First, Lao Tzu, his book and Yin Xi.
Laozi, a native of Qurenli, Li Xiang, and a native of Ku County, Chu, is surnamed Li Minger,no. Bai Yang. The academic circles basically set the birth time of Laozi at 57 BC1year. When he was a teenager, he was smart and eager to learn, and he was ambitious. Later, he served as the custodian of the history of the Zhou Dynasty. Confucius also learned it from Laozi when he was about 7 1 year old. Sima Qian vividly described his experience and dialogue. Laozi experienced the war in the late Zhou Dynasty, when he was crowned king. After years of war, the people are living in dire straits. I hope to eliminate the scourge of war and let people live in peace and happiness. After seeing Zhou's decline, he resigned from his official position and went to the west. Han Gu Guan Yin Ying Lao Zi. Please go to Hanguguan to write a book. After resigning from Guanling, he joined Qin with Lao Zi and went to Louguan. Yin also built a platform for Lao Tzu to write scriptures. Laozi taught Yin his theory. In his later years, Laozi went west from Louguan to Dalingshan, where he lived in seclusion and died soon. Sima Qian's "Historical Records" said: "Lao Zi Gai is over 60 years old, or over 200 years old".
Laozi's works, known as Laozi in history and Tao Te Ching in Taoism, created a complete system of China's philosophy. It has a great influence on the world's academic, religious, political, literary and artistic fields, surpassing Confucius' theory in philosophy, thought, religion and art, and Laozi's theory has greatly developed China people's theoretical thinking and intuitive thinking. The thoughts of Yang Zhu, Liezi, Zhuangzi, Xia Ji School and Huang Lao School of Taoism in the pre-Qin period all came directly from Laozi's theory and developed in different ways. Legalists such as Shen Buhai, Shen Dao and Han Fei. Taking Lao Xue as their theoretical basis, the influence of Laozi's theory is implied in military books. The study of Huang Lao prevailed in the early Han Dynasty, and Huainanzi, edited by Liu An, the king of Huainan, was the highest theoretical crystallization of Taoist thought in the Western Han Dynasty. Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties is the revival of Taoist thought under historical conditions. The influence of Laozi's theory on China's politics is often profound and intangible. In the early Han Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty, Laozi's learning was used to govern the country, and moderns, the "rule of culture" and "rule of Guan Zhen", was formed. The research on Laozi's theory has continued generally and persistently to this day, which shows that the significance of Laozi's theory to contemporary society is extensive and diverse. Of course, the deeper reason is that contemporary society needs Laozi's great wisdom.
Great philosophers are accompanied by great disciples. Yin Xi, a disciple of Lao Tzu, is also called Guanyin. In the 9th year of Wude in Tang Dynasty (626), Ou Yangxun wrote The Sage View of Tang Dynasty, calling the South Pagoda View the former residence of Yin, and The Summary of Siku called Yin a man or a certain rank in Guanzhong or Hangu. Yin is a descendant of Laozi's theory. In The World of Zhuangzi, Guanyin and Laozi are called "the great ancients!" After Yin buried Lao Zi, he devoted himself to Taoism and wrote Guanyin Zi. After his death, he was buried in the southwest of my old cave in Dalingshan, zhouzhi county, with tombs and ancient monuments.
Second, the documentary records of Lao Zi's dead burial in Dalingshan
When I arrived in Guanzhong, the fable of Zhuangzi said, "Lao Dan went west to Qin". Laozi's death is a great event. The fourth paragraph of Zhuangzi's Master of Health Care has a wonderful account: "Death, Qin lost, three days. Disciple said,' Is it evil not to be a friend of Master?' Say:' Ran'. But how do you hang it? Said:' Nature. I thought he was a man at first, but now he is not. Come to me and stick to it. Some old people cry like sons; Others cry like their mothers. If he knew, someone would have cried without saying anything. It is a punishment to escape from heaven and forget what you have suffered. At the right time, so is the master; Appropriate, the master is also suitable. Harmony is different, and joys and sorrows cannot enter. The ancients called it' the solution of the emperor county'. "This passage records the people who mourned and mourned after Laozi's death: Qin Shihuang, Laozi's foreign friends, Laozi's disciples, elders, young people and others. Everyone cried very sadly. Scholars such as Zhan Jianfeng and Wang Shiwei believe that Qin is a hermit in Guanzhong, which proves that Laozi has lived in Louguan for a long time and his moral character has touched his neighbors far and near. Hu Shizhi, a modern scholar, said: "The writings of Zhuangzi are by no means forged by future generations." Liang Qichao is also convinced of this. Laozi's activities in Louguantai and Dalingshan and the time of his death are based on several basic questions about Laozi (see the third episode of Laozi's Hometown Dialect) of the Laozi Society in China, Taiwan Province Province: Laozi was at least 90 years old when he entered the customs, so he lived in Louguantai for about 70 years from Zhouzhi and Dalingshan, and inferred from Sima Qian's statement that "Laozi was in his 60s". Accordingly, it should be basically determined that Lao Zi was born in 57 1 year BC, entered the customs to Louguan around 48 1 year BC, died in Dalingshan around 41year BC (or 37 1 year BC) and was buried in my old cave. Laozi is an outstanding health expert in ancient times, who is good at cultivating health and making Taoism profound through health preservation. Laozi's philosophy is the philosophy of life, and the outstanding feature of life practice is to pay attention to cultivating the depth and thickness of life and extending the length and breadth of life. Sima Qian said that Lao Tzu lived a long life. The Lao Zi Society in China, Taiwan Province Province thinks: "Lao Zi (cited above)" After he settled in Louguan (which was a whirlwind at that time), an old man in his nineties hardly attracted the attention of sparsely populated neighboring residents. But after the death of Laozi, many people near and far cried for it and even ran away. It can be seen that Laozi lived in his place (Louguan) for a long time. He must live there for at least ten years before he can be so close to his neighbors and make people from far and near, old and young mourn him so much. "Sima Qian said that Lao Tzu's" I don't know the end "is not contradictory to Lao Tzu's burial in my old cave in Dalingshan. Laozi is a hermit. " His knowledge is based on self-isolation and anonymity, and his nature is unobtrusive. He lived in seclusion in Louguan and Dalingshan, avoiding worldly troubles and getting information from Guanzhong, which was in line with the ideal of advocating nature. After Laozi's death, he was ignored by nobles, upper class and officials. Only Qin lost contact, and his disciples and neighbors mourned. At that time, official documents will inevitably be lost. Sima Qian did not make a clear investigation on Lao Zi's seclusion and burial place, and he was cautious in writing, which is also the embodiment of being scientific and realistic.
The historical facts of Laozi's death are recorded in Hongming Ji. Hong Ming Ji was written by Buddhists in the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, and it was a sequel to Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty, with 30 volumes of Guang Hong Ming Ji. These two books record the dispute between Taoism and Buddhism in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and their books record:
Shi Daoxuan said in the postscript of Sun Sheng's "Lao Zi's Questioning and Counter-Questioning": "Lao Zi fled to the west, traveled to Qin soil, died in a hurricane and was buried in a tree." Shi Falin's "Hong Guangming Ji" ten metaphors say: "I was born in Lai Xiang and died in Li Huai." The inner seven metaphors say, "I was born in Sexy Town and buried in a tree." Zhen Xuan's On Laughter refutes Laozi's theory of longevity, saying: Laozi "died in Guanzhong, but was found in the grave." Explaining the Preamble to the Debate of Hong Guangming, the Taoist preacher said: "Chaucer was born in Lai Xiang and died in Li Huai. Zhuangzi can be a true record, and Qin's insincerity is not a fallacy. " Later in the Northern Song Dynasty, Taiping Universe recorded: "Chaucer died in a tree." Therefore, it can be said that Laozi "died in a hurricane and was buried in a tree", and there is no principle difference between ancient and modern times. Lao Zi died in Gufeng and Li Huai, which is today's zhouzhi county, which is Daling Mountain, 3 kilometers west of Louguan. It is called Fufeng Li Huai because there was no county in Zhouzhi when Lao Zi died, and its land belongs to Fufeng Li Huai, including the plains and mountainous areas in zhouzhi county today. Secondly, after I died in Daling Mountain, I was granted the title of Li Huai, which was once called Gufeiqiu County. In the third year of Emperor Gaozu (204), Abandoned Hill (also known as Dog Hill, Xiang Yu was called Dog Hill City in Qin Dynasty) was changed to Li Huai County (now southeast of Xingping County), which governs zhouzhi county today. In the early Han Dynasty, zhouzhi county was still under the jurisdiction of You Fufeng. Third, Zhouzhi is still under the jurisdiction of Youfufeng after the county is established. "Hanshu Geography" contains: "You Fufeng, County 21; Zhouzhi, Tribal Tiger, Li Huai ... ". Jianxian County in zhouzhi county was one of the counties under the jurisdiction of You Fufeng in the first year of the Western Han Dynasty (BC 104). In the 13th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, Yang Yi, a magistrate of zhouzhi county (Bizhou, Shanxi, now a native of southeast Shanxi), wrote in the poem "You Nan Shan": "The Huaihe River is like a palm, and the Weihe River is like a stream. ..... "Call Zhouzhi Li Huai. Fourth, the ancient bosom Xingping County faces Louguan and Daling Mountain across the Weihe River. There are no tombs and burial places for Laozi in 365,438+0 counties in Guanzhong, which proves that it is in line with historical facts that Laozi was buried in my old cave in Dalingshan.
Hong Guangming Ji also quoted the words in Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics, proving that Lao Tzu was buried in Dalingshan after his death. According to the record in Volume XXIII of Shui Jing Zhu, in Laozi Temple in Luyi County, Henan Province, "there is Li Mu Temple in the north, Li Mu's tomb in front of the temple, and a monument in the east." It can be seen that there are temples and tombs of Laozi's mother in Laozi's hometown, but only the temples of Laozi have no tombs of Laozi, which is consistent with Sima Qian's record that "I didn't know what to do until I went to the West". Therefore, Lao Tzu died in Fufeng and was buried in Qin, which was never wrong before Zhuangzi's "Health Master" was written. Because Sima Qian was interviewed in Henan, I don't know where Lao Tzu died, so I remember it as if I didn't know his fate.
Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics in the Northern Wei Dynasty: Wei Shui, "If you note it with water, the water will go from Nanshan to the valley and from the north to Daling West, and it will be called Lao Zi Mausoleum. Yesterday, Li Er became the history of Zhou Zhu, and rose with the decline of the world. There is a burial here, which has not been confirmed. However, Zhuang Zhou wrote a book saying:' Lao Dan died, and Qin Gui hanged him and came out three days later.' The words of right and wrong are immortal, and people cherish the essence of the five elements. Yin and Yang eventually change, and all die. "Among them, Jiushui, now the Yu He River, originates from the north side of Sifang Taishan at an altitude of 263 1 m in Zhouzhi Qinling, and flows into Heihe River from Jiuyukou, via Louguan Town and Sizhu Township. Jiuyu River is 38.5 kilometers long with a drainage area of 95.4 square kilometers. Daling Mountain in Jiuyukou is formed by cutting, scouring and accumulating sandstone and aeolian loess. There is a hydropower station on Jiuyu River in Dalingshan, and a diversion dam on Jiuhui Canal in the north. There is Lao Zi's tomb in the west of the dam and my old cave on the top of Daling Mountain.
During the Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, the place of Louguan and Dalingshan was named Li Wenxian, and the god meant Laozi and was buried here. The Annals of Chang 'an in the Northern Song Dynasty recorded the rural communities in Zhouzhi and Tang Dynasty: Wang Xianxiang was forty miles east of the county seat, and Guanshe was fourteen: Xiantan Township was twenty-five miles east of the county seat, and Guanshe was fourteen; Guo Xi 'an Township, 50 miles south of the county seat, manages 15 institutions; God's hometown is in Sanli, southwest of the county seat, and he is in charge of 24 clubs. "The villages around Louguan are crowned with immortal words, and Dalingshan is called the land of water. Built in the 30 years from Yuan Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty, the ancestral monument of Louguan called the area around Dalingshan in Louguan as Li Wenxian. As for some documents, Laozi's "westward quicksand" can also be confirmed by many rivers and wide beaches under and to the west of Daling Mountain. There are Hanyu River, Macha River, Heihe River, Luoyu River and Liuhe River. On the west side of the valley, the sand and gravel carried by the river water piled up on the plain after coming out of the mountain, forming dozens of kilometers of running water and sediment, and the river bed wandered. The mountain pass is surrounded by boulders, pebbles and fish scales in the middle reaches, and long fine sand and flowing beaches in the lower reaches, which is very spectacular. As the saying goes, "seventy-two feet do nothing" mainly refers to the quicksand of the river network in this area. Although in recent years, the rivers have been rectified, the three rivers have been unified, and beaches have been reclaimed, but the wonders of the shifting sands of nature in the past are faintly visible. The quicksand landscape under Daling Mountain is consistent with the quicksand to the west.
In the orthodox Taoist collection in the Ming Dynasty, Lao Tzu rose at the south platform of Dalingshan in the west building of Jiayin, and he was pitied and begged, but Lao Tzu fell, said a word to Yin, and then ascended to heaven. Taiwan Province is called Tengfei Terrace, and the valley is called Tengfei Valley. Although the romantic myth is actually a projection of history.
My old cave in Dalingshan was recorded in Zhouzhi County Records, Chang 'an Records and Shaanxi Tongzhi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. For example, "Zhouzhi County Records" written in the 14th year of Qing Qianlong (1749) said: "Shanggu is my old cave to the west, and the cave is unfathomable. It is said that there are five boxes in it, which are Lao Tzu's tomb. There is a temple on the cave to worship the stone statue of Laozi. Three miles east of the valley is a towering platform. " There are three notes in Zhouzhi County Records in the fifty years of Qing Qianlong (1785): Notes about Shuijing going north to Daling West, known as Laozi Mausoleum in the world. Yesterday, Li Er was a history of Zhou and Zhu, and declined with the world, so he joined this army and had a tomb. ..... However, Zhuang Zhou wrote a book saying: When Lao Dan died, Qin people hanged him. Immortality, people are endowed with the essence of the five elements. Yin and Yang will eventually change. If there is no reason to change, it will be pushed or passed on. ..... According to the annals of Chang 'an, this article is quoted. This book also records that "Lao Zhi" records that my old cave "is in the west of Jiuyu Valley, which is unpredictable and windy. Legend has it that there is a jade box, which is the tomb of Laozi. There is a temple on the top of the mountain, a stone statue of Laozi and a county magistrate's tablet.
The old records referred to in this passage refer to Zhouzhi County Records compiled fifty years ago (1785). Before this compilation, zhouzhi county had compiled county records six times. In the forty-second year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1563), Wang San hired him to compile Zhouzhi County Records. Since then, there have been three years of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1664), twenty years of Kangxi (168 1), two years of Yongzheng (1724) and ten years of Yongzheng. The "old chronicles" mentioned in Zhouzhi County Chronicles in the fifty years of Qing Qianlong (1785) refer to these six county chronicles of Ming and Qing Dynasties, all of which record the words that Lao Zi was buried in my old cave. This article was copied from the old records when Yang Yi, a magistrate of a county, compiled Records of the Historian in the fifty years of Qing Qianlong (1785). At this time, it has been 222 years since Wang Ming hired three people to write Zhouzhi County Records, and all the records have accepted the record that Lao Zi was buried in my old cave in Dalingshan.
The Graphite Collection of Six Dynasties written by geographer Liu Xihou in the late Qing Dynasty recorded my old cave monument. He wrote about my old cave in the Chronicle of Wonderland in the South China: "From a distance from the tree, the cave is dark. You have to hold a candle to lead it, and you have to push it down. Looking up at the four walls, although the square is not as wide as Zhang Zhikuo's, the strange stones are embedded in the air, and the waves turn over and the clouds collapse, and the mind is shocked. Punctual as five fights, bottomless. The left point is like a dish, cloudy and cold, and the stone letter is also. "
1992 Zhouzhi County Annals edited by the author recorded my old cave in Louguantai Annals: it is about 3 kilometers west of Louguantai and 300 meters west of West Louguantai. ..... "Notes on Water Classics" says: To the north of the water, to the west of Daling, it is called Lao Tzu's Mausoleum. The tomb is located on the west bank of Jiuyu River in Jiuyukou, with mountains as the mausoleum. Daling Mountain is 730 meters above sea level. There is a natural cave at the top, and the entrance is 2.40 meters high, which is unfathomable. According to the existing stone tablet "Rebuilding My Old Cave Temple" in the fourth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1676), there is a stone letter in the cave, which contains the skull of Laozi. In the forty-first year of Qing Qianlong (1776), Shaanxi Governor Bi Yuanli erected the tombstone of Laozi, and in the twentieth year of Qing Kangxi (168 1). My old cave is 2.4 meters high and about 6 meters long. There is a slightly circular hall, which can accommodate more than 90 people. Go straight down and then go forward, the cave turns southwest, and the cold wind attacks people.
The above-mentioned documents record that Laozi was buried in my old cave in Dalingshan, and the word chain formed from the Zhou Dynasty to the present is complete and tight.
Third, the cultural relics buried by Laozi in Dalingshan.
I was buried in my old cave in Dalingshan. Although his cultural relics have been destroyed, there are still stone tablets, stone carvings, ancient buildings and a large number of rich cultural accumulation layers to be discovered. The author consulted the literature and investigated the cultural relics of my old cave in Dalingshan, and got 12 Ming Dynasty stone tablets and 3 Ming Dynasty stone statues. There are more than 50 ancient and modern buildings, including Yuan Dynasty stone tablet 1, 2 in Ming Dynasty and 9 in Qing Dynasty. The inscriptions written by Kang Hai, the top scholar of the Ming Dynasty, and Bi Yuan, the top scholar of the Qing Dynasty, are particularly precious.
(1) Existing stone tablets and stone carvings in Dalingshan
1, "Louguan Stone is now in North Sichuan". In the thirtieth year of Yuan Dynasty (1293), the stone was carved, and the broken head was a square block, with a height of 1.80m and a width of 1. 10m. The original book was written by Zhu Xiangxian and is a famous inscription in the history of Taoism. Among the names of the lower house of the monument, there are names such as "Laozi's Tomb, Xishui, Laozi's Tomb".
2. Stone statues. In the Laozi Temple on the old cave in Dalingshan, there are ***3 statues, carved in the Qin Minglong period (1567- 1572) or before, which are bluestone. The statue of Laozi, 1.83 meters high, is solemn and kind. Yin stone statue is 65438 0.05 meters high, and the stone statue is l meters high.
3. "Rebuild the monument of my old cave". In the fourth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1576), Kang Hai, the top scholar in November, wrote an article and played Hui Shudan and Wang Chongli. The monument stands in my old cave monastery, and the words are still clear.
4. "My old cave stone tablet". The white marble carved in the 20th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (168 1), with a height of 0.2m and a width of 0.64m, was embedded in the door of my old cave, with clear handwriting.
5. "Transform my old cave into the upper house". Li Xia was born in Zhangtaili, zhouzhi county in the 20th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (168 1). The tablet has been lost, and the record of Lou Guan Tai Zhi (1944) is kept.
6. Rebuilding the Temple Monument of Laojun in my old cave. In the fifty-eighth year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (17 19), Zhang Zhongguo presided over the erection of a monument in my old cave, and Li Bo, a native of Taibai Mountain, wrote an article. The original monument was erected in front of Laojun Temple, which preserved the ambition of Louguantai (1944).
7. "Stone Carvings in the Map of Sizhi Mountain in My Old Cave". On July 27th, 11th year of Qingganlong (1746 September 12), it was carved into a rectangle, horizontally placed, with a width of 1 m and a height of 0.7 m .. Four views of my old cave Taoist temple carved by stone lines. Among them, "Going East to the Valley" ... "Selfless production within the four sites", "My old cave is four distinct, and the abbot and Taoist priest Zhai Wuzhuo" and so on. It used to be in my old cave Taoist temple, which was destroyed in the late Qing Dynasty and moved to the lecture platform. Today, it is embedded outside the Dongshan wall of Laozitang in Louguan Jingtai. The tablet surface is intact and the words are clear.
8. As the abbot of Zhanglaitai, zhouzhi county, I announced the old cave dwelling. In the thirty-sixth year of Qingganlong (176 1), it was 0.45 meters high and 0.6 meters wide. It's a formal book, written high and legible. It is now embedded in the Dongshan wall of Laozitang on the platform of Louguan Shuojing.
9. Lao Tzu's tombstone. In the forty-first year of Qing Qianlong (1776), in July, Shaanxi Governor Bi Yuanshu. It is about 2 meters high, 0.72 meters wide and 0.25 meters thick. The monument is round-headed, and now stands in front of Laozi's tomb in Dalingshan.
10, Zhanglaitai tombstone. In the fourth year of Daoguang Qing Dynasty (1824), it was carved in September, with a height of 1.75 m, a width of 0.6 m and a thickness of 0. 15 m, indicating the amount of "Emperor Qing" and the description of calligraphy. Zhang Laitai was the host of my old cave in the thirty-sixth year of Qing Qianlong (176 1). The monument is intact and the handwriting is clear. The concept of storage building is said to pass through the monument pavilion. More than 800 names are engraved on the tablet.
1 1, the tombstone of Guanyin Xi. Qing Daoguang four years (1824). Round head, body and head integrated. Height1.50m, width 0.70m and thickness 0.14m. Official script "Guan Yin Tomb", Bi Yuan wrote Dan, standing on the stage. 1968 Louguantai Cultural Relics Management Office was demolished from the bridge deck of Xixing Village, and now it only exists in the former site of Zongsheng Palace in Louguantai. The tablet body has been broken into two pieces, and it is located in front of Xiyin tomb in my old cave in Dalingshan. The book Louguantai Taoist Temple Monument is called Lost Seats.
12, rebuild my old cave monument. Daoguang was established in the seventh year (1827). The tablet computer has been damaged and it is still in my old hole. Feng Cai wrote an article about zhouzhi county, cooked a security book, and Wu stood in prison.
13, "Add the building under the platform, lease the land monument at Qingshanchang". In the seventh year of Daoguang reign (1827), Taoist Liu wrote a book, which was initiated by Zhu Jiao in prison. In this paper, the buildings of Louguantai and Dalingshan are described as "crumbling, pale and powerless", and the buildings of my old cave are restored by charity.
(2) Ancient buildings in Dalingshan
The ancient architecture of Laozi's tomb in Dalingshan, according to the inscription on the remnant tablet of Rebuilding My Old Cave, the ancient architecture of my old cave in Dalingshan was built in the Zhou Dynasty. Li Daoyuan recorded Laozi's mausoleum in Notes on Water Classics, which proved that there were also ancient buildings in the old cave of Dalingshan in Wei and Jin Dynasties. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Taoism flourished and Louguantai was built. The expansion and reconstruction of Louguan Hall will inevitably repair the ancient buildings in my old cave in Dalingshan. In the Song Dynasty, the concept of building a large-scale building of Louguan to rejuvenate the country should be accompanied by the repair of my old cave in Dalingshan. In the 30th year of Yuan Dynasty (1293), Zhu Xiangxian's Monument to the Master of Louguan recorded my old cave dwelling in Dalingshan, which proved that there were at least three groups of ancient buildings before Dalingshan.
During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Zhao Jiheng, the head of my old cave, and his disciple Zhao Zongbiao raised ten funds and worked hard for several years to redevelop the courtyard of my old cave. Kang Hai, the champion of Wugong County, was invited to write "Rebuilding a Temple in My Old Cave", which was sealed by Wang Chongli, a city student, and written by Wang Yangfang, a Taoist traveler. It was not until the fourth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1576) that this tablet was carved, and the text briefly said: "Wei Zai thinks about the classics, and its famous mountains and caves are beyond the world. Covering hundreds of mountains and rivers, taking Taiwan as a glimpse. However, the beauty of it is nothing more than that I set up a lecture. And there's really no trace of the body. If I am old-fashioned, the situation is respected, the mountains are heavy and the waters are complex, surrounded by archways in all directions. I am like a courtier, in awe of the monarch. What is this? There is Bijia Mountain ahead, with mountains and mountains, and the clouds are far away in the south. Then there is Pipa Mountain, which is steep and distant. Looking at the summit, there is a glimpse of Qinchuan, Beiming. The east is surrounded by tigers and guards, while the rock valley and running water are seen by Yancun people. On the right, Wan Ren will stand on the wall, and the dragon will stand aside to protect it from western attacks. Cold springs rush on the banks of the stream, irrigating people's fields, but sitting alone in the north and towering in the southwest, the years are deep and desolate, like a mountain, with thorns everywhere and nowhere to rest. Taoist Zhao Jiheng and disciple Zhao Zongbiao have been raising money in ten directions. They have been ascetic for several years, and the halls and courtyards have taken on a new look. They are almost really Penglai. Their beauty can't be described with pen, ink and tongue. They are endowed with something. Shh, the mountain view is the best in the world, the only one in the world. The skull of the holy skeleton is still there, and the jade box is like a treasure. If the world is far away and God is often near, you will die and be honored ... "
In the early years of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, Xingping people lied that the stone statue of Laozi in the old cave of Dalingshan was near the holy candle, and secretly sent people to lobby in my old cave, moved the stone statue of Laozi in my old cave to the front hall, and reconstructed the clay sculpture of Laozi in the main hall. In the 19th year of Kangxi (1680), it was leaked in the summer, and Taoist priests and villagers put the stone statue of Laozi in the main hall. Zhang Tai, a magistrate of a county, wrote Rebuilding My Old Cave and Going to Court to record it and point out its absurdity. In his article, he wrote about the building of my old cave: "Twenty-five miles south of the city is called a valley, and the valley water flows eastward and rushes to Weishui. In the distance, you can see the people in the mountains are lush, and my old cave is also steep and difficult to climb for five or six miles. This is the top of it. The Hall of Great Heroes faces Nanshan, and the peaks are hidden outside. The flat area is wide, and vegetables and trees can be planted, especially those who live in the mountains. The cave is above the high rock behind the temple. In front of it is an octagonal hall with carved temples on the left and right. Although limited to the earth, the supervision is extremely strict. The victory of painting and carving, the cliffs, ancient trees and cypress branches hanging from crevices in the north, such as green screens and bleak shade, is indescribable. Peeking into the cave door from under the tree, it was dark. Taoist priests can only come down from the stone with torches as their precursors. Looking up at the four walls, you can't exceed Zhang Yu, and the strange stones are embedded in the air, and the clouds collapse and shock your mind. There are holes in the right corner of his throne, such as five buckets, which are bottomless. Another acupoint on the left wall is like a bowl. Evil wind comes from the acupoint and invades the musculoskeletal system. It's half autumn, and I feel my hair is falling out. I can't stay long. Because of the idea of the city, this is the land of Laozi, with a stone letter and a top bone. " His calligraphy research on Mi Fei's Xiang Guang Lu is quite successful.
In the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), the famous hermit in Taibai Mountain was entrusted by my old cave abbot and stone disciple Ji Changjing to write "Rebuilding the Temple Monument in my old cave", saying, "Zhong Nanshan has a lecture platform, and Xibali Mountain has my old cave. Lin Quan won. Guanzhong is a big cave. There is a temple of Laozi in the world, which is complete in nature. For details, see the inscription on Mount Taifeng. In the following season, they stole the mountains and the purple palace, and half of them were burnt. Wu came to Zaizhouzhi, donated money to repair the main hall, and completed the work of erecting a monument. The abbot Taoist Stone rebuilt the 1,008-meter-long and resplendent left and right promenade, which was completely new. This work began in January of the 22nd year of Kangxi and was completed in March of the 23rd year of Kangxi. This paper describes the general situation of adding and repairing the left and right corridors of my old cave. Thirty-five years after this article was published, this monument was carved by Zhang Zhongguo, the abbot of my old cave.
At the end of autumn and the beginning of winter, on a whim, Li Bo climbed Daling Mountain and traveled all over the landscape. He wrote the poem "Climbing My Old Cave": "The lonely peak in the sky, the smoke at the door is old and cold. The stone bridge is dark with autumn water and the iron wall is covered with snow. Rock static wind gives birth to a mysterious leopard cave, and the deep water in the gorge holds the old dragon pan. Tourists are drunk in the sunset, and a pillow stream sounds wide. "
In the 12th year of Qianlong reign in Qing Dynasty (1747), Zou Ru, a magistrate of a county, visited my old cave for planning and allocated funds to build the walls of my old cave and Laozi's tomb. Zou Ru once visited Daling Mountain and wrote a poem "My Old Cave": "My old cave is called Laozi. Excuse me, where is the tomb? The stone box is hidden in the hole. What's in the box? The first bone is as purple as jade. If you see it for a thousand years, you will be killed by people and animals. ...... For thousands of years, a group of talented people has arrived. No wonder there is wind in the cave, day and night are not limited. " Qianlong fifty years (1785) recorded it in Zhouzhi County Records.
In September of the thirty-sixth year of Qingganlong (176 1), due to the disobedience of Zhai Wuyun, the former abbot of my old cave, the mu of land and all the trees where I lived in my old cave were destroyed and sold one after another, and I was always restless and involved in lawsuits, so I was driven out of my old cave by the magistrate of a county and was never allowed to re-enter the pipeline industry. From Louguantai, I chose a Taoist Zhang Laitai with good character and good reputation to be the abbot of my old cave. In order to prohibit all ground sticks from harassing and causing trouble in my old cave, Zhouzhi Prefecture issued a notice, and immediately produced the Notice of Zhang Laitai, the abbot of Zhouzhi Prefecture, carving stones for my old cave. The notice reads, "If there are criminals harassing in the cave (my old), and Zhang Laitai is in debt, and everything is illegal, the abbot will cooperate with the township and place to immediately call the leadership. Since then, the Taoist temple has returned to stability, Zhang Laitai has devoted himself to Taoism, and my old cave has also revived.
In the seventh year of Daoguang reign (1827), Feng Cai, a magistrate of a county, wrote an inscription "Rebuilding my old cave", only half of which was broken. It read "(The temple) was destroyed, and the treasure was presided over by the poor, (saying) the platform was in charge of this place ... and it was rescued one by one, and pigeon workers sheltered supplies. It has been 143 years since Shi Heming was rebuilt this time, and the temple looks shabby, which can be inferred. The renovation of 30 temples this time is a huge project.
In the late Qing Dynasty, my old cave temple was destroyed, and important stone tablets such as My Old Cave Stone Tablet were moved to Donglou Temple. During the Republic of China, my old cave was also slightly repaired.
(3) My old cave in Dalingshan and the custom of offering sacrifices to Laozi.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the tomb of Laozi was announced as a key cultural relic protection unit in Shaanxi Province, and there were stone tablets on the trees. During the Cultural Revolution, villagers cut down trees in Dalingshan, destroying most cultural relics. Since the 1980s, provincial and municipal cultural relics departments have repeatedly investigated the cultural relics of Dalingshan and Wulaodong, and Taoist priests and surrounding villagers have cooperated to restore some ancient buildings. I rebuilt my old cave temple, Laozi temple and verandah, painted Laozi temple and 24 verandahs, rebuilt the antique buildings of Bijia Mountain and Pipa Mountain, and added more than 0/0 vertical monuments/kloc-to protect trees and bamboo forests.
Visit my old cave, from zhouzhi county along the 108 national road to the south, to the east through Mazhao Town, to Dalingshan. Or 3 kilometers to the west from Donglouguan to Dalingshan. After crossing the Yu He Bridge, I climbed the mountain, and the path wound through the poplar and oak forest to my old cave in Dalingshan. In the south, Pingchou lies with leaves, and in the southwest, Yin tombs stand tall and dense. In front of my old cave 1987, there are 6 antique boundless halls, 4 temples and 2 atriums. Next to the Jade Emperor Building, there are three two-story antique buildings, which are tall and majestic. Enter my old cave along the road. The cave is 0.9 meters wide and 3.6 meters along the stone steps. It is the main hall, 6.50 meters long from east to west, 4. 10 meters wide from north to south, and the highest point is 5 meters. Lift the ladder, there is a platform 2.6 meters into the hole, then lower the ladder to another platform 3 meters, and fill it in the loess with a flashlight. Jiao Daoshi, who is over 80 years old, said: It was a stone letter hidden in a cave during the Cultural Revolution, and the old people in the village filled it with earth at night. According to the management committee, archaeologists and architects went into the cave for exploration, bringing hand-held electricity, oxygen bags and dry food, and went into the cave "1400 meters". The cold wind blows on the face, and there is no lack of oxygen. Because there are too many holes in the cave, the danger is constant, and they are afraid of getting lost and returning. According to the villagers who explored the cave 30 years ago, they walked down about five miles with candles or torches in their hands and saw small pools flowing from south to north in the underground river. When crossing the underground river, the torch will be extinguished because of the thin oxygen, so it is necessary to return. The villagers and the old Taoist priest said that the terrain in the cave is complex, and the stone letter hiding Lao Tzu's skull has been sealed in a turning cave. The origin of my old cave is the theory of earthquake formation and the theory of crustal movement formation. Out of my old cave, I climbed to the top of Daling Mountain and entered the gate of Laozi Temple. In the middle, there is a 4-meter-square building gossip pavilion, which stands in the yard, with statues of Laozi, Yin and Xu Jiashi in the middle and a shed in front. The hospital is surrounded by 24 cloisters on the southeast and west sides, and there are three salvation rooms and four ear rooms in the north, all of which were rebuilt in recent 10 years. Fine layout and compact structure.
Bijia Mountain, at the southern foot of Daling Mountain, is covered with green peaks. There are six temples on the top of the mountain, which have been rebuilt in recent years, and there are natural caves such as Wang Longdong and Wang Yaodong next to them. Go along Daling to NATO 1km to reach Pipa Mountain, commonly known as Beitai. There is a natural pipa cave next to it, and there are many pipa poisonous insects in the cave, hence the name. There are 9 Wang Mu Palace, Guandi Temple and Sanqing Hall, and 9 cooking stoves and wing rooms, which are reconstructed antique buildings.
There is a grand temple fair in Dalingshan to worship Laozi. Every year, on February/0/5 of Kloc-the anniversary of the death of Lao Zi, Jiaozhen, Luma, Monday, Xiao Li, Shang Jie, Song Bing, Sanjiazhuang, Yangpo, Nanzhai, Beizhai, Xilou and Yanshengguan/0/2 administrative villages (about 30 natural villages) organize temple fairs, set up stalls, and sell department stores to welcome the gods. The custom of offering sacrifices to Laozi and temple fairs in Qin Dynasty has lasted for more than two thousand years.
Conclusion: This paper fully proves that Laozi was buried in my old cave in Dalingshan, zhouzhi county after his death with the evidence chain of documents, cultural relics, ancient buildings and customs.
(The writer is deputy editor-in-chief of Wang Anquan and editor-in-chief of Taibai Mountain Records. )
Main references:
Sima Qian's Biography of Historical Records and Laozi
Taoist Notes on Li Daoyuan's Notes on Shui Jing and Hong Guang's Ming Ji.
Talking about Laozi in Laozi's Hometown, episode 1-7,1991-kloc-0/999, edited by Laozi Society in Lu Yi, China.
Ma Xiaohong's Notes on Ancient Buildings, Institute of Religion, Sichuan University, 1982.
Yang Yi specializes in Zhouzhi County Records, with a history of 50 years (1785).
Zhouzhi County Records, edited by Wang Anquan, 1992, Sanqin Publishing House.
Taoist stone tablet in Louguantai, Wang Zhongxin, 1994, Sanqin Publishing House.