Tao Hongjing (456 ~ 536), with a bright word, lived in seclusion in Huayang, and was called "the Prime Minister in the Mountain". A native of Liling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) in Danyang, Southern Dynasties. China was a Taoist thinker, physician, alchemist and writer during the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties. Later, Huayang lived in seclusion and died as Mr. Bai Zhen. One of the representatives of Maoshan Taoism in the Southern Qi and Southern Liang Dynasties. Since he was a child, he has been extremely clever. At the age of ten, he read Ge Hong's Biography of Immortals, and at the age of fifteen, he decided to keep in good health and wrote "Looking for Mountains". At the age of 20, he was cited as a servant of the kings, and later worshipped General Zuo Houtang. Thirty-six-year-old Liang lives in seclusion in Huayang Cave, Qushan (Maoshan). Liang Wudi knew Tao Hongjing in his early years. After he proclaimed himself emperor, he wanted him to be an official and assist in state affairs. Tao drew another picture of two cows, one grazing freely, the other wearing a golden halter, and a man holding a whip by the nose. Liang Wudi knew what it meant as soon as he saw it. Although he is not an official, he has been writing letters and he often discusses court affairs with him. He is called "Prime Minister in the Mountain". His thought was born out of Laozi and Zhuangzi's philosophy and Ge Hong's immortal Taoism, which combined the views of Confucianism and Buddhism. Running grass is especially wonderful. He has some research on calendars, geography and medicine. The ancient Shennong Baicaojing was compiled, which supplemented the new drugs used by famous doctors in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Notes on Materia Medica contains 730 kinds of drugs in seven volumes, which creates the classification method of drugs that has been used so far, and classifies jade, plants, insects, animals, fruits, vegetables and rice, which has a certain impact on the development of Materia Medica (the original book is lost. In addition, he also wrote Gao Zhen, Ye Tu of Lingzhen, Tao's Recipe, Buque Houbai, Tao's Herbal Medicine for Seclusion, Medical Recipe and so on. His article "Thank you for your Chinese book" has been included in junior high school textbooks.

Tao Hongjing has made in-depth research in medicine, alchemy, astronomy, geography, military science, sword casting, Confucian classics, literature and art, Taoist rituals and so on. And his contribution to pharmacology is the greatest, which is related to alchemy.

One of Tao Hongjing's contributions to chemistry is to record the flame analysis method of potassium nitrate: "In the past, someone got something similar in color to mirabilite, which seemed to catch snow instead of ice. If it burns strongly, the purple smoke will still turn to ash and boil endlessly, such as nitrate. " The so-called "purple smoke" is a unique property of potassium salt. This record in Tao Hongjing is the earliest record of potassium salt identification in the history of world chemistry.

Tao Hongjing has been engaged in Dan training experiments for a long time. Liang Wudi gave him gold, cinnabar, Zeng Qing, realgar and other raw materials to make him an alchemist. He mastered a lot of chemical knowledge in the process of alchemy, such as mercury can form amalgam with some metals, and amalgam can be electroplated. It is pointed out that mercury "can digest gold and silver into mud, and people regard electroplating as well." Hu Fen (basic lead carbonate) and Huang Dan (lead tetroxide) are not natural products, but are made of lead. It has been pointed out that Hu Fen is made of lead. Huang Dan is "made of boiled lead".

Tao Hongjing wrote a lot in his life, about 223 articles. Among them, there are seven volumes of Notes on Materia Medica, three volumes of Prescription for Tonifying Elbow, one volume of Dream Book, five volumes of Effective Application Prescription, one volume of Herb-picking Plant Law, one volume of Secret Recipe for Breaking Valley, one volume of Method for Eliminating Three Feet, and one volume of Guide for Keeping Healthy by Being convinced. Most of them have been lost.

Hongjing is human. "The Biography of Liang Shu and Chu Shi" said, "Tong Yuan is sincere, his source is unknown, his heart is like a mirror, and he is convenient when he meets something." It is also a muddy sky, three feet high and carved with seven lanes at 28 degrees. It is not only used for astronomical calendars, but also helpful for monasticism. Zeng Mengfo was named the Victory Bodhisattva by Bodhi, so he went to Ashoka Tower to prove his innocence and received the five precepts. Datong died two years ago at the age of eighty-five (eighty-one). His color remains the same, he feels very comfortable, and his fragrance has spread all over the mountain for several days. Mr. Wang is knowledgeable and has written a lot, including 100 volumes of Academy, 12 Prefaces to the Analects of Confucius, 1 volume of Three Prefaces to the Book of Rites, 1 volume of Shangshu, 4 volumes of Biography of Shi Mao and 3 volumes of Jade Room. There are five volumes of the Imperial Calendar, two volumes of Linchuan Kang Wang's Theory of the World, three volumes of Taigongsun's Notes, two volumes of Seven Obsidian's Old and New Techniques, one volume and one volume. There are three volumes of arithmetic and artistic chores, one volume, three volumes, one volume, one volume, five volumes, one volume, one volume, one volume.

According to li yanshou's "Southern History" in Tang Dynasty, "there are more than ten books that have not yet been written, and only disciples can get them", and the "Fu Xing Jue Zang Fu Fang" in Dunhuang Stone Chamber is one of them. It is the only medical document that records the contents of Tang Yejing Law so far, and puts forward the Outline of Syndrome Differentiation of Five Zangs, which fills the gap between Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Tang Yejing Law, and can be regarded as a classic masterpiece that turns decay into magic and opens a peaceful and prosperous time. He has written many books, besides the ones mentioned above, there are the True Patent, the Secret Method of Ascending Truth, the Record of Nourishing and Prolonging Life, the Prescription of Picking Golden Elixir and Huang Bai, the General Formula of Medicine, and the Collection of Huayang Road's Seclusion. Good at painting and calligraphy, proficient in piano, chess and calligraphy. Calligraphy works are in Cao Li, and its paintings are halal. His calligraphy and painting works include Two Cows, Shan Jutu and One.

Tao Hongjing and Shennong's Herbal Classic

The History of Ancient Medical Development in China is another important document after Shennong's Herbal Classic, the earliest existing pharmacologist in China. Its author is Tao Hongjing, a famous physician in the Southern and Northern Dynasties more than 1,400 years ago. He can be regarded as the first person in the history of traditional Chinese medicine to systematically sort out materia medica and give it creative play.

Tao Hongjing was clever and diligent when he was a child. When I was four or five years old, I often used reeds as pens and learned to write in the sand. At the age of ten, I read Ge Hong's "Fairy Biography" and other works "Searching Day and Night", which was deeply influenced. When he grew up, he became an official and served as the king's entourage, which was deeply appreciated by the rulers. First, Shen Yue, the chief of Dongyang, was invited by a tired book, but he didn't come. Then, Liang Wudi "repeatedly invited", but he didn't show up. Liang Wudi asked him, "What's in the mountains? Why don't you go out? " He wrote a poem first and then drew a picture as an answer. This poem is "Zhao asked on what mountain he wrote his poem to answer": "But on what mountain, there are many white clouds on the ridge. I can only be complacent, and I can't bear to send you away (Tao Seclusion Collection). The content of the painting is: two cows are painted on the paper. One end is scattered among the water plants, and it is free; One end is locked with a golden halter, led by an ox rope, and driven away with an ox whip. Liang Wudi read poems and paintings, understood his intentions, and stopped forcing him to be an official. However, "whenever the country has good or bad luck to conquer major events, it must always ask questions", so it was called "the prime minister in the mountains" at that time. Because of the princes and nobles, the interference is also great. Later, he simply built a three-story building on the mountain, "the grand view is on it, the disciples are on it, and the guests are on it", so he studied behind closed doors and did not compete with the world.

Tao Hongjing's greatest contribution to medicine is the scientific arrangement of Shennong's herbal classics. Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica summarizes the drug knowledge accumulated by working people before the Han Dynasty, and includes 365 kinds of drugs, which are divided into three categories: upper, middle and lower. The source, nature, collection and indications of each drug are recorded in detail in the book. The compatibility and simple preparations of various drugs were summarized. However, with the deepening of practice, people's understanding of drugs is gradually enriched. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, this herbal classic of Shennong in Han Dynasty was not only copied, but also could not meet the needs of practice.

So Tao Hongjing made a comprehensive summary of materia medica. He selected 365 new varieties from his own medical records and attached them to Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, which increased the number of drugs in the original book from 365 to 730, and revised, adjusted and annotated them one by one to compile a book, Notes on Materia Medica.

Herbal classics have obvious characteristics. First, it improves the general classification of drugs. The three-level classification of Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica only points out that drugs are toxic or non-toxic, which is rough, so it is not easy to grasp the nature of drugs and find them, which is easy to cause mistakes in treatment. Tao Hongjing has developed three categories into seven categories: jade, vegetation, insects and beasts, fruits, vegetables, rice, famous food and useless. This classification method later became the standard method of drug classification in ancient China, and it has been used and developed for more than 1000 years. Secondly, the discussion on the nature, taste, source, collection, morphology and identification of drugs has been obviously improved. Thirdly, the commonly used drugs for various diseases are summarized. For example, drugs for expelling wind include Radix Saposhnikoviae, Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae, Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis, etc. They belong to the same category and are called "panacea for various diseases". This classification method is convenient for clinical reference and promotes the development of medicine. So after this book was published, it had a great influence. The first pharmacopoeia in ancient China, the newly revised Materia Medica in Tang Dynasty, was further supplemented and revised on the basis of this book. However, there are also many problems in the Notes on Materia Medica. Li Shizhen evaluated it from two aspects, and thought that "his book is quite helpful, but it is also full of fallacies".

Tao Hongjing's collation and supplementary release of the original 365 kinds of drugs in Shennong Materia Medica Classic were based on investigation and study. He has made a lot of efforts to gain experience in drug collection and clinical use, and often goes deep into the origin of medicinal materials to understand the morphology and preparation methods of drugs. When he studied the taste of various drugs, he found that although many drugs were called medicinal, they were actually in name only and worthless. Such as Shi Xia, Changqing, Qucao, Manyin Solid and Bianqing. He classified this medicine as "nominal". The original idea was based on investigation and study. When encountering difficulties, it is a habit of Tao Hongjing to investigate and study, which was formed during decades of academic research. Here is a very vivid story. One day, he was very dissatisfied when he read the words "A moth has a child, a grasshopper bears it, and teaches a child" in the Book of Songs Xiaowan. The old note in the Book of Songs says that salamanders (a kind of slender-waist bees) have males and females. Breeding offspring means that the male brings the larva of the stem borer (green spider) back to the nest, making it look like himself and become offspring. A friend just came to ask what was going on. He checked the book first, and it was exactly the same as the old notes in the Book of Songs. He thought: I copied all these books from you, and you copied mine. You can't find anything by looking up books. Why don't I go to the scene myself? So Tao Hongjing came to the yard and found a swarm of salamanders. After several careful observations, he finally found that moth larvae were not used to become larvae. Instead, put them in a nest and treat them as "food" when their eggs hatch into larvae. Newts not only have females, but also have their own offspring. Tao Hongjing finally unveiled the mystery of salamander larvae. From this incident, he came to a conclusion: research should be paid attention to, and others should not follow. This shows that his scholarship is rigorous.

Tao Hongjing sorted out medical books, respected the original works very much, never scribbled and changed them, and never made irresponsible remarks. Even if there is a supplement, he distinguishes his statement from that of the original book. If the collected 365 kinds of drugs are added to Shennong's Herbal Classics, he will write them in black, and some will write them in red. Therefore, later generations have the name of "herbal deficit" and "herbal black word". The deficit is the text of the book, and the black words were added later. He pioneered this practice, and later critics scrambled to learn.

Tao Hongjing's arrangement of medical books is meticulous, rigorous, thorough and practical. It is a mirror for us to sort out the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine today. He is worthy of being a famous doctor and has been passed down through the ages. It is still respected by the world today. This is a bright pearl.

Tao Hongjing and Wenzhou

Tao Hongjing, known as the "Prime Minister in the Mountain", lived in seclusion in Yongjia Nanxi and Ruitao Mountain for many years, leaving many relics and folklore. Tao Hongjing (456-536) was born in Moling, Danyang (now Nanjing). He experienced Song, Qi and Liang all his life and was a famous Taoist thinker and doctor. He was born in a scholarly family. Grandfather Long Tao joined the army for Wang Fu, and father Tao Zhen was the magistrate of Xiaochang County. Hongjing acted strangely when he was a child. At the age of four or five, I began to learn Chinese characters in Gray Middle School. At the age of ten, he began to study Ge Hong's Biography of Immortals. His father was killed by his concubine, so he never got married. He studied in thousands of books, was good at playing the piano and chess, and was proficient in laws and regulations of past dynasties. When he was less than 20 years old, he was called to study for the kings of the Southern Dynasties and the late Song Dynasty. In the tenth year of Qi Yongming (492), he took off his imperial costume, hung up Shenwumen, resigned and retired to Maoshan (now Jurong County, Zhenjiang City), wandering between mountains and rivers, taking pleasure in listening to Songtao chanting, and named himself Huayangtao a hermit. When Shen Yue was a magistrate of Dongyang County, he sent invitations for many times, but he didn't keep the appointment.

Xiao Yanping was in Jiankang (now Nanjing) and the troops arrived in Xinlin. It was at the time of the Zen of Qi and Liang Dynasties that Tao Hongjing sent his disciples to take the path to meet him, citing the prophecy that the world would return to Liang. Liang Wudi Xiao Yan was very kind to him after he acceded to the throne. Whenever good or bad luck is uncertain or military matters are important, he must first ask Tao Hongjing for instructions, and letters are constantly written. At that time, he was called "Prime Minister in the Mountain".

Tao Hongjing believed in Laozi and Zhuangzi's philosophy and Ge Hong's immortal theory system, and traveled around famous mountains and rivers, seeking immortals everywhere. After the 11th year of Qi Yongming's reign (493), he traveled eastward to Zhejiang and Vietnam, and arrived at Dahongshan in Huiji, where he was honored as a layman. To Yuyao Taiping Mountain, I am Du Jingsheng, a layman; Then I went to Mount X in Shining (Shangyu), and I visited Master Zhong Yishan. When I arrived at Tiantai Mountain in Shifeng, I visited the monk's residence in the old Taoist priest's land and got more than ten volumes of original works. Summarized and reformed the previous alchemy, Yang Yi's "Clear Liquid" and Lu's "South Tianshi Daoism", and created the Maoshan School of Taoism with far-reaching influence. He advocated the dual cultivation of Buddhism and Taoism, and the harmony between Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. He once said that "everything can't be separated from two instruments, and the three religions have no way" ("Maoshan Changsha Pavilion Monument"). On the issue of health preservation, it advocates paying equal attention to physical and mental cultivation, nourishing and refining. He was diligent in writing all his life, and he was familiar with Yin and Yang, Five Elements, Wind Angle, Stars, Mountains and Rivers, Prescriptions, Medicine and Materia Medica. He is also engaged in alchemy. There are many books. He compiled Empresses in the Palace and Yin Ji, and annotated more than 200 books such as Lao Zi.

Kangxi's "Wenzhou Fu Zhi" contains: "Tao Hongjing lived in Maoshan, and one day dreamed that he would repay Dan, between three generations. Knowing that it is Yongjia, Yongning and Yongkang, the monks took Qingxi Tsing Yi Mountain for repair. " Both Qianlong's Wenzhou Prefecture Records and Guangxu's Yongjia County Records mentioned that Tao Hongjing is the 12th blessed place in the world. The widely collected relics of Yang and Xu Sanjun (Yang Yi, Xu *) are compiled into the most famous Taoist classic "True Change", which consists of 7 chapters and 20 volumes, so Daruoyan is also called true patent rock.

The beauty of mountains and rivers described by Tao Hongjing in Xie Zhongshu (Zheng Xie) Shu has been discussed since ancient times. Fly to the clouds, and the clear stream bottoms out. The stone walls on both sides are colorful and set each other off. Green Woods, green bamboo clusters, four. The fog will rest at dawn, and apes and birds will sing wildly. Night is coming and the scales are sinking. This is really a fairyland on earth. Since recreation, there have been no surprises. "People used to think that this was the Maoshan scenery written by Dow. According to textual research, Xie Lingyun's travel notes did not involve Maoshan, but he wrote many poems in Yongjia, such as climbing Yongjia Green Cockroach Mountain, Shishi Mountain and crossing Baian Pavilion. Visible, Dow said "no wonder", actually refers to nanxi river.

Legend has it that Tao Hongjing tried to plant grass, collect herbs and plant sugar cane (medicinal) in Fuquan Mountain in Angu (now Ruian) to treat the poor for nothing. Impressed, the masses called his place of residence "Taoshan", the place of planting medicine "Yao Qi", the mountain "Yaochi Township" and the sugarcane "Tao Zhe". The place where he practices is often surrounded by white clouds. Shi Tao said, "There is nothing on the mountain, but there are many white clouds on the mountain." Therefore, this area used to be called "Bai Yunxiang". Taoshan Temple still has couplets written by Qing people: "The Six Dynasties became a water of righteousness, and the famous mountains are still named Tao." No wonder there is a poem describing the beauty of mountains and rivers.