It took less than 100 years for the Yuan Dynasty from Kublai Khan, the ancestor, to Yuan Shundi, who fled the Great Wall from Dadu (now Beijing). Although it was once at its peak, there were many internal contradictions, conflicts and cannibalism. During the 25 years from Wuzong to the first year of Dayuan (1308) to Shun Di's accession to the throne (1333), the Yuan Dynasty changed hands with nine owners, so it was said that the seats were not warm. Especially at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, due to the cruel exploitation and oppression of farmers by Mongolian and Han landlords, land annexation became increasingly serious, and farmers continued to live in exile, further intensifying class contradictions and ethnic contradictions. Coupled with the flood of Huanghuai for many times, farmers could not survive, and peasant uprisings rose up against oppression one after another. 135 1 year, the largest Red Scarf Uprising broke out at the end of Yuan Dynasty, and Hanhe Uprising in Yingzhou. Subsequently, Guo Zixing, Chen Youliang, Zhang Shicheng and Fang Guozhen responded in succession. After more than ten years of war, Zhu Yuanzhang gradually eliminated other forces, overthrew the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, and established the Ming regime in 1368. However, the rulers of the Ming Dynasty, headed by Zhu Yuanzhang, were faced with a devastated and broken situation. Due to years of war, the land in the Central Plains, where the war was the most serious, was barren and the population dropped sharply. According to Qing Qianlong's Records of Yanshi County, as early as "five years in Zheng Zheng (1345), the Ilo River flooded, flooding thousands of people, leaving ten empty rooms", and "twenty-two years in Zheng Zheng (1362), there was a drought in Luoyang, Yanshi and Jinmeng, and the people ate each other". Natural and man-made disasters have come together, leading to "no roads, no people" in Henan, Hebei, Shandong and northern Anhui (Volume 29 of Records). During this period, Shanxi, which is relatively far away from the war zone, was a different scene, with good weather and good harvest every year. The society is relatively stable and the economy is relatively prosperous, so the contradiction between population prosperity and narrow land and dense population is gradually emerging. In view of this situation, to resume production and develop the economy as soon as possible, we must first solve the contradiction between labor and land. Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of Ming Dynasty, decisively started large-scale immigration from the early years of Hongwu, and Shanxi was designated as the most important place for immigrants to move out. "People from 51 counties in five prefectures (Fen, Liao, Pu, Lu and Qin) evacuated from Shanxi provinces (Pingyang and Taiyuan) were sent to Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu and Hubei", which made the production develop. However, the good times did not last long, and then the "Battle of Jingnan" took place. The war lasted for four years, and the world was destroyed to a greater extent than in Ming Taizu's time. The result is "the Central Plains is barren" (Shi Ming Stone), which once again aggravated the desolate situation of the Central Plains. Therefore, the Ming emperor Judy had to continue to emigrate in large numbers to supplement the sparsely populated areas. Therefore, the climax of immigration lasted for three generations and fifty years, which is unprecedented in the history of our country. The fact of emigration in the early Ming Dynasty is recorded in History of Ming Dynasty, Records of Ming Dynasty, General Examination of Continued Documents, Records of Japanese Knowledge, etc. The general situation is as follows: the government has adopted a policy of encouraging and rewarding immigrants, and each household of the relocated people will be given 220 pieces of silver ingots as resettlement fees, so that they can buy cattle, seeds and build houses. And exempt from hard labor for three to five years. Then, why does the big pagoda tree in Hongdong have the greatest influence on Shanxi immigrants? This is because Shanxi is densely populated and is the first place to be popularized in southern Shanxi. Hongtong County is located at the northern end of Linfen Basin in the south of Shanxi. Located in the north-south traffic throat, Youyan in the north, Qilu in the east and Qin Shu and Helong in Nantong in the west, Pingyang is the most densely populated county in southern Shanxi. Although the immigrants in Ming Dynasty did not move to Hongdong specifically, it is natural to pay attention to them. Hongtong County was the kingdom of Yanghou in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which was set up in Qin and Han Dynasties and changed to Hongtong County in the Sui Dynasty. There is a park-style building in the west of Jia Cun, the northern suburb of the county. According to (Hongtong County Records), in the Ming Dynasty, this was Guangji Temple, which was built in the second year of Tang Zhenguan. This temple is magnificent, with a tall hall and many monks and pilgrims. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, there has been a spacious post station in the house, and post officials have been stationed to handle business. Next to Guangji Temple, there is a tree with "several locust trees and a few acres of shade", and the Yangguan ancient road passes under the tree. To this end, the Ming government set up bureaus in Guangji Temple, Dahuaishu and other places to concentrate immigrants, arrange teams, and send people to "take Sichuan as the capital". At the end of Yuan Dynasty, due to natural and man-made disasters, most areas in Henan were sparsely populated and uninhabited, and the Central Plains was an important base of the Ming government, so Henan was bound to become the focus of immigration. According to incomplete statistics, there are immigrants in 63 counties in Henan Province. According to the relevant historical documents in China, "Zhang De (now Anyang), Huai Qing (now Qinyang), Guide (now Shangqiu), Henan (now Luoyang), Runing (now Runan) and Nanyang (now Nanyang) are the most common people who migrated from Shanxi to Henan." In Henan Province, where Luoyang is located, it is recorded that there are many Shanxi immigrants from Yongning (Luoning County), Jin Meng, Yanshi and Luoyang County. According to some genealogies and inscriptions, the history of the emigrants is recorded. From the time point of view, most of them moved here during Hongwu and Yongle years. Although there are no records of some village clans, they all know that they come from Sophora japonica in Hongtong County, Shanxi Province. According to Tongzhi of Henan in Tonghua of Ming Dynasty, there were 8284 1 person in Luoyang County in the early Ming Dynasty, 83 124 in Yongle Decade (14 12) and 85/kloc in Chenghua Eighteen Years (1482). According to the Records of Yanshi County, the twenty-four years of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (139 1 year), there were 396 1 household, 29 125 people in the county, and the ten years of Yongle (14 12 years). These are the figures after immigration. Some of the genealogies and stone tablets we have seen are as follows: In October of the 23rd year of Daoguang, Youdian Village, Hua Shan Township, Yanshi County continued to write (Hua's genealogy), which read: "My family lives in Mangshan, and Hongwu migrated from Shanxi six years ago, and it has been more than 400 years since. ..... Kao Ming Shi. Liu Zhong, the head of the household department of Hongwu Dynasty, went to the countryside, and people in ancient narrow townships moved to Kuanxiang, where there was no land profit and no unemployment. According to him, he once moved to Shanxi Ze and Lu Min, Hebei Province, and moved to western Zhejiang and Shanxi Min, Chu Prefecture many times ... Then he came to suppress the slippery family, which is undoubtedly the early Ming Dynasty! " There is a tablet in the old tomb of Xihua in Youdian Village: "I moved here from Hong Tong (cave dwelling). Yanshi Koudian Han Zhai Zhao Jiapu. Quotation: "I moved from Hongdong County, Pingyang Prefecture, Shanxi Province to Sunhezhuang, Wuli in the southeast of Luoyang County, Henan Province, and later changed my name to Yang Peitun." "Han Zhai (Tombstone of Daming Zhanggong Old Man)" says: "The old man is the ancestor of Zhang, and his ancestral home is Nanhe Village, Zhangzi County, Shanxi Province. Because of the national disaster and chaos, I went to Yanshi County with my mother. " Luoyang's "Wang's Ancestral Monument" contains: "In the first year of Hongwu, the pagoda tree in Hongdong County, Shanxi Province was moved to Tianhualing in Luoyang North Kiln, Henan Province ... In the middle of Ming Dynasty, it was moved from Luoyang North Kiln to Gaoyazhai, Luoyang." Qing Daoguang's Preface to the Wang Family Tree in Yanshi County wrote: "My Wang family lived at the foot of Mangshan Mountain on the north bank of Luohe, and it has been more than 400 years since the beginning of Ming Dynasty." Both the Preface to Wang Family's Genealogy and the Inscription on the Ancestor of Hua Shan Township Official Kiln record: "The ancestor was afraid of nobles, and he was originally from Dawangzhuang, Yangcheng County, Shanxi Province. He moved to Yan in the early years of Ming Hongwu, and it has been more than 600 years." In the thirty-fourth year of Qingganlong in Chengguan village of Yiyang County (1769), the inscription on "Creation and Repair of Gu's Ancestral Temple" reads: "In the early Ming Dynasty, Gu moved from Hongdong, Shanxi Province to Shouanzuo, Yiyang County, and it has been more than 400 years. "According to the Pei family tree of Yiyang, its ancestors moved from Wenxi, Shanxi in the second year of Ming Hongwu. At that time, Mr. and Mrs. Pei Cheng, with their five sons, have now multiplied to more than 2,700 people, distributed in Coke Bay, Yanggeta, Youkou, Yanzhan and other places in Sanxiang. The genealogy of the Xu family in Yiyang shows that our ancestors moved from Shanxi to Yuquan in Yiyang in the seventh year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, and they have multiplied to 19 generation. The genealogy of Wang in Lianzhuang, Yiyang shows that the ancestor of Wang moved in from Xiaolizhuang, Xiayi, Shanxi in the early Ming Dynasty. At the beginning, there were only four mothers and children, but now it has doubled to 1927, distributed in Lianzhuang, Zhangwu, Hancheng, Yanzhan, Shiling, Zhaobao and other towns in Yiyang County. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Bangrui, the minister of the Ministry of War, was a famous supporter of the Wangs. Dong Zhaobao (Zhang Zuming) contains: ancestor You Lianggong, a native of Bazheng Village, Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, moved to Dong Zhaobao in Yiyang, Henan Province during the reign of Ming Yongle. Chen's genealogy in Xin 'an County shows that our ancestors moved from Puban in Xin 'an County, Henan Province to Cuoxing Village in the Ming Dynasty. Over the past 600 years, the population has multiplied and migrated, and now it is distributed in Yiyang, Xin 'an, Jiyuan, Mianchi, Jin Meng, Luoyang, Songxian and Lushi. Judging from the data listed above, there were many Shanxi immigrants in Luoyang in the early Ming Dynasty, which shows that it is an indisputable fact that there were concentrated immigrants in Sophora japonica, but how many people there are cannot be verified, which needs further investigation and verification. Maybe some of them moved from Shanxi, but it is generally believed that they are descendants of immigrants from Sophora japonica. After immigrants move into their new homes, most of them plant locust trees in the yard or at the door of their new homes to pin their thoughts on their hometown. In a word, the large-scale migration of population in the early Ming Dynasty objectively eased the contradiction between land and population, mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production, gradually resumed production and gradually stabilized social order. So the relocation policy should be said to be a successful policy. There are many legends and stories about the migration of Sophora japonica to the people at that time, among which the origin of "restoring little toenails", "walking with hands behind your back" and "relieving yourself" is the most vivid. "Who is the ancient locust who moved here? Take off your little toe and check the shape of your nails. " It is said that all the people who moved from Hongdong have a crack in their little toenails, which seems to be two little toes. According to the explanation, in order to implement the policy of immigrants farming, the government has also implemented preferential policies, such as giving Sichuan-funded travel expenses and settling-in expenses. However, people are reluctant to leave their homes. Who doesn't want to go home and go all the way to a foreign land? Therefore, the Ming government widely posted notices before moving people, deceiving the people, saying that "those who do not want to move under the big locust tree must arrive within three days." Those who are willing to move can wait at home. "After people heard the news, people from Jinnan, Southeast Shanxi and Jinzhong came. On the third day, hundreds of people gathered around the big pagoda tree. They got married and had children, and secretly prayed to the gods for peace. Suddenly, a large group of officers and men surrounded the unarmed people under the big locust tree. A big official, surrounded by officers and men, announced: "Emperor Daming ordered that all those who came under the big locust tree should be removed." The order came as a bolt from the blue, and they realized that they had been cheated. People were crying, cursing and calling their parents. There was chaos. But to no avail. Then, the officers and men forced people to register and send them photos. Every time you register, let the relocated households take off their shoes and mark each little toe with a knife to prevent them from running away. So far, the toenails of the descendants of immigrants are complicated, which is said to be because they have been cut. When escorting the relocated households, in order to prevent them from escaping, the relocated households are tied with ropes and connected with a long rope. People turn around step by step, and adults tell their children, "This is our hometown, this is our hometown. "Because the immigrant's arm was tied for a long time, his arm gradually became numb, and he got used to it over time. In the future, most immigrants like to walk with their hands behind their backs, and their descendants have followed this habit. During the escort, because of the long distance, people often have to pee on the road. At this time, they had to beg the officers and men: "Sir, please be convenient, I have to pee. "As the number of times increases, this verbal request tends to be simplified. Just say, sir, I want to stop. In the future, "relieving oneself" became synonymous with defecation.