origin
Laozi, the founder of Taoism, regards "Tao" as the noumenon of the universe and the law of all things, which is a mysterious existence beyond time and space, and established a theoretical system of Taoist theology based on "Tao"; The mysticism of Laozi and Zhuangzi and the thought of keeping in good health constitute the core belief of Taoism. Paying attention to the cultivation of health preservation, the methods put forward by Laozi and Zhuangzi, such as quietism, simplifying complexity and forgetfulness, were inherited and carried forward by believers.
In the mid-Warring States period, Taoism of Huang and Lao prevailed in the State of Qi, and Huangdi and Laozi were highly respected. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the rulers respected Huang Lao's learning and ruled by doing nothing, which created a prosperous era of "governance of cultural scenery". After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the theory of Huang Lao went deep into the people, merged with Fang to form Huang, and changed from political belief to religious group. Confucius and Mencius' Confucianism and Taoism are compatible, which constitutes the main body of religious ethics; Mohist thoughts and contents, such as respecting ghosts and gods, mutual love and assistance, and scientific and technological methods, are all covered by Taoism; The Book of Changes is the basic classic of Taoism, and the thought of the Book of Changes permeates theological philosophy, Zuo Fu Dan Dao and Zhai Jie Yi Ke. Zou Yan's theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements is also an important part of Taoism. The Taiping Jing of Huang Lao Taoism in Han Dynasty preached that heaven and earth should be gasified, heaven and man should be integrated, heaven should bear heavy burdens, and happiness should be good, with the goal of "peaceful world". The Book of Changes, written by Wei Boyang, a Taoist of Dante in the Eastern Han Dynasty, combines Yi-ology, Huang-Lao and Huo-Hou, and sums up and develops Taoist alchemy for health preservation.
In the fifth year of Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty (BC 145), Taoist priest and his brothers Mao Gu and Mao in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, devoted themselves to collecting medicine and refining alchemy in Ququ Mountain to save the world and people. The people felt their merits and changed the name of the mountain to "Maoshan", and the three brothers Mao were called the founders of Maoshan Taoism. Sanmao Zhenjun learned from Maoshan and started Maoshan Daoism. It has been nearly 300 years since the establishment of Wudoumi Road. Zhang Lu, a warlord at the end of the Han Dynasty, lied that his ancestor Zhang Ling was from Shun Di in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He claimed that the old gentleman "taught him the law and made his life a heavenly teacher" in Hemingshan, Shu, and concocted the theory of three Zhang Li between grandparents and grandchildren to confuse people. In fact, Zhang Xiu, who was killed by Zhang Lu, established Wudou Mi Dao (Shi Tiandao), respecting Laozi as his ancestor, taking Tao Te Ching as the basic classic, and practicing the three official spells and calligraphy. Zhang Lu, who succeeded in usurping religion, established a temporary regime of local separatism in Hanzhong. During the Lingdi period, disciple Huang founded Taiping Dao in the Central Plains, taking Taiping Jing as the main sutra. When the disease was prevalent, he treated people with the charm of water, developed hundreds of thousands of followers, and established 36 prescriptions to cure it. /kloc-In 0/84, Zhang Jiao led the Yellow Scarf Uprising, which was suppressed by the rulers and Taiping Road disappeared.
mature
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Taoism was divided into upper gentry Dante Taoism and lower folk water-rich Taoism. Ge Hong, maoshan taoist, combined Taoist immortal magic with Taoism and established a set of immortal system, which laid a theoretical foundation for Dante Taoism of the upper gentry. The prevalence of metaphysics in Laozi and Zhuangzi promoted the development of Taoist theory.
In 364, Yang, the founder of Shangqing School, and Wei, the wife of Nanyue, awarded sacred books such as The True Classics of Shangqing Cave, inheriting Shangqing School; At the same time, Ge inherited the Lingbao School and got his name by teaching Lingbao Department. Folk Taoism is still spreading among the people, Wudoumi Road in Bashu area continues to develop, and the refugee uprising led by Te Li and Li Xiong is supported by Fan Changsheng, the leader of Shitiandao. The Silk Road, Li Road and Du Zigong Road are popular in the south of the Yangtze River.
During the Taizu period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tianshikou, the first emperor in feudal history, said that he was instructed by the old gentleman to reform Taoism in the Northern Wei Dynasty on the principle of abolishing the "three false laws" (Zhang Ling, Zhang Heng and Zhang Lu) and ethics, so Taoism became the national religion of the Northern Wei Dynasty, so all emperors in the Northern Wei Dynasty were influenced by Taoism, and the teachings of the old gentleman were popular all over the world; During the Wendi period in the Southern Song Dynasty, Lu, a descendant of the Shangqing School, absorbed the gifts of Confucianism and Buddhism and reformed Southern Taoism. The reforms of Kou Qianzhi and Lu Jing basically formed Taoist rules, precepts and rituals, which made all kinds of rules and regulations comprehensive and systematic. During the Southern Liang Dynasty, Tao Hongjing, a great master of Maoshan, continued to enrich the Taoist immortal theory and cultivation theory, build a Taoist immortal pedigree, and expand the Shangqing School in Maoshan, making it the Taoist orthodoxy in the future.
When Buddhism first came to China, it was intended to be consistent with Taoism, and it was first popularized by Taoism. Buddhism mainly absorbed the principles and methods of Taoism, and then the monks in the Northern Wei Dynasty also learned "immortality" from Taoist real person Tao Hongjing. The establishment of Zen Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty was also influenced by the social background of the royal family's worship of Taoism-Laozi and Zhuangzi. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was a fierce confrontation between foreign Buddhism and local Taoism. In the Northern Dynasties, it was manifested in the Buddhist extermination movement of Wu Tai in the Northern Wei Dynasty and Wu Di in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In the Southern Dynasties, it was just a dispute between the righteous Xia Lun and the three broken theories. At the same time, Buddhism and Taoism also communicate with each other and learn from each other's teachings and theories.