1. may be related to mother's illness or medication in early pregnancy.

2. It is related to heredity.

Second, acquired heart disease.

1. Coronary heart disease: smoking, diabetes, hypertension, etc. It leads to hardening and narrowing of blood vessels, obstruction of blood flow, and easy damage to myocardial hypoxia.

2. Hypertensive heart disease: arterial hypertension leads to left ventricular hypertrophy; Pulmonary hypertension leads to right ventricular hypertrophy.

Third, rheumatic heart disease.

Chronic rheumatic heart disease is mainly caused by the progressive changes of heart valves after rheumatic fever infection.

Fourthly, pulmonary heart disease.

Pulmonary hypertension caused by chronic bronchitis and emphysema makes the right ventricle hypertrophy or failure.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) cardiomyopathy

Metabolic or hormonal abnormalities, such as myocardial changes, sometimes alcoholism and drugs can also lead to myocardial changes.

Six, heart tumor

Most of them are benign tumors, myxoma is the most common, and primary cardiac malignant tumors are rare.

diagnose

When the following phenomena occur in life, it is recommended to have a heart examination so as to find heart disease early and take effective preventive measures:

◆ Discomforts such as palpitation, fatigue, shortness of breath, or dyspnea occur during physical activity.

◆ When you are tired or nervous, you suddenly feel pain behind the sternum or chest tightness and oppression.

◆ Pulse is too fast, too slow, short or irregular.

◆ Suddenly wake up from a deep sleep or nightmare and feel palpitation, chest tightness and poor breathing. I need to sit down for a while before I get better.

◆ Feel dyspnea, chest tightness or chest pain during sexual life.

◆ Feel flustered, chest tightness or chest pain when you are full, have a cold, smoke, or watch a tense movie or TV.

◆ In public places, it is easy to feel chest tightness, poor breathing and insufficient air.

◆ When you go upstairs, you are more prone to palpitations and shortness of breath than before or others.

Sudden palpitation, dizziness, blackness at the moment, and feeling of falling.

◆ Children's activity ability is worse than their peers, and they feel flustered, short of breath, weak, and blue lips during activities.

◆ After catching a cold, I feel flustered, weak, or feel short of breath when walking faster.

Suddenly fainted on the ground due to chest discomfort, or immediately felt "dying".

◆ When you sleep at night, you will find it difficult to breathe when the pillow is low, so you need to sleep on a high pillow.

◆ Edema of lower limbs appears.

◆ Hypertrophy and deformation appear at the ends of fingers or toes.

◆ Abnormal colors such as bluish purple and dark red appear on the face, lips and nails.

◆ Feel abnormal heartbeat at rest, or feel tremor when the hand touches the heart of the front chest wall.

◆ Palpitation, dizziness, shortness of breath or edema during pregnancy.

◆ The pain in the left shoulder cannot be cured for a long time.

High incidence population

1. Male over 45 years old, female over 55 years old.

2. smokers.

3. Patients with hypertension.

4. Diabetic patients.

5. Patients with hypercholesterolemia.

6. Family history of genetic diseases.

7. Obese people.

8. Lack of exercise or work pressure.

Congenital heart disease

It is generally believed that the early pregnancy (5-8 weeks) is the most important period of fetal heart development in the mother, and some internal or external factors affect the normal development of fetal heart, which is an important cause of congenital heart disease. For example, pregnant women have viral infections (influenza, rubella, mumps) in the first trimester, take certain drugs (antineoplastic drugs, antidiabetic drugs), and be exposed to radiation.

Congenital heart disease is related to genetic factors. It is not uncommon for parents to suffer from congenital heart disease with their children or siblings, but the exact relationship is not completely clear at present. It is generally believed that the early pregnancy (5-8 weeks) is the most important period of fetal heart development in the mother, and some internal or external factors affect the normal development of fetal heart, which is an important cause of congenital heart disease. For example, pregnant women have viral infections (influenza, rubella, mumps) in the first trimester, take certain drugs (antineoplastic drugs, antidiabetic drugs), and be exposed to radiation.

There are many kinds of congenital heart diseases, which are also very complicated. Serious congenital heart disease is not treated in time, and the early mortality rate is high. Generally speaking, only a few types of congenital heart disease can recover naturally, while other types of congenital heart disease will gradually increase complications and aggravate with age. There are many treatments for congenital heart disease, including surgery, interventional therapy and drug therapy. In addition, when the operation is appropriate should be based on the condition, please ask the cardiologist to make suggestions according to the child's specific situation, such as whether the child's disease is likely to heal itself, what is the future evolution trend of the disease, and guide rational drug use and scientific nursing, so as to improve the child's survival ability. Children with congenital heart disease generally have poor resistance and are prone to illness, so they should also be vaccinated legally on time.

Congenital heart diseases with left-to-right shunt include atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and endocardial defect.

Tetralogy of Fallot is not congenital heart disease, with left-to-right shunt and decreased pulmonary blood.

Some young parents are ignorant of this disease. When they hear that their children have congenital heart disease, they often seem at a loss. Actually, there is no need to worry. Because as long as early diagnosis and timely treatment, most congenital heart diseases can be completely cured by surgery, and they can live and work like normal people after surgery.

Prevention of congenital heart disease;

1. Try not to sit in front of the computer for too long in the early pregnancy (3 months ago) in places with strong magnetic fields such as microwave ovens, because at this time, the fetus is still unstable and various organs are still in the forming stage, which may cause the child's congenital heart disease.

2. Don't touch the pet, because the bacteria and microorganisms on the pet may also cause congenital heart disease in children.

The best treatment

Healthy diet

Healthy eating should meet the following requirements:

1. The daily intake of cholesterol should not exceed 300mg.

2. Fat intake should not exceed 30% of total calories.

3. Eat less or not eat refined sugar foods such as sucrose and glucose.

4. Eat more foods rich in vitamin C, such as fruits, fresh vegetables and vegetable oils.

5. Eat less and foods with high fatty acid and cholesterol content, such as fat, egg yolk, animal oil and animal offal.

6. Diet should be high in potassium and low in sodium, and bean products and tea should be encouraged.

7. Eat regularly, not too hungry or too full.

8. Appropriate intake of cellulose food (including grain starch), keep the stool unobstructed. [ 1]

Judging heart disease

How to judge heart disease? Is arrhythmia a heart disease?

Arrhythmia heartbeat is caused by other tissues of the heart other than sinoatrial node, which is an abnormality in the frequency, rhythm, origin, conduction speed and excitation sequence of cardiac impulses. According to the speed of heart rate, arrhythmia can be divided into rapid arrhythmia and slow chronic arrhythmia.

In recent years, some scholars have classified arrhythmia into fatal, potentially fatal and benign types according to the severity and disorder of circulation during arrhythmia.

Arrhythmia can be seen in healthy people or patients with autonomic dysfunction. Smoking, drinking, physical activity and emotional tension can all induce arrhythmia. Arrhythmia is common in all kinds of organic heart diseases, among which coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, cardiomyopathy and myocarditis are the most common. Because of myocardial ischemia, hypoxia, infection and other diseases caused by cardiac conduction system, arrhythmia can not be said to be heart disease, and some heart diseases can lead to arrhythmia. The treatment of arrhythmia depends on the hemodynamic changes it causes. In the treatment, attention should be paid to using small doses of drugs to obviously reduce arrhythmia, and it is not appropriate to use large doses to completely eliminate arrhythmia. Because the risk of side effects when using large doses of drugs is far greater than the risk of premature beats. Moreover, after arrhythmia control, drug withdrawal is easy to cause recurrence. Traditional Chinese medicine has irreplaceable advantages in treating arrhythmia. First, the toxic and side effects are small; Second, the curative effect is consolidated after obvious effect; Third, we can adjust the patient's physical function as a whole and completely eliminate the patient's symptoms.

Recommend two prescriptions for heart disease.

(1) Steamed pigeon with safflower and notoginseng

Ingredients: Panax notoginseng 5g, safflower 6g, squab 1, cooking wine 10g, refined salt 3g, onion 10g, ginger 5g, soy sauce 10g, brown sugar 5g and vegetable gall 10g.

Exercise:

1. Remove impurities from safflower; Grinding Radix Notoginseng into powder; After the pigeon is slaughtered, the hair, viscera and claws are removed and washed; Shred ginger and cut onion into sections; Cut the cabbage into 4 cm long sections.

2. Put the squab in a steaming cup, add cooking wine, soy sauce, red pond, ginger, onion and salt, steam for 30 minutes, then add notoginseng, safflower and cabbage gall.

3. Put the steaming cup into a steamer and steam for about 50 minutes on high fire.

Efficacy: promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis and nourishing qi and blood. It is suitable for coronary heart disease patients with blood stasis blocking collaterals.

Usage: once a day, with or without meals.

Avoid: pregnant women should not eat.

(2) Steamed pigeon eggs with safflower and notoginseng.

Ingredients: Notoginseng Radix 10g, Carthamus tinctorius 6g, pigeon eggs 5g, refined salt 3g, and chicken soup 200ml.

Exercise:

1. Remove impurities from safflower, and cook it in pigeon eggs and shell it.

2. Put the chicken soup into a saucepan, add notoginseng, safflower, salt and cooked pigeon eggs, and cook for 25 minutes.

Efficacy: tonify qi and blood, remove blood stasis and dredge collaterals. It is suitable for patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris.

How to eat: once a day.

Avoid: pregnant women should not eat.

Popular Healthy Diet Series-Medicated Diet Therapy for Heart Disease Guangdong Tourism Publishing House

Dietary taboos of patients with heart disease

1. Avoid irritating food, drinking and irritating drugs: pepper, ginger, pepper, tobacco, wine and drinking a lot of strong tea. Taking caffeine, amphetamines and other irritating drugs will also bring a burden to the heart, especially when the heart function of patients with rheumatic heart disease is poor.

2. Appropriately limit the intake of salt: Just like limiting salt, patients with rheumatic heart disease should eat less sodium-rich foods such as bananas to avoid edema.

3. Slow drinking: When drinking a lot of water, tea, soup, fruit juice, soda or other drinks at a time, the blood volume will increase rapidly, which will increase the burden on the heart. Therefore, don't eat too many drinks, and it is best not to exceed 500 ml at a time. When you need to drink more water, drink it several times, less at a time and longer at intervals.

4. Eat in small quantities. Patients with heart disease should not overeat, and the total heat energy should be ingested 4 ~ 5 times a day to reduce gastrointestinal overfilling and diaphragm elevation after meals and avoid the increase of heart workload. Eat dinner early and lightly, and don't add food or water after dinner.

5. Appropriately limit the intake of protein and heat energy. When heart failure occurs, the daily protein can be controlled at 25-30 grams, and the heat energy is 600 kilocalories; After 2 ~ 3 days, the protein can be increased to 40 ~ 50g, and the heat energy is 1000 ~ 1500 kcal. Protein and thermal energy should be gradually increased after the condition improves, but should not be too high, so as not to increase the heart load.

6. Eat food that is easy to digest. Blood circulation dysfunction, gastrointestinal congestion and edema in patients with heart disease affect the digestion and absorption of food. Therefore, food should be easy to digest. Start with a liquid and semi-liquid diet, and then switch to soft rice.

7. Adequate vitamins and appropriate inorganic salts, such as vitamin B 1 and vitamin C, should be supplemented to protect myocardium. Supplementing proper amount of calcium to maintain normal myocardial activity. Potassium has a protective effect on the heart, and it will cause arrhythmia when it is insufficient. When using diuretics, besides supplementing potassium, we should also pay attention to the supply of magnesium and zinc.

Induce heart disease-a bad habit

Many people think that more exercise, less greasy food, and quitting smoking and drinking can avoid the clutches of heart disease. In fact, this practice is not complete, because there are some daily neglected details of life that will also murder your heart.

1. Outdoor sports in foggy days. Outdoor exercise in foggy days with the most serious air pollution will block the supply of oxygen in the blood, thus making it easier for blood to coagulate.

2. Smoking with others. If a person is exposed to other people's smoke for 30 minutes three times a week, his risk of heart disease is 26% higher than that of people who rarely smoke passively.

3. Rage will have a great influence on the heart.

4. Business first, ignoring decompression. The mortality rate of patients with coronary heart disease with the greatest mental stress is three times higher than that of patients with the least mental stress. Therefore, if you meditate for 20 minutes every day, your anxiety and depression will be reduced by more than 25%.

5. pull a long face all day Researchers at Harvard University followed 150 healthy men for ten years, and finally found that people who were very optimistic at the beginning of the experiment were half as likely to have heart disease as those who were more pessimistic.

6. Long-term exercise. Any regular physical activity can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, even if you only exercise for 5-0/0 minutes at a time.

7. Eat barbecue. Grilled food at high temperature will produce a blood compound called advanced glycation end products, which will reduce the elasticity of cells and increase the risk of heart disease.

8. Fried food. A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine recorded the exercise and nutrition habits of 80,000 women for 14 years. The researchers found that the biggest relationship with heart disease is the intake of trans fatty acids, which is a variant fat that can reduce the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increase the content of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol harmful to human body, and the culprit is French fries.

9. Suppress anger. Suppressing anger will increase the pressure on the heart. If vented, it will make the heart feel more comfortable and reduce the chances of arrhythmia and angina pectoris.

10. Lazy all day. People who are lazy all day are 28% more likely to suffer from heart disease than men who often force themselves to do strenuous exercise.

1 1. Popular diet plan. People with very large weight fluctuations have much weaker hearts and worse blood flow than those who lose weight slowly and maintain it well.

12. Overeating three meals. The expansion of the stomach wall will increase the pressure on the lungs, lead to the increase of cardiac metabolism and easily induce induced myocardial infarction. Therefore, middle-aged and elderly patients should not overeat every meal, generally in 70% to 80%.

13. Stay away from friends. People who make the fewest friends at work also have the highest heart rate and the most unhealthy blood pressure index, even in emergency times.

14. Temporary extramarital sex will increase the risk of heart attack. Doctors at St. Thomas Hospital in London found that 75% of sudden sexual death was related to extramarital affairs, and men who had intimate relationships with many young women had the greatest risk of death.

In the survey of men who have been loyal to their spouses for a long time, doctors found that there is almost no risk of heart attack.

15. Plan a day's work plan before getting up. Blood pressure will soar in the morning. But listening to music can help control blood pressure, thus reducing the possibility of heart attack in the morning.

16. Snoring doesn't matter. Half of men suffer from sleep apnea (people used to sleep for up to a minute) and high blood pressure, which is usually caused by high levels of aldosterone in the body. In order to eliminate sleep apnea, we should also lower blood pressure.

17. Let the cold and fever pass. Cold and heat have a direct impact on heart function, such as cold and fever, systemic arterial oxygen saturation decreased, and the heart works under the condition of relative hypoxia, which is easy to induce arrhythmia.

18. Put your mobile phone in your chest pocket. Men are used to putting their mobile phones in the left pocket of their coats, close to their hearts. Although there is no direct evidence that mobile phone radiation has a great influence on the heart, it is best not to put the mobile phone in the left pocket of the coat, and it is best to keep it away from the body when the mobile phone is turned on.

prenatal examination

Once the fetal heart disease is diagnosed before delivery, necessary intervention measures can be taken, such as therapeutic induced labor for complex congenital heart disease with poor surgical effect and poor prognosis, which can effectively reduce the birth rate of complex congenital heart disease, reduce the burden on families and society and improve the overall quality of the population. For severe and simple congenital heart disease with good therapeutic effect, prenatal diagnosis can buy time for early surgical treatment to obtain better curative effect, so fetal echocardiography is the most effective means to reduce the birth rate of complex congenital heart disease, cure it early and improve the prognosis.

The examination can only be carried out at 18 weeks of pregnancy.

Congenital heart disease is formed under the combined action of genetic and environmental factors. Most scholars believe that it may be related to early pregnancy infection, exposure to radiation, taking alcohol, tobacco, poison, teratogenic drugs and so on. Pregnant women with family history of heart disease or stillbirth, stillbirth or congenital heart disease are obviously more likely to have congenital heart disease fetuses, so these pregnant women should do a good job in fetal heart screening and diagnosis before delivery. This test can be done after 0/8 weeks of pregnancy. The best exploration time is 24~34 weeks, at this time, clearer images can be obtained and the accuracy of diagnosis can be improved.

Of course, any examination has certain limitations, so does fetal ultrasound examination. For example, some simple congenital heart diseases, such as ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect, are affected by special factors such as hemodynamics, equipment and fetal position. , which may be missed before delivery. Most serious and complicated congenital heart diseases can be diagnosed before delivery, so doctors are required to have relevant knowledge of congenital heart diseases to avoid missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis to the greatest extent.

Congenital heart disease is the most common birth defect and one of the main causes of neonatal and infant death. Seriously affect the quality of population and quality of life. Every year, 6.5438+0.4 million to 200,000 children with congenital heart disease are born in China, of which 40,000 to 50,000 are serious or complex congenital heart diseases. It costs 654.38+0.3 billion to 654.38+0.5 billion yuan to treat these congenital heart diseases. More importantly, some serious and complicated congenital heart diseases can not be cured at present, and even surgery can not achieve good results, which brings heavy mental pressure and economic burden to families and society.

Nursing care of patients with denture heart disease

Finnish scholar Mattila published a research report on oral infection and acute myocardial infarction in British medical journal 65438-0989. They found that the periodontal health status of patients with myocardial infarction was significantly worse than that of healthy control group, and all the examination indexes of patients with myocardial infarction were higher than that of healthy control group. LOGISTIC analysis showed that after controlling age, total cholesterol level, triglyceride, hypertension, diabetes, smoking and other factors, periodontal health still had an impact on coronary heart disease. Since then, scholars have done a lot of research to explore the relationship between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. De Stefano et al. evaluated the dental health status of 9760 individuals by using periodontal disease severity, oral hygiene index and the number of permanent teeth caries, and followed up the occurrence of coronary heart disease. The results showed that the risk of coronary heart disease in patients with chronic periodontitis was 25% higher than that in patients without periodontitis. Among men under 50 years old (1594), the relative risk of coronary heart disease in patients with periodontitis is higher than that in patients without periodontitis, which is 50. Arbes and others analyzed the data of the third national health and nutrition survey in the United States. The results showed that after adjusting age, sex and race, the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with severe periodontitis was 3.8 times that in healthy periodontal patients. Abnet et al. published a monitoring study on 29584 rural adults in China in 15. The results show that in the same age group, the risk of death due to myocardial infarction and stroke is significantly higher in people with more teeth loss than in people with moderate teeth loss.

Scholars have done a lot of research on the possible mechanism of the relationship between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease, and they are still studying. At present, some possible related mechanisms have been put forward. It is mainly believed that periodontal microbial infection will lead to bacteremia and toxemia, and lead to changes in the level of inflammatory factors, thus:

1. has a direct effect on platelets and induces platelet aggregation;

2. Bacteria invade vascular endothelial cells, and studies have shown that periodontal pathogens are detected in atherosclerotic plaques; Or macrophages ingest periodontal pathogens and transform them into foam cells. The morphology of foam cells is one of the important processes of atherosclerosis. Animal experiments show that compared with the control group, animals infected with periodontal pathogens will accelerate the formation of atherosclerotic plaques;

3. Autoimmune reaction, some studies have found that there is a cross reaction between antibodies against periodontal pathogens and antibodies against human heat shock proteins;

4. The role of inflammatory mediators, such as C-reactive protein and other inflammatory mediators. Studies have shown that the levels of systemic inflammatory mediators, C-reactive protein and fibrinogen in patients with periodontitis are increased. This year, scholars began to observe the influence of periodontal therapy intervention on cardiovascular diseases. Although the research is limited, the results show that periodontal therapy can improve some important indexes of cardiovascular system, such as serum markers and endothelial function.

The project of National Natural Science Foundation of China detected the homology of Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque and coronary atherosclerotic plaque. The results showed that the P.g 16SrDNA gene in subgingival plaque was highly homologous to the P.g 16SrDNA gene in coronary atherosclerotic plaque, indicating that periodontal pathogens were closely related to the occurrence and development of coronary heart disease. Chronic periodontitis is one of the risk factors of coronary heart disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis is A. Periodontal pathogen infection can enter the circulatory system and cause recurrent bacteremia, thus causing chronic inflammation of blood vessels and promoting the occurrence and development of arteriosclerosis. The specific mechanism is still unclear. Some people think that arterial plaque may play a screening role in collecting bacteria in blood circulation, and suggest that Porphyromonas gingivalis from oral cavity can cause asymptomatic bacteremia in circulatory system, promote the formation of foam cells in coronary artery intima, and lead to the formation of atherosclerosis. Similarly, researchers found that platelet aggregation-related proteins (PAAP) expressed on the surfaces of Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus oralis and Porphyromonas gingivalis can induce platelet aggregation, thus promoting thrombosis and increasing the risk of atherosclerosis.

The study also found that the number of patients with periodontitis who died of coronary heart disease or were hospitalized was 25% higher than those without periodontitis. The probability of coronary heart disease in patients with dental diseases is 1.4 times that in patients without dental diseases.

A large number of clinical cases in medicine show that improper and incomplete denture cleaning methods are easy to produce odor, tartar and plaque, which indirectly leads to heart disease. Coupled with loose dentures and chewing pain, it directly affects diet, reduces gastrointestinal function, and may even lead to oral cancer and visceral diseases, with very serious consequences.

The heart care of denture installers is different from that of ordinary heart patients. Statistics show that even if the denture is made well, it is difficult to achieve 100% fit to the mouth; Middle-aged and elderly people have less saliva and low viscosity, and the annual deformation of alveolar bone will lead to loose dentures and weakness in wearing; When eating with dentures, food residues are stuffed between dentures and gums, which directly affects eating; If the alveolar bone is severely absorbed and flat, the denture cannot be worn firmly. Therefore, based on these objective factors, the medical community agrees that the heart disease of denture restorers is indirectly caused by periodontal disease caused by improper denture repair and nursing, so targeted professional nursing is needed.

At present, the general knowledge of denture care is not very popular in China, which leads to the lack of scientific and effective denture care for middle-aged and elderly consumers in China. Except for a few people who can buy such products from abroad, most people use simple "indigenous methods", such as cleaning with blisters, toothpaste and toothbrushes, and there is no way to keep their dentures. Therefore, the cases of heart disease indirectly caused by unclean and unstable dentures are increasing year by year. There are few safe, convenient and effective denture care products on the market at present. In China, only Jacqueline has passed the EU CE certification and launched a series of denture companion products. Combined with expert advice and international nursing methods, the denture nursing concept of "taking, soaking and sticking dentures every day and protecting dentures scientifically" was put forward, which has obvious effect on preventing denture wearers from heart disease.