1 146, Anbahai Khan, the leader of the Mongolian Ministry, was crucified on a donkey by Jin Xizong in the name of "punishing rebellion". Mongolian tribal alliance has organized many resistance struggles, and their ancestors have paid blood and lives for it. Born in this social environment, Temujin naturally took defeating Xu Jin as his main goal in life.
He has always kept this hatred in mind. It is this generation of resentments that led to the long-term campaign inside and outside the grassland. Temujin's mother, Mrs. Hoelun, was born in Hongjila Department and married a beggar, Chilie. 1 16 1 In autumn, the leader of the Mongolian begging department should also hunt by the Wonan River as soon as possible, and found Hoelun passing by the Mongolian headquarters. With the help of several brothers, according to the tradition of "robbing relatives" at that time, he defeated beggars in Meiere and robbed Mrs. Hoelun, so Hoelun became Su Ye's wife.
The next year, when it was time to capture Tatar leader Temujin Wu Ge alive, the first son was born. To celebrate the victory of the war, it's time to name his newborn son Temujin. When Temujin was 9 years old, his father was poisoned by Temujin's son Zagreb Wu Ge. Shortly after his death, my son Khan Sun Taiji Tower suddenly took the opportunity to make waves, inciting Mongols to abandon Temujin's mother and son, so that his family suddenly fell into the abyss of suffering as a tribal leader. When Temujin 18 years old, the Tuotuo minister of the former enemy's begging department stole his wife again. Temujin fought against the beggars' department in Meiere and defeated the beggars in Meiere. Around 1 184, Temujin was elected as Mongolian Khan.
Temujin claimed that Khan aroused the envy of ambitious Jamukha, and Jamukha launched the "Thirteen Wings War" against Temujin in conjunction with Tatar, Taiji Uighur and other departments 13. This was the only defeat in more than 60 wars Temujin experienced in his life. With the growth of strength, Temujin began to take revenge on the enemy who killed his parents. Defeat beggars, kill their leaders and hand over Muqali and his son. After Muqali became Temujin's first star, he was named a surname king, leaving him alone in charge of the Central Plains.
Fearing the rise of Temujin, the nobles on the grassland elected Jamukha as the "ancient Khan", that is, the sweat of many people, and vowed to be the enemy of Temujin. They formed a 12 coalition and launched the Kuyitian campaign against Temujin and Kelie. The mob led by Jamukha couldn't stand the fierce attack of King Temujin Khan's allied forces, and fell apart in less than a day, and Jamukha surrendered to King Khan. Then Temujin attacked the Tata Department, its leader Zagreb committed suicide by taking poison, and another leader of the Tata Department refused to surrender. Temujin pursued the Taiji Uighur Department, and was shot in the neck by the Taiji Uighur Department in the command battle, and his life was dying. Early the next morning, Taiji Uighurs surrendered to Temujin.
The downfall of Taiji Uighur Department eliminated the great obstacle for Temujin to further unify Mongolian ministries, and several of its ministries, such as archer Zhe Bie and Naya, became Temujin's right-hand man to conquer the world. Later, they were the people who went on an expedition to Western Liao to destroy Qu Chulu. In the first Western Expedition, Zhe Bie and Su Butai played the most special roles. They pursued the Sultan at the end of Maha, captured the Queen Mother Turhan alive and defeated Archduke Roskiff.
1in the autumn of 202, Temujin concentrated his forces and wiped out the old enemy Tatar. 1In the autumn of 2003, Temujin captured the gold account of Wang Han, who had been fighting with him all the time, and Wang Han and his son were defeated. 1204, Temujin conquered Naiman.
Wang Han wanted to go to Naiman's department alone, and was killed by a border general as a spy at Naiman's border. His son Sang Kun died in a foreign land.
The powerful Kelie Department was destroyed, and Temujin occupied Hulunbeier grassland, the eastern grassland with abundant water and grass. Only Naiman's department stayed in the Mongolian grassland and had the strength to fight Temujin. The nobles who lost to Temujin gathered in Naiman Khan's court, trying to regain their lost cattle, sheep and pasture with the support of Sun Khan. However, prairie people don't want the situation of the tribe to repeat itself, and "Sun Khan" without war is also vulnerable. After the Battle of Hu Na Cliff, Naiman was completely wiped out by it. 1in the spring of 2006, Mongolian aristocrats held a meeting at the south source of the river (now the Nen River), and the king and ministers addressed Temujin as "Genghis Khan". However, before the end of Qing Dynasty, there was no record of Genghis Khan in the literary history of China in the Yuan, Ming and mid-Qing Dynasties, and Wang was recorded as "Emperor Genghis Khan" in yuan dynasty history. At the same time, the Southern Song Dynasty's "A Brief Account of the Black Tatar" compiled by Peng Daya was also recorded as Ji Si Di ("the first name of Bo Di, posthumous title" Cheng Ji Si Di "), and Peng was the messenger of the Southern Song Dynasty who sent Mongolia to contact and attack the rulers. In the Yuan Dynasty, Li Zhichang's "Journey to the West in Changchun Volume I" was also recorded as "Zhao Yue Cheng Keith, Emperor, and Qiu Shi". 1998, the silver-plated inscription "Imperial edict of Yanshan Mountain" in Yuan Dynasty was also written as "God-given, imperial edict of Chengji Temple, illness". Western historical records were recorded as Genghis Khan, which was introduced to China, leading to the use of both or Genghis Khan's records in China's literary and historical classics (such as Hai Guo Zhi, Mongolian Historical Records, Mongolian Historical Records, New Yuan History, etc.). ) Since the late Qing Dynasty. Officially ascended the throne and became the Mongolian emperor (Great Khan of the Mongolian Empire), which was the beginning of the Mongolian Empire. Subsequently, the Genghis Khan Code was promulgated, which was the first set of widely used written codes in the world, and established a set of Mongolian aristocratic and political systems based on aristocratic democracy.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Genghis Khan became more and more powerful, implementing the system of thousands of households and establishing the Guards. Started to launch a large-scale foreign conquest war. In the war with Xixia for more than 20 years, he repeatedly created the main force of Xixia army, forcing Xixia king to beg for mercy and surrender, and swept away the northwest barrier of the Jin Dynasty's smooth attack on the south. In six years, he led a great army to cut gold and began the Mongolian-Gold War for 24 years. Wushabao (now northwest of Zhangbei, Hebei) won the first battle; Then hit Yehuling (now the northwest of Wanquan, Hebei Province) and Huihe Fort (now the southeast of Huai 'an) and annihilate a large number of elite 8 Jin Army; He also attacked Huailai (now Hebei) and Gashan (now Yanqing, Beijing) and defeated more than 100,000 Jin Jun; In Tokyo (now Liaoyang, Liaoning Province), Xijing (now Datong, Shanxi Province), Juyongguan and other places hit the Jin Army hard. After that, the tactics were constantly changed, and the soldiers attacked the hinterland of the Central Plains and western Liaoning in three ways.
In March of the ninth year of Genghis Khan (12 14), most soldiers gathered at the city gate (now Beijing). At that time, it was difficult to capture the city, so they sent messengers to make peace, forcing the rulers to dedicate Qi Country Princess, gold silks and horses and lead the troops out of Juyongguan. In June, under the pretext of "breaking the contract" when the Jin Dynasty moved its capital to Nanjing (now Kaifeng, Henan), it took advantage of the fluctuation of the Jin people's hearts and the mutiny of the army to send troops to Badou, graphite Ming 'an and other places to meet Mongolia (commonly known as the conquered northern tribe in the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties) and attack the city to help surrender. In order to meet the needs of siege, Genghis Khan adopted the strategy of building the Ministry, gradually establishing artillery units, and siege was based on artillery stones. Later, when attacking the city, hundreds of guns were used at a time, and the city was quickly broken. At the same time, in order to absorb the advanced technology of all ethnic groups, craftsmen and artists were searched everywhere, and tens of thousands were searched in one city. Later, a craftsman's army was built, and a factory was set up to smelt iron as a weapon. Create an "arrow speed ride" in communication, travel hundreds of miles a day, and speed up the transmission of military orders and military dispatch. He is good at playing the role of cavalry and is known as the "Mongolian whirlwind".
In the 12th year of Genghis Khan (12 17), Genghis Khan appointed Muqali as a captain and king, commanded the Jin people to attack, and returned to Mongolia to prepare for the Western Expedition.
In the 13th year of Genghis Khan, Zhe Bie, a pioneer general, was sent to wipe out the forces of Western Liao and Qu Chulv and clear the way for the Western Expedition.
Genghis Khan was in power 14 years, and led an army of about 200,000 people. For the purpose of military expansion and plunder, he marched westward on the grounds of killing Mongolian businessmen and envoys in the western regions. In a few years, Ortera (the middle reaches of the Syr Darya River), Bukhara and Samarkand were successively conquered. Zhe Bie and Subutai were sent to hunt down Mahamo, King of Walamoz, and were forced to flee to an island in the Kuantian Keith Sea (now Caspian Sea) (later died of illness). Then ordered Zhe Bie, northern Jiangsu to continue westward, as far as the Crimean peninsula; He led the army to pursue Zalandin, the son of Maha, to Shenhe (Indus River).
In the 19th year of Genghis Khan, Banshi returned to Mobei.
Twenty-one years, the rate of 654.38+ ten thousand troops annihilated the main force of Xixia Army (Xixia perished the following year). Genghis Khan tried to concentrate on attacking gold. On July 22 12 (1August 25, 227), he died in Xiaqingshui County (now Gansu Province) of Liupanshan at the age of 66. Last wish: Take advantage of the feud between Song and Jin, borrow the territory of Song, and unite Song to destroy Jin. His sons, Wokuotai and Tuo Lei, followed this policy and lost gold in Wokuotai for six years (1234). The army is the main component of state power. Where there are soldiers, there is strength, and when there are strong soldiers, the country is solid. This is especially true in the historical stage of conquering wars as a profession. Therefore, after Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian grassland, the first thing he did was to seal the hero and the imperial clan, further improve and institutionalize the thousand-household system that had been implemented in the war, create a thousand-household system that integrated military and political affairs, and successively appointed a number of thousand-household officials, thousand-household officials and imperial clan kings, and established a military and political organization that was subordinate at all levels, flexible in command, easy to govern, and capable of fighting well. Genghis Khan organized 95,000 households in the occupied area, and ruled separately by heroes and nobles.
Historical Records and Secret History of Mongolia list names, origins, major experiences and the composition of thousands of households, among which 78 were heroes, and 3 Xu * * * owned 10 thousand households, so only 88 people were actually enfeoffed at that time, that is, Mongolia. The establishment of the household system marks the final disintegration of the tribal and clan systems. This is a military, political and economic trinity system, and it is the most important link in the ruling system of the Mongolian khanate. Yan Na, who made special contributions, was also granted various privileges. Yan Naban is the pillar of Genghis Khan's "golden family" that ruled the Mongolian people. In fact, it defeated the original slave owners and clan nobles through war, and re-cultivated a new class of slave owners, mainly Genghis Khan's golden family, supplemented by heroes at all levels.
After Genghis Khan enfeoffed thousands of households, he immediately set out to expand the China Guards. Because the fear of Xue Jun is divided into four classes, and it takes turns to enter the value, so it is customarily called the four fears of Xue Jun. Among them, the guards said they were afraid of Xue, and even some numbers were afraid of Xue Dan. The guards who are performing tasks are called afraid of learning, and those who are engaged in court service are called afraid of learning deacons. Fear of learning is selected from the sons of thousands of officials, thousands of officials, hundreds of officials, ten officials and freemen. It can be seen that Genghis Khan attaches great importance to ensuring the reliability of this team. According to Genghis Khan, there are three main duties of the snow-fearing army: one is to guard Khan's golden account; The second is to "be a soldier in wartime" and act as a combat force under Khan's personal command; The third is to be in charge of various affairs of Hanting. Therefore, it can be said that the snow-fearing army established by Genghis Khan is not only a standing armed force directly controlled by Khan, but also an administrative agency in charge of the daily affairs of the central government. It has developed into a huge ruling institution in the center of the Mongolian khanate. Genghis Khan gave them a superior position: people who are afraid of learning have a higher position than thousands of officials outside; The followers of those who are afraid of learning are above 100 officials and below 10 officials. Genghis Khan's establishment of such a powerful armed force is very necessary to safeguard Khan's power, consolidate the newly unified country, and prevent the resurrection of clan nobles and the recurrence of civil war. Of course, it is also a powerful tool for Genghis Khan's foreign conquest war. Hailan, a model of Hualazi, in Ortera, killed 499 peace merchants in the Mongolian khanate, and his king Maha arbitrarily killed the envoy sent by Genghis Khan to negotiate.
This became the fuse of Genghis Khan's western expedition.
How to treat Genghis Khan's expedition to the west has always been controversial. Mongols are a people on horseback. They were born, grew up and even died on horseback. Genghis Khan immediately became emperor. He unified the Mongolian grassland with one sword, captured Zhongdu of the Jin Dynasty, took horseshoe as his own territory, plundered population and property, and managed an ideal territory for his descendants. This is indeed the real purpose of Genghis Khan's western expedition. Before departure, scholars of Genghis Khan argued about the origin of Shu Chi and Khan's succession: whether Shu Chi was Genghis Khan's own flesh and blood was not the focus of debate at that time, but who succeeded Khan. Whether the cause can be carried forward is the starting point of Genghis Khan's consideration. In this conflict, Genghis Khan identified the third son Wokuotai as Khan's successor, mainly from the aspects of political stability and personal talent. At the same time, it shows that the inheritance system of Mongolian Khan did not implement the eldest son inheritance system at that time, but retained some traces of the recommendation system at the end of primitive society: the heirs were selected from the "sages" of the youngest son and finally confirmed by the Curry Thai Association. It was this system of succession of Khan that led to the struggle for the throne of the Mongolian royal family after Genghis Khan's death.
Shu Chi is the eldest son. At that time, the debate about whether he was Genghis Khan's own son made Genghis Khan not want Shu Chi to inherit the Khan's position, which led to killing each other. Cha Hetai is the second son of Kyle Polo Tiesheng. He was a warrior in the war and had an indomitable character. But he was reckless, aggressive and cruel, and Genghis Khan knew that he was not the material to inherit his career. Wokuotai is the third child, and he is not as good as his two brothers in both meritorious service and bravery. But he is smarter than his two brothers, can observe Genghis Khan's mind, is also easy-going, does not participate in the fighting between brothers, and never shows the enthusiasm of inheriting Khan. It was this that won him the trust of Genghis Khan and passed on his sweat. Genghis Khan adopted the strategy of "clearing the border and breaking the middle" in the Qing Dynasty. Samarkand, the new capital of Huala Mozi, is in the east of Huala, and Yulong Jiechi, the old capital, is in the northwest of Huala. The king lives in Xindu and his mother is bald, which is rare in the old days. The goal of Genghis Khan's first battle was to capture Ortera and other border cities, and at the same time, he led China's army to attack for nothing. The purpose is to avoid reality and make a breakthrough in the middle, and cut off the connection between the old and new capitals of Hua La Zi Mo, so that it can't take care of each other from beginning to end. The fiercest place of this war was Ortera City, and Haier Khan was finally captured alive. Genghis Khan melted the silver liquid and poured it into his eyes in order to avenge the caravan and envoys who were killed.
The death of King Maha was quite severe at that time, and the Sultan Maha was called the conqueror of the world. The Middle East and neighboring European countries are very afraid of him, and even many Volos principalities are often harassed by them, so that Volos people are often auctioned in the market of Hualamo. Maha, arrogant. Apart from his fear of his mother, he turned a blind eye to the Xiliao people and Naiman people. At first, he knew little about Mongols. Heirhan, the younger brother of the Empress Dowager, was greedy for money and killed the Mongolian caravan. He didn't approve, and he didn't know, but because the empress dowager supported her uncle, she had to treat the Mongolian mission with a tough attitude. At that time, he really believed that it was a group of barbaric pagans riding horses as short as rabbits, and they were simply vulnerable. When he first met a small group of Mongolian troops led by Zhe Bie at the border of western Liaoning, he realized the fighting capacity of the Mongols.
In the face of the attack of Mongolian army, King Maha refused the suggestion of concentrating his forces on a decisive battle, divided his forces and fought, resulting in passive beatings. When the Mongolian army approached, he gave up the capital and the natural barrier and led the masses to escape, never organizing a decent resistance. According to Genghis Khan's orders, Mongolian famous soldiers Zhe Bie and Subutai led the army to pursue Maha. Genghis Khan asked them to bite their prey like hunting dogs, and even if they hid in deep mountains and islands, they should catch up like lightning. Queen Baldhan, who was hiding in the mountains, was forced to surrender, and Maha, who fled to the island, also died tragically.
After the death of Maha, Zhe Bie and Subutai marched northward and entered the Qincha grassland and Voros area. Due to the differences between Shu Chi and Chahetai, Yu Longjie could not attack for a long time. Genghis Khan appointed Wokuotai as the frontline commander and finally captured Chicheng in Yulong. The mighty flower thorn submodule was completely annihilated, the Qincha cavalry and the Voros kingdom were also defeated, and the ancient Indian River and the Volga River became the battlefields for fierce competition. Prince Zalandin of Vara led the remnants to resist and wiped out nearly 30,000 Mongolian soldiers in one fell swoop in the Battle of Baluwan. However, the general trend of the flower thorn submodule has gone, and Zalandin was besieged by Genghis Khan on the Shenhe River, and finally broke through and fled to India. On the way back to the army, the real person in Changchun met the real person in Changchun-Genghis Khan on the way back to the army in the Western Expedition, and met the real person in Changchun-Qiu Chuji, the founder of Quanzhen Taoism in northern China, which Japanese scholars called a breeze in the Western Expedition. Qiu Chuji was the master of Quanzhen Dragon Sect of Taoism, and Genghis Khan treated him like a teacher and friend. Qiu Chuji and Genghis Khan didn't meet for a long time, but they played an important role in Genghis Khan's life, which greatly changed his personality.
Qiu Chuji made it clear to him that people can't live forever, they can only preserve their health. He also told him a way to govern the country and advised him not to kill innocent people in quietism. 1in the autumn of 225, Genghis Khan returned to Mongolian grassland after seven years of western expedition. Muqali, commander-in-chief of Xixia, swallowed their anger and died. Genghis Khan insisted on personal expedition to Xixia regardless of his 64-year-old age. I was injured in hunting on the way and had a high fever, but I still didn't retreat. King Xixia was forced to send an envoy to surrender.
Genghis Khan was critically ill and recuperated in Liupanshan, leaving three famous wills. Genghis Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, died on July 12th (1August 25th, 227) in Qingshui County near Liupanshan.
Although he failed to destroy Xixia in his lifetime, he left a general plan to destroy Xia and Jin for future generations. In October of the second year of Zhiyuan (1265), Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan honored Genghis Khan as Yuan Taizu.
In October of the third year of Zhiyuan (1266), the ancestral temple was built to honor its name. Yuan Shizu posthumously awarded Genghis Khan as Emperor of Wu Sheng.
In December of sophomore year (1309), Wuyingzong Haishan was named Emperor Taizu. From then on, posthumous title of Genghis Khan was the emperor of Shengwu.