The Tang Dynasty (6 18-907) was the heyday of China's feudal society. Founded by Tang Gaozu and Li Shimin. Take Xijing Chang 'an (now Xi 'an) as Kyoto. During the 20 th emperor and 290 th year, there was a female emperor in the middle of the Wu Zhou regime. The Tang Dynasty has a vast territory, starting from Anton in the east, Anxi in the west, Chanyufu in the north and Rinan in the south. In the heyday of Kaiyuan, there were 328 counties and states in China, 1573 counties.
The peasant uprising at the end of Sui Dynasty left a deep impression on the rulers of Tang Dynasty. After Emperor Taizong Li Shimin succeeded to the throne, taking the Sui Dynasty as a mirror, he paid more attention to virtuous, modest and frivolous taxes, and further promoted the system of land equalization, tenancy, official army and imperial examination. In the Tang Dynasty, the society became stable and the economy recovered rapidly, and a prosperous situation of "Zhenguan rule" appeared.
After Emperor Taizong, the agriculture, handicrafts and commercial trade of the Tang Dynasty developed further, and made great creations and outstanding achievements in poetry, painting, medicine and astronomy. The management of the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty was further strengthened, and extensive contacts were established with Tubo, Uighur, Nanzhao, Mohe and other ethnic minorities. Cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries have made unprecedented progress. By the time Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty opened the new century, the country was prosperous and developed, which was called the "Golden Age of Kaiyuan".
In the late Tang Dynasty, due to the fatuity and corruption of the rulers, various contradictions intensified, and finally the Anshi Rebellion broke out in 775. This 8-year-long rebellion has caused great damage to the social economy. From then on, the eunuchs in the Tang Dynasty acted arbitrarily and fought among their cronies. It is a separatist regime, and there is no peace in the country. In 875, the peasant uprising led by Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao broke out, and the Tang Dynasty was also destroyed in the fire of peasant uprising.
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Pre-Qin-Qin and Han Dynasties-Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties-Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties-Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties-Ming and Qing Dynasties. Of all the dynasties in China's general history, I like the Tang Dynasty best, not only because it was the heyday of ancient feudal society in China, but also because it was recognized as one of the most powerful eras in China in the past 289 years.
Without the change of Xuanwu Gate in June 626, Emperor Taizong would probably be Prince Li, but fortunately, with the change of Xuanwu Gate, Li and Li Yuanji would not succeed to the throne. How could a selfish, scheming, brother-poisoning, power-hungry man like him create prosperity in the middle Tang Dynasty?
After Emperor Taizong Li Shimin succeeded to the throne, the system of officers and men in Sui Dynasty became stricter. He cooked black-bone chicken in Sun Chang. Fang and others continued to revise the Tang law. It is the earliest and most complete existing feudal code in China, and it has also become the basis for the five dynasties to amend the law. Emperor Taizong was accompanied by a minister, Wei Hui, who used to be Li's counselor. After the change of Xuanwu, he once converted to Taizong, and then generously assisted the country and made suggestions frequently. Wei Hui once said to Emperor Taizong, "People are like boats and people are like water. Water can carry a boat or overturn it. " Taizong asked, "What is a wise monarch? What is the king of darkness? " Wei Hui replied: "Listening is clear, listening is dark." In 643, when Wei Hui died, Taizong wept bitterly and went on strike for five days. He said: "With copper as a mirror, you can dress; Taking history as a mirror, we can see the rise and fall; Take people as a mirror, you can know the gains and losses. When Wei Hui died, I lost a precious mirror. "It can be seen that Emperor Taizong attached great importance to integrity and was very talented.
During the period of Emperor Taizong, politics was relatively clear, social order was relatively stable, and class contradictions were relatively eased. In 630, only 29 people in the country were sentenced to death; Social and economic prosperity has also emerged, and national strength has become strong. The title of Taizong was Zhenguan, and the rule of this period was called "Zhenguan rule" in history.
My attitude towards Wu Zetian, the only female emperor in the history of China, has always been that no matter how naive she was in the early stage, she was forced to fight back by the Shen Gong High Court. But for her vicious heart, there are only four words to describe this woman-poisonous woman, starting with killing her little daughter and framing the queen.
Some people say that the most correct thing Wu Zetian did was to return Jiangshan to the Li family. However, the fact is that in the first month of 705, Prince Li Xian, Zhang Jianzhi and Li Duozuo, the general of Youyu Linwei, staged a palace coup and killed two brothers (Ye Guogong: Zhang Changzong, Heng Guogong: Zhang Yizhi). At this time, Wu Zetian, who was in infancy, was unable to return to heaven. A few days later, she was forced to hand it over to Prince Li Xian. Note that she was forced to come here. In 7051February, Wu Zetian closed her eyes sadly in Shang Yang Palace. Then, compared with Wu Zetian, I prefer sourdrang queen (16 13-1688), Borzigit's name is Bumubutai. In the 26th year of Kangxi (1688 65438+1October 27th), he died on December 25th at the age of 75. bury
Zhaoxiling
, Shang Shi,
Yongzheng
In the end, posthumous title was Ren Xuancheng, Xian Gongyi, Xiao Zhuang and Yi Chunhui, the Apocalypse Queen. She is a famous saint in the history of China, who has been cultivating and helping her all her life.
Shunzhi
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Kangxi
Two generations of emperors were outstanding female politicians in the early Qing Dynasty. As the saying goes, good and evil are rewarded, and it is the sudden evil that makes the sense of justice of good and beauty more obvious.
Prince Li Xian succeeded to the throne as the middle emperor, but he was an incompetent emperor. At this time, there was a weak turning point from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. In July10, puppet Zhongzong was poisoned by his beloved Princess Anle and his wife Wei Hou. Since then, the Wei Wu clique and other party members have become even more unscrupulous after killing the rebellious Li Duozuo and Prince Li Zhongjun. They are building a big scale and spending money. After Wei Hou became the Regent and came to power, they only needed to become emperors directly. At this time, Li Longji, the third son of Li Dan, had been actively preparing before he saw Wei Hou's plan to usurp the throne. 7 10 June, Li Longji staged a coup, killing Wei Wu Group, Wei Hou, Princess Anle and Shangguan Waner. Li Dan, the emperor of Zong Rui, still remembers the dictatorship of his mother Wu Zetian. He was worried that Princess Taiping would follow in the footsteps of Wu Hou, and for the sake of the face of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, he transferred her to Li Longji in 7 12. 7 13 At the beginning of July, before the Taiping Rebellion, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty got rid of Taiping Group and gave Princess Taiping a gift of death at home.
After Tang Xuanzong came to power, he began to innovate politics. Besides using talents and being good at coachable, he also attached great importance to developing agricultural production and building water conservancy projects. During his reign, he enjoyed political stability and economic prosperity, and the Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was called "Kaiyuan" (7 13-74 1).
In 733, Zhang Jiuling became prime minister, but Xuanzong was intoxicated with his achievements and the superficial prosperity of the Tang Dynasty. His business gradually disappeared, and he was complacent. He just wants to indulge Yang's feelings and lust and covet the comfortable illusion created by Li's flattery. Finally, due to the fatuous corruption of the late rulers, various contradictions intensified, and the Anshi rebellion broke out in 775. This 8-year-long rebellion has caused great damage to the social economy. From then on, the eunuchs in the Tang Dynasty acted arbitrarily and fought among their cronies. It is a separatist regime, and there is no peace in the country. In 875, the peasant uprising led by Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao broke out, and the Tang Dynasty was also destroyed in the raging fire of the peasant uprising.
Having said that, I have to regret that the glory of the Tang Dynasty lasted for 290 years. If Tang Yuan and Li Shimin were still alive, they would be angry again when they saw people doing this, and then they would be buried in the soil.
But in fact, during the period of Emperor Taizong, the Tang Dynasty was closely related to the frontier ethnic minorities and foreign relations. There were no planes and cannons in ancient times, and all transportation was realized by horses. Manchu people have a saying: "We came to this world on horseback." At the beginning, ethnic minorities in the border areas were rampant. They also want to occupy a large territory and often rob people, livestock and food at the border, which leads to constant wars and turmoil on the Tang border, and the war between the two sides is on the verge. In the first month of 630, Emperor Taizong sent an army of 65,438+more than 10,000 yuan, captured Li Jiekhan of East Turkistan alive, and captured 65,438+more than 10,000 yuan of Turks, unifying a large territory from Yinshan Mountain in the west to the desert in the north. In 657, the Tang Dynasty destroyed the Western Turkistan and completely controlled the Western Regions. The ancestors of Manchu and Bohai people had close and friendly ties with the Tang Dynasty. Tubo (the ancestor of Tibetans) had a harmonious relationship with the Tang Dynasty when Songzan Gambu was still alive. After his death, Tubo's ambition was undoubtedly revealed. In 670, Emperor Gaozong attacked Tubo for the first time. In 692, Wu Zetian attacked Tubo for the second time. Despite many conflicts, friendly exchanges have always been the mainstream of bilateral relations. In July10, Zhongzong married Princess Jincheng to Tubo Zambo Kridê Zukzain, and the relationship between them became increasingly close. I don't want to say much about foreign relations in the Tang Dynasty. The most angry is Japan. If we didn't communicate with them in the Tang Dynasty, I'm afraid Japan today is still a small fishing village without culture! But it was the relationship between the farmer and the snake that raised a baiwenhang that ate people without blinking an eye. Why didn't the United States drop more atomic bombs on Japan? Put them out quickly! I'm still angry when I think about it.
The world's first scientist who used scientific methods to measure meridians came from a man named Zhang Sui in the early Tang Dynasty, and later became a monk with a legal name. The world's first pharmacopoeia "Tang Bencao" compiled and promulgated by the state came from the Gaozong period, more than 800 years before Europe. The earliest printing was block printing, which was used in the Sui and Tang Dynasties to print Buddhist scriptures and poems. At that time, the civil buildings in the Tang Dynasty had reached a fairly high level. The Big Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi 'an was built in 652. It is the place where Xuanzang collected scriptures, with a history of over 1000 years. The Little Wild Goose Pagoda was built in 707. Small in scale and unique in style. The most awesome invention in the military should be gunpowder. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder had been used in military attacks. At that time, there were two kinds of gunpowder weapons: one was a rocket, not a trebuchet, which threw a lighted gunpowder bag at the enemy, and was called the "starting gun Fei Huo".
To sum up, if in later dynasties, our country did not throw away these important inventions, improve them and use them as its own things and powerful weapons in each generation, then there would be no Eight-Nation Alliance in the late Qing Dynasty, and there would be no burning, looting and Nanjing Massacre by Japanese invaders! My country will be so powerful that no one can beat it. But all this is just the fantasy of my patriotic anonymous author.
In fact, I was really annoyed with history during school, and I never thought about reciting the text after class. But now, since I learned the art of makeup, I have a very strong interest in the culture of historical dynasties, especially their costumes. Anyway, this is a good start. At least I haven't read the book carefully before, and an inspirational essay is given to friends who don't forget to study!