As a cultural master in Hanshui River Basin, Emperor Yan initiated a new era of prosperity in southern culture. Archaeological excavations show that as early as 6000 years ago, rice was widely planted in the south of Qinhuai River. The cultivation of rice has greatly liberated the labor force, made people have leisure to engage in entertainment, and developed literature and art. At that time, literature and art used witchcraft to cure diseases, but instead used witchcraft and exorcism to pray for heaven to entertain people, so the unearthed cultural relics included stone, bone and jade decorations and rock paintings.
People who live by the blocked river call themselves "mediocre people" and their place is called "Shang Yong". Shang Yong got its name from the story of Nu Wa beating the ground to create man, and refining stones to make up the sky. The top of Lingshan Mountain, known as the "ladder", has been flattened due to digging earth and refining stones, so it is called Shang Yong, which is also a ladder to fill the sky. Today Zhushan County is seventy miles west, and Shang Yong is also.
The origin of the name "Shang Yong" is amazing, but perhaps not many people can understand the cultural connotation symbolized by this term. As we all know, mediocrity is mediocrity. Keeping balance is the essence of China culture. The root of Confucius' philosophy is deeply rooted in the word "golden mean". The doctrine of the mean is not eclectic, nor is it a mediocre passive retreat from the world, but the best attitude towards life after understanding the deep meaning of the Avenue of the Universe, that is, "sticking to the middle and keeping one" to achieve liberation without increasing or decreasing, being unclean or being immortal.
Being in the middle is a shortcut to the sublimation of life, and it is a blooming saussurea involucrata on the peak of human wisdom. Only the golden mean can realize the eternal happiness of harmony between man and nature, harmony without difference, directness and joy. The man who blocks the river is silent, and the elephant is invisible, clever and stupid. Although they live at the peak of civilization, they still maintain a sober, enlightened and liberated share of the golden mean. For thousands of years, they looked at the vicissitudes of history coldly, waiting for the holy land of creation, the original travel station of vagrants. Seen from above, this is the great wisdom of the river blocker in the sense of place names.
According to Wang Guowei's historical research achievements on mediocre people and Meng's; Narrator: It was his eldest son's fief that blocked the river basin. He invented Weiqi here and fought his father Yao in the Dan pool. "Yao is a mediocre person who is good at playing games, wild and cunning." Go has undoubtedly further opened up the wisdom of the people: rebellion and intelligence.
In Xia and Shang Dynasties, mediocrity had some unique cultural styles. For example, it was called "Brave Man" because it was good at casting bronzes. It was said that many ding vessels and bells in Shang Dynasty were masterpieces of mediocrity. Known as a "brave man" because he is good at building cities and houses, Zhou invited mediocre people to build their capital in Luoyi in BC 1059. Today, the wall of the ruins of Guyong Fangcheng in Huangcheng Village, Wenfeng Township, Zhushan County, after more than 3,000 years of wind and rain, still stands, indicating that the architectural art of mediocre people is really high; Mediocre people are also the earliest ancestors who drank tea in historical materials. "Tea wind originated from Bashan Chushui". However, what is most praised by the world is the mediocre military art level. "Only mediocrity is good at fighting, and Qin Chu is defeated" (Textual research on Ancient War Argument).
In Shang Dynasty, the agent was Hou Guo. Its capital is Fangcheng Mountain, which is located 4 1 mile southeast of Zhushan City. "Kuanzhi" contains: "Fangcheng Mountain is a mediocre city. Its top is flat and steep on all sides, and there is a city in the south of the mountain, which is more than ten miles long and is called Fangcheng. " "Hubei Tongzhi" contains: "Fangcheng Natural Protection". "Folklore Expo" contains: "Mediocre people are good at witchcraft and cure diseases with righteousness. Its effect is a legacy of ancient times." In the tide of Shang dynasty, the witch culture of blocking the river was publicized.
In the Zhou dynasty, he was enfeoffed because he led a group of barbarians to attack Zhou. The history book says, "The King of Wu set out to attack Zhou, and led soldiers from eight countries, including Lu, Peng and Pu, to pursue him." After the demise of Shang Dynasty, Guo Yong, as the leader of southern barbarians, was established with military strength, and its territory also expanded to Yang Shan, Zhen 'an, Zhashui, Ankang, Hanyang, Ziyang, Gao Lan, Pingli and Zhenping in Shaanxi, Wuxi, Wushan and Fengjie in Sichuan, Zhushan, Zhuxi, Fangxian, Shennongjia, Xingshan, Sistergui and Badong in Hubei. The capital is still in Fangcheng, Zhushan.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, Yong State competed with Chu State, the rise of Chu State was captured in the East, and the expansion of Qin State was contained in the West. The main enemy of mediocrity is Chu. Chu rose after mediocrity, and it has a tendency to replace mediocrity as "the power of a hundred schools of thought".
In 6 1 1 BC, there was a serious famine in Chu, and many people starved to death. Chu Zhuangwang keeps a low profile and "won't fly for three years". Chu's neighbors used their crisis groups to attack Chu. The monarch of Yong Kingdom marched eastward and led the troops of Nan 'an vassal States to gather in Xuan (now Zhijiang) to attack Chu. Chu is in danger.
Quickly send messengers to unite Ba and Qin, and attack from the back of the abdomen. In 6 1 1 BC, the combined forces of Chu, Qin and Pakistan broke Yong, and Yong City was besieged on all sides, which was destroyed by the three countries. Achieved "three years without flying, soaring; Three years without singing, a blockbuster ambition.
Liang Qichao commented on the death: "Chu Zhuang ascended the throne for three years, and the division between Qin and Ba destroyed harmony, which was also a major event in the Spring and Autumn Period. Bayong is a disease of Chu, Fu Ba is useless, and Chu has no internal worries, so he can fight for the Central Plains. " More importantly, after the Chu people annexed the country of mediocrity, they absorbed the advanced culture of mediocrity and greatly increased their national strength. According to textual research, Qu Yuan's ancestor was a mediocrity, and mediocrity became the first of Chu culture.
Guo Yong fought for the best position in the Central Plains, but he conquered Chu without becoming a vassal of Chu, so that Chu could sneak into the Central Plains, which was really "much ado about nothing". The reason is that the Buyi people deviated from the inner spirit of the traditional regional culture of "one China, one China", over-publicized the force, got carried away, and missed the opportunity. However, the demise of Guo Yong was not the collapse of the river-blocking culture, but the misfortune of the upper-class aristocratic forces. On the contrary, the regional culture of blocking the river was preserved in seclusion by absorbing foreign Qin Chu culture in the political turmoil. Since then, the regional culture of blocking the river, which is characterized by the health preservation of ancient witches, has completely withdrawn from the political stage and lived in seclusion among folk customs. (665438 BC +0 years-968 AD)
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the change of Qin Chu's hegemony, Shang Yong's ownership was uncertain. He was in the Qin Dynasty.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the world was divided into counties, and Shang Yong County belonged to Hanzhong County. A large number of refugees who were dissatisfied with the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty fled into the mountains of Shang Yong County between Qin and Ba.
During the Three Kingdoms period, this was Shang Yong County. In the fourth year of Ganlu (259), it was a new city county, which governed seven counties in the river basin. Mengda used to be a satrap, and once had a long poem "On the Block", which was famous all over the world. "In the first year of Wei Xianxi, he was established as a principality and Queen Wei Liu (Zen)" (Huayang National Records).
Jin county was once a fief for Prince Kang of Qinghe. Shang Yong County has become the best refuge to escape from war and tyranny, and this is the story of fishermen from Wuling County breaking into Xiataohuayuan in Shang Yong County, which has become an eternal story.
In the Southern Dynasties, Shangyong County governed nine counties. This is "Shang Yong County leads nine counties".
In Song Dynasty, it was changed to Yong 'an County and Luozhou. In the first year of the Western Wei Dynasty (552), Luozhou ruled Yong, taking Fu Meng as the secretariat and unifying Yong County. The abolished emperor changed Xinfeng to Shang Yong County and Ancheng to Zhushan County. In other words, Zhushan County is Shang Yong County in the south and Zhushan County in the north.
In the 18th year of Emperor Kaidi of Sui Dynasty (599), Luozhou was changed to Zhoufang, which governed Zhushan and Shang Yong counties. Great cause for three years, waste state county. The county was ruled by Hebao County near the border between Gu Lei and Zhuxi, and moved to Fangxian County, Yongqing (Baokang), Zhushan and Shangyong.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were ten roads in the world. Zhushan and Shangyong belong to Zhoufang, Shannan East Road, and the state capital is located in Fangcheng Mountain. Ten years of zhenguan, the age is moving.
The ten years of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty was a turning point, and the position of Zhushan (Shang Yong) as the political, economic, military and cultural center of Qinba Mountain area no longer existed.
During the reign of Song Kaibao (968-975), Shang Yong County of the province entered Zhushan County, and the scale and name of the organizational system of Zhushan County were established. The history of Zhushan County has begun.
From 6 1 1 BC to 968 AD, the cultural history of the river-blocking area lasted for more than 500 years, and entered a brilliant silence with the change of political situation in China.
Zhi Zhu's Ci of Zhushan, through the introduction of Liu Yuxi's discovery, brought a strong and beautiful new wind to the poetry circle in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. For a time, the oral songs sung by the people who stopped the river became a model for great poets and great poets to follow since the Tang and Song Dynasties. There are many people in Xialiba.
"The river level is green with willows, and the songs on the shore are audible; When the East rises and the West falls, the Tao is ruthless and affectionate. " It is such a beautiful swan song that Bashan Chushui is dedicated to Huaxia Wen Yuan.
River-blocking culture is a typical folk culture of self-entertainment, which abandons all utilitarianism and is a natural expression and unconscious catharsis of people's inner emotional world. The culture of blocking the river has no words and books as carriers, no representative literati, and no great academician serving the emperor. It is rooted in the soil and blooms in the lonely Qinba Mountain area. "A gentleman takes anonymity as his service", which makes it difficult for future generations to interpret it with the help of explicit cultural representations. Only from the rich carrier of folklore passed down from mouth to mouth can we feel the elegance, freedom, solidity, magic and wildness of that year. (968- 1949)
Since Shang Yong County and Zhushan County merged into Zhushan County in the first year of Song Kaibao, the organizational system of Zhushan County, the main area in the basin, tends to be stable. At this time, China entered a stable feudal era.
In Yuan Dynasty, Zhushan County was located in Xiangyang Road, Zhoufang. Ming's chief secretary, Zhushan belongs to Yunyang House and Huguang's chief secretary. The Qing Dynasty moved to Yunyang County, Hubei Province.
Located at the junction of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Hubei provinces, the Dujiang River Basin has always been the "Qin Chu Corridor" and the "Chu-Shu Passage". Blocking the river is "salt road into Sichuan" and "Jianghan Chinese herbal medicine road". The residents in this area are a mixture of refugees from east, west, north and south: (1) descendants of ancient indigenous ancestors; (2) descendants of mediocre people; (3) descendants of Pakistan; (4) descendants of Pu people; ⑸; Refugees in Shu; [6] Sanqin refugees; Former Jingchu refugees; Become a refugee in central Henan; (9) Rebel bandits and refugees; ⑽ Exile the descendants of the cremation. Refugees from many regions, nationalities, classes and components regard blocking the river as a "safe haven" and a "peach blossom garden" to escape from war, early floods, taxes, Yao wars and hostilities, and jointly explore new homes in this relatively fertile, remote and closed land. At the same time, it brings exotic and heterogeneous cultural factors with unique styles in various regions, ethnic groups and industries, and brings new impacts and new forms to the river-blocking culture.
It has given three great impacts and rich historical opportunities to the river-blocking culture.
The first time was the great migration wave of Jingxiang in Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty. Zhou Hongyi in the Ming Dynasty said in the Book of Creating Yunyang Mansion: "In the seven years of Chenghua, there were millions of refugees in Jingxiang, and more than half of them were thirsty. There are over123,000 refugees from Tian Zi. Because they cut the land of Zhushan, they set up a bamboo stream, cut the land of clouds and brocade, and set up a cloud stream, which made them live in the wrong place. Therefore, Yunyang County has Yunyang Prefecture, which unifies the six counties of Fangzhu. " This time, more than 70,000 households with nearly 300,000 people were resettled in Zhushan and Zhuxi areas in the basin. There are twice as many people as aborigines. Since then, Jingxiang immigrants, who account for12 of the population, naturally brought advanced Pingchuan farming civilization and fair trade civilization into the river-blocking area, which made the land and resources in the river-blocking area more effectively developed and utilized. On this basis, foreign trade activities focusing on native products such as Chinese herbal medicines have been developed, and export-oriented agricultural culture has been cultivated.
The second time, a large number of remnants of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and An Baili Rebels fled to Zhushan in the late Qing Dynasty, and settled down in a hidden form, with about 50,000 people, and multiplied into a special tribe. According to the draft of Qing history, Zhushan has always been the base camp of Anbalism and Taiping Army, and also the survival place of their survivors after robbery. According to Zhushan County Records, "Zhushan bandits are constantly rioting once every three years". The descendants of the peasant uprising army inherited the heroic blood of their ancestors, dared to resist and were good at fighting. In the past 1000 years of history, there have been more than 600 uprisings in Zhushan. The special geographical environment, cultural tradition and national psychology have created Li Laiheng, Wang Conger, Ma Erjie, Shi Yang, Xiong and other people with lofty ideals. In "Blocking the Blood of Jiangren", there are both tenderness and sweetness in "Zhuzhici" and dagger throwing in Shiyang's "Wuyan". Behind the gentle, gentle and peaceful river-blocking culture lies the "storm eye" of the hurricane of the times. The combination of softness and rigidity constitutes the organic unity of the two sides of everything. When the life and death of the nation and people are at a critical juncture, King Kong, dancing in the sky, shines like the "lion roar" of Buddhist wise men, awakening people who are addicted to deep dreams. On the other hand, the rebellious spirit enriches the connotation and extension of the river-blocking culture, and strengthens the innovative color of "poverty changes, and change leads to communication".
The third chance was during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, when businessmen from Wuchang and Huanggang were forced to migrate to the riverside. At this time, in order to escape the war, about 80 thousand people fled to Zhushan and Zhuxi to settle down, which brought the commercial and cultural factors of "Nine-headed Birds" and Huangmei Opera. River-blocking culture can come down in one continuous line with Wuhan, which is at the forefront of the times, and there are more prosperous Qinba markets such as Chengguan, Baofeng and Guandu. At the same time, foreign goods from outside entered the mountainous area, and local products from the mountainous area entered Huguang along the blocked river.
While the immigrant culture is black and pink, the unique ancient witch culture in the river-blocking area still maintains a fresh vitality among the people, which frequently adds a lot of comfort to people in troubled times and decline.
The three waves of immigration have brought advanced plain farming techniques, advanced commodity distribution consciousness, rebellious spirit of contempt for authority and metropolis values to the regional culture of blocking the river, which has made the culture of blocking the river move towards modernization in the painful transformation.
After experiencing the impact and challenge of foreign cultural plates, the river-blocking culture, which has accepted new factors, has been re-integrated in the baptism of the spirit of the times. In the orogeny of cultural integration, Zhang Zhenwu, the military commander and the founding father of the Kuomintang, contributed to the Revolution of 1911, and Shiyang, the first lawyer of China and a banner of the working class in China, contributed to the new-democratic revolution. Like Qin Bashan, Zhang Zhenwu and Shiyang bravely stood at the forefront of social restructuring and great changes in China, participated in the great movement to create a new world of democracy and freedom, vividly embodied the style of the river-blocking culture and cultivated this characteristic culture.
Comply with nature and be good at keeping in good health; Transform the world and dare to innovate; Pursuing freedom and loving peace; Committed to happiness and continuous revolution. -The regional characteristic culture of blocking the river endows the people who block the river with a distinctive character of combining rigidity with softness and embracing change.
With its unique inclusiveness and assimilation, the regional culture of blocking the river, which is characterized by ancient witches, has brought the alien and heterogeneous immigrant culture under its own banner. With the great creative spirit of Fuxi and Nu Wa, the strong rebellious spirit of Chiyou and Danzhu, and the mediocre and unique versatile cultural genes, the integrated new blocking the river culture has the same historical continuity and realized the localization of the alien immigrant culture. ( 1949—)
1949 with the establishment of new China, the long development journey of regional culture in the river-blocking area has finally set up an epoch-making boundary pillar. A brand-new ideology has raised a bright flag in the warm drums of peasants turning over. China's political thought has transformed the regional culture with great power, and the Zhi Zhu Ci, Du He Chant and Zhushan Gaoqiang of the Lower Liba people have been endowed with strong political content and the color of the new era; Nuo opera and witchcraft were criticized and abandoned as feudal superstitions; Various cults and reactionary sects bred by the dregs of regional culture have been strongly suppressed, and a new socialist peasant culture has emerged. This culture still inherits the high-profile colors of romance, passion, unrestrained and heroic in Bachu culture.
How to organically combine regional characteristic culture with the spirit of the times? After half a century's exploration, this subject has not been satisfactorily solved. During the Cultural Revolution, "Left" thoughts flooded, culture became a simple political mouthpiece, the spirit of the times became several simple political slogans, and the essence of regional traditional culture was discarded as dross and lost its own characteristics.
From the end of 1970s to 1980s, the regional characteristic culture in the river-blocking area showed the vitality of recovery. The paper-cut art of blocking the river, represented by Yu Manbai, entered the international art world, showing the unique aesthetic vision and expression style of the regional culture of blocking the river. The county-level literary and artistic publication "Blocking the River Literature and Art" edited by Luo Weiyang entered the international cultural exchange exhibition hall, which represented the level of county-level literary and artistic publications in China at that time, and used it as a position to cultivate a large number of literary and artistic authors, and local culture was publicized. The river only shows sharp corners, and the culture of stopping the river shows the soil hypertrophy with artistic seedlings.
In the mid-1990s, Zhushan County launched a ten-star series of civilization creation activities aimed at improving people's quality and eliminating spiritual poverty. Farmers consciously use social norms such as politics, morality, culture, science and technology, education and so on to restrain themselves and manage themselves. Ten-star creation activities combine the ethical concepts in traditional culture with the inevitable requirements of contemporary historical development for farmers and devote themselves to the all-round development of farmers.
The activities of creating Zhushan Ten-Star series civilization have attracted the attention of Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China and major news media. 196 The national symposium on the construction of spiritual civilization in rural areas held in Wuhan in winter, with the theme of learning from the experience of Zhushan. As a result, the "Zhushan experience" went to the whole country and became a proper term in the history of spiritual civilization. 1in the spring of 1997, Zhushan County was designated as the national demonstration site of rural spiritual civilization creation by the Central Steering Committee for Spiritual Civilization Construction, and at the same time became the national "four major civilization creation model" alongside Zhangjiagang, Tianjin Heping District and Dalian.
Through the complex appearance of society, we can see the great role of "cultural power", which is often the director behind some bubble-like political movements, cultural movements and even economic movements. As a poverty-stricken county in poor mountainous areas, Zhushan became famous in one fell swoop, which is not accidental, but actually due to the unique and rich strength of regional culture. The development trend of regional culture and people's psychological needs constitute the "internal cause" of dramatic mutation, while the development of the spirit of the times and superstructure ideology is its "external cause"
Socialism needs spiritual civilization to become the conscious action of the masses, people need spiritual ideas as the goal and motivation of life, and regional culture needs to seek breakthroughs in the valley of underground rivers. The internal mechanism of the three finally merged in a specific historical time and space at the turn of the century, which opened the prelude to the revival of regional culture.
The revival of river-blocking culture is the root of China culture, Su Sheng and the magnificent return of world culture, which makes culture better serve the freedom and happiness of human beings and promotes the evolution of human beings from the inevitable kingdom of opposites between things and me to the free kingdom of integration of things and me. -This is the eternal sacred mission of the river-blocking culture.
Therefore, the culture of blocking the river must re-examine all the achievements of human culture, absorb and melt them to the maximum extent, and rebuild a new paradigm in the magnificent return; The culture of blocking the river must rely on the powerful wave of cultural revival and the double enlightenment of ideological practice to complete its sacred mission; The culture of blocking the river must abandon the shackles of pragmatism and blind superstition, revive in the cross-century drama conflict, and the phoenix will be nirvana.