husbands' lives, and almost no one believes this is the only point. A sword of doubt shot from the red rim of the eye, and the recipient felt uncomfortable all over, as if he had done something wrong. He had to report quietly on the handling of the funeral in Shanghai. Rural women don't understand Shanghai society at all, and cross-examination often makes him unable to answer.
It was not until he sweated several times and paid a lot of sins that he walked out of the dead man's house with a bad face. Can he stop doing this? I can't. What did you say?/Sorry? I'm also a fellow villager. Can I show some nostalgia? Old believers say that this country cannot live without believers. To be a trustworthy person, you have to carry the burden of life and death and run back and forth. People who go out to the suburbs to make a living pile their blood, sweat and tears on his shoulders.
Letters and visitors can read and write letters on their behalf. If there is nothing urgent, please leave a message. There is always something ominous to write. Women complain with tears and snot in the guest's house, and the guest spreads out the paper, polishes the ink and thinks about the sentence. He always put endless grievances and urgent emergencies in elegant sentences, solemnly packed them in envelopes, and then personally took towards the distant with a broken and anxious heart.
Once, he walked into a family in the city with a bitter letter and saw that the recipient who had made a fortune had lived with another woman. He went forward and backward twice, hesitating whether to take out the letter. The villagers who made a fortune knew that his coming would be bad, deliberately pretended not to know him and asked him sharply who he was. This angered him and immediately raised the letter and shouted, "This is your wife's letter!" " "
The letter was opened by the fashionable girl, who cried and shouted after reading it. That fellow villager can't get off the stage, insisting that he is Xiao Yu who broke into the house, and taking out a fake letter is just a trick to get out. In order to calm the woman's crying, the fellow villagers slapped him hard and sent him to the patrol room.
He explained his identity to the police officer and took out the addresses of many other fellow villagers as proof. The summoned fellow villagers raised funds to bail him out and asked him why. He only said that he was confused and went to the wrong house. He didn't want to leave a shadow on his fellow villagers living abroad.
When he went home this time, he immediately went to the grave of an old believer to burn incense. The old man has been dead for many years. He knelt at the grave and begged the old man to forgive him: he would never be a messenger again. He said: "This road is getting more and more dangerous. I can't hold on any longer."
He explained to the villagers that his legs and feet were uncomfortable and he could not walk long distances. Someone's family was in a panic for a while, looking for new customers everywhere, but they couldn't find them.
Only when people think of all his benefits, they often bring him bowls of food and snacks, and then let him bother to find ways to communicate.
These villages are still born to die, and the villagers who slapped the messenger in the city suddenly became kind. Later, the man made a fortune, and the fashionable girl left him immediately after reading the letter. He learned from other villagers that the messenger didn't speak ill of him, and he also heard that Xinrong was idle at home from now on, which deeply touched him. He went back to his hometown once, first went to the county post office and asked them to set up an agency in Xiaonan grocery store in this town, and proposed that the letter guest should undertake this matter.
After all this was done, he went home to express condolences to his neighbors, and personally went to the guest's home to quietly apologize and asked him to accept the postal service on his behalf. The messenger was very respectful to him and asked him not to remember the past. As for handling postal services, there are people in Xiaonan Commodity Store who are in poor health, Mary. He didn't take the money from his hometown, but only received some gifts.
Since then, a green mailbox has been hung at the door of Xiaonan Cargo Store, and the parcel has been mailed. These villages are connected with the city.
Letters began to write letters for a living. He wrote many letters. His life in the country is simple.
Two years later, several private schools merged into a primary school, using new textbooks. Without a geography teacher, everyone thought of letters.
The geography teaching of faith and tolerance is vivid and effective. He doesn't know much about literacy, but he has traveled around for decades and wrote countless letters on his behalf. His actual education level is among the best among several teachers, and he takes no time to teach Chinese. He has a broad vision and can accommodate all kinds of new knowledge. What is more commendable is that he is well versed in the world and considerate, and soon became the backbone of this primary school. Before long, he became the principal of this primary school.
During his tenure as principal, the teaching quality of this primary school was the best in the county. The proportion of graduates admitted to urban middle schools is also very high.
When he died, many people came to offer their condolences, many of whom came specially from other places. According to his last wish, his grave was built next to that of old believers. At this time, most villagers didn't know who Lao Xinrong was and what he had to do with the headmaster. To see, I also built a deformed grave.
5B。 When Tao Hongjing lived in seclusion in Maoshan in Nanliang, he was repeatedly hired. Liang Wudi often asks him about state affairs, and people call him "Prime Minister in the Mountain". Metaphor is a hermit.
Source: Biography of Southern History Tao Hongjing: "Every time a country conquers good or bad events, it always asks for teaching. There are often several letters in the middle of the month, and people call them prime ministers in the mountains. "
story
In Jiangsu, not far from Nanjing, there is a winding mountain that stretches for dozens of miles. According to legend, Mao Ying, Mao Gu and Mao Zhong became immortals here in the Han Dynasty, so they are also called Maoshan. When Liang Wudi Xiao Yan was in office, there were often messengers from the imperial court who went to Maoshan with the imperial edicts, but they hurried back after receiving the books, often several times. Sometimes, in case of major events, communication is frequent. Just before his head, he sent someone to announce his departure with an imperial edict, and immediately sent an envoy to urge him. Liang Wudi attaches so much importance to the information of Maoshan, there must be a master living on the mountain. This man is not a court official, but a reclusive Taoist named Tao Hongjing. Every time there is a major military incident in Liang Wudi, we should ask his advice. He was outside the country, but he seemed to be the decision-maker of state affairs, so people called him "Prime Minister in the Mountain" at that time.
This Tao Hongjing used to wallow in officialdom. He was originally from Danyang (now Jiangsu Province). From the Han Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty and Qi Dynasty, his ancestors and fathers were officials, big or small. Hongjing has been clever since childhood. When he was four or five years old, he liked reading. At the age of nine, I was familiar with profound classics such as The Book of Rites, Shangshu and Zhouyi. At the age of eleven, he became a prince's doctor. At the age of 23, he worked as an assistant minister to the king of Baling in Nanqi, and later served as a first-class official and secretary to the kings. At that time, all kinds of official documents written by Tao Hongjing were regarded as stereotypes among peers. However, although he is very talented, he is an official with no real power, neither a senior official of the central government nor a powerful official in governing counties and places, so he is often frustrated. At the age of 36, he decided to quit his job and become a monk and came to Maoshan. He called this mountain "the heaven of Huayang" and it was one of the fairyland for immortals, so he named himself "Huayang Seclusion" and built a Taoist temple on the mountain to live in.
Liang Wudi Xiao Yan and Tao Hongjing were good friends before he became emperor. Xiao Yanchu got the power to prepare for the founding of the country, but he couldn't make up his mind about the name of the dynasty. Tao Hongjing, according to the nursery rhymes and books circulating at that time, should be titled "Water Blade Wood" and spelled "Liang". Adopted his suggestion and named it Liang. Afterwards, of course, Xiao Yan thanked Hong Jing and sent someone into the mountains to comfort him. At the same time, he also asked Tao Wei to explore the truth of immortality and refine some pills. According to historical records, at that time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Tao Hongjing many questions, and looked at each other from top to bottom-letters and greetings kept coming, and messengers' vehicles were on the road one after another, and they could see each other from a distance. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty knew that Tao Hongjing was a wizard and tried to ask him to be an official several times, but Tao Jian couldn't quit. The emperor was in a hurry to collect the imperial edict, so he drew two cows to give to Emperor Wu. In the picture, a cow is scattered among the water plants, and a cow is added with a golden cage. Someone insisted on driving it away with a whip. When Emperor Wu saw it, he understood the meaning and said with a smile, "This man wants nothing. It seems that he is going to imitate the tortoise and crawl freely in the mud. How can he attract people? " Only when there is military affairs, people are sent to consult, and this is how the reputation of "Prime Minister in the Mountain" is formed.
The Taoist school to which Tao Hongjing belongs is called Shangqing School. Since living in seclusion, Maoshan has actually become the center of the school, which is called Maoshan School in history. From him, Shang Qing School gained great fame. From the Tang Dynasty to the early Northern Song Dynasty, the Shangqing School was the Taoist school with the greatest social influence. Tao Hongjing himself is diligent in writing and has written many books on Taoism, history and health care. Among them, Shennong's Compendium of Materia Medica is an important work of pharmacology in China, Nourishing Nature and Prolonging Life Record is a work of keeping in good health, and Good Prescription and Elbow Back Hundred Prescriptions are works of traditional Chinese medicine, which have considerable influence in history.
6AC, Zhuge Road, Nanyang, Ziyun Pavilion, Xishu
7AC。 "Little Du Li" refers to the late Tang poets Li Shangyin and Du Mu. The role of "Little Du Li" in the poetry circle of the late Tang Dynasty cannot but be compared with that of the great "Du Li" in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. If Li Bai and Du Fu jointly created an almost unattainable poetic peak in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, then Li Shangyin and Du Mu added a magnificent page to the declining poetic style in the late Tang Dynasty.
In 8 BC, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Wang Anshi, Ceng Gong, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Su Xun and Su Zhe.