Sui Dynasty and Qin Dynasty are the most similar unified dynasties in the history of China. They both drove nomadic people to the north, ended hundreds of years of troubled times, unified the whole country, and created a series of systems, which influenced China for thousands of years, but they all collapsed rapidly in just two or three decades. The achievements of the founding emperor Sui Gaozu and Wendi Sui Wendi in the Sui Dynasty can be said to be contemporary and beneficial to the future, and their achievements can be compared with those of Qin Shihuang.
Create three provinces and six Cao systems. After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abolished the official title system set up in the Northern Zhou Dynasty after Zhou Li, and established an administrative system with three provinces and six Cao systems (later changed to three provinces and six departments) as the main body. Among them, three provinces refer to Shangshu, Menxia and Civil History, and six departments refer to officials, ceremonies, soldiers, officials (later renamed the Ministry of Civil Affairs), officials (later renamed the Ministry of Punishment) and workers. The decision-maker is a province of internal history, which the chief calls the order of internal history; The reviewer is a province under the door, and the officer said that he ran away; The institutions that handle daily government affairs are Shangshu Province, Shangshuling, Left and Right Servants, and there are six departments, namely, officials, leaders, soldiers, officials and workers. The chief officer called each department Shangshu. The governors of the three provinces are all in the same position, and the three divisions and three divisions also participate in state affairs and are also prime ministers. The three provinces contained each other and were responsible to the emperor, thus expanding the ranks of prime ministers and strengthening centralization.
The system of three provinces and six departments can be said to be a powerful administrative guarantee in Sui and Tang Dynasties, which was inherited and reformed by later generations. In the Five Dynasties, the system of three provinces and six departments continued; In the Song Dynasty, the three provinces system was weakened, and the establishment of the Privy Council and the Third Division led to the existence of the three provinces system in name only; In the yuan dynasty, the book was administered by the provincial officials, while the other two provinces were sometimes set up and sometimes abolished; In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the prime minister, abolished the province of Chinese books, promoted the status of six departments and implemented the six-department system; The Qing dynasty followed the system of the Ming dynasty. It can be said that the system of three provinces and six departments founded by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty has influenced the administrative system of China for more than a thousand years. Although the three provinces existed for a short time, the six were used until the demise of the Qing Dynasty.
The economic policy of storing wealth for the people. The prosperous emperors of all dynasties took measures to preserve health and wealth for the people, among which Emperor Wen and Emperor Taizong were the most important. The governance of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty doubled the registered permanent residence of Sui Dynasty in 20 years, and its achievements far exceeded those of other emperors. This is not only a factor to improve productivity, but also the reason why Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty created Yicang and implemented a thin tax policy.
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty adopted Chang's suggestion in the third year of opening, and established granaries for the first time in Shaanxi and China, and expanded the scope of granaries. Finally, in the sixteenth year of opening, the management system of granaries was clarified again, and a national grain reserve system was established. This system not only helped the Sui Dynasty overcome frequent droughts and floods, but also avoided the phenomenon of large-scale lack of food and even eating people, and also enabled the people of the Sui Dynasty to retain and accumulate wealth. Different from continuous liquidation, warehouse is a permanent system, which was continued by successive dynasties. Now the national purchasing and storage system is also deeply influenced by the warehouse system. It can be said that the establishment of the Yicang system has benefited countless people in later generations, and it is a virtue left by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty that spans 1000 years!
Besides, Emperor Wendi's famous saying that "it is better to hide in treasure than to accumulate in the people" is really shocking. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty has always implemented the policy of persuading farmers to teach mulberry and light taxes, and he was extremely frugal, reducing the labor of the whole country many times, which made the Sui Dynasty realize rapid prosperity. Therefore, when Wendi accidentally learned that the national treasury could not accommodate taxes in the twelfth year of Emperor Huang, he said, "It is better to hide it in the people than in the treasury." At the same time, it was ordered to exempt one-third of the land rent and half of the military service in Hebei and Hedong this year, and to exempt all taxes and fees (family output).
Establish the imperial examination system. Although the origin of this imperial examination system is controversial, Emperor Wen of Sui did carry out reforms. In the seventh year of Huang Kai, Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty ordered all the states in the country to recommend three talents to take the examinations of Xiucai and Mingjing every year. In the eighteenth year of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, more than five Beijing officials, the General Staff and the Secretariat were summoned to make great efforts to cultivate incorruptibility, calm down and help two imperial examiners. This should be the original source of the imperial examination system, which only selects talents on the basis of ability in a small scale, regardless of birth and family background. China's imperial examination system lasted for more than 1000 years, and was officially abolished by the Qing Dynasty until 1905, but our college entrance examination is a continuation of the essence of this system.
Take the Turks in the north as an example. After Rouran, the Turks rose and became the scourge of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty, and took advantage of the opposition between the two countries to seize a lot of gold and silver treasures. After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty planned to destroy the Chen Dynasty first and realize the unification of the world. But the Turks insisted on a large-scale invasion and had to change their strategy and take the Turks as the primary target. At this time, Sun Sheng, the eldest grandson, rose in time because he knew the Turkic nobles well and was familiar with the inside story of the Turks, and put forward the strategy of "making friends far away and attacking near, keeping strong and weak" to Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty.
During the four years from the first year of Emperor Wendi to the fourth year of Emperor Wendi, two wars against Turkic not only shattered the attack of Turkic, but also led to the division of Turkic into East Turkic and West Turkic. With the help of the Sui Dynasty, Shapiro Khan of the East Turkic was able to gain a foothold, and finally made peace with Sui, claiming to be a vassal, praising Emperor Wendi of Sui as "there are no two kings in heaven, no two kings in earth, the great Sui emperor and the true emperor" to show his obedience. Especially in the First World War, 2,000 people led by General Xi Chang Ru of the Sui Dynasty suffered a fierce battle of more than 100,000 Turks for three days, and fought 14 times, killing more than 10,000 Turks, leaving only 400 to 500 people, which showed the bravery of the soldiers of the Sui Dynasty.
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty destroyed the Chen Dynasty and unified China. In the 19th year of Huang Kai, Emperor Wen of Sui ordered Su Yang, Gao Jiong and Yan Rong to attack the Turks. In Lingzhou, Su Yang gave up the mode of mixed operation of car, riding and infantry, and defeated the Turks with cavalry of Sui Dynasty. On the other hand, Gao Jiong also defeated Duran Khan, causing him to be killed by his men. After this war, Tugu Hunhan was brought to Chang 'an by Sheng Design, and was named by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty. Later, relying on the strength of the Sui Dynasty, Qimin Khan gave Wendi the title of "Saint Mo Yuan Khan", saying that "from under the sky, above the earth, the sun and the moon shine, and only saints can Khan. Today is a great day, and may the sage Khan live like today forever ",which has become a sample of the source of Li Shimin's honorific title" Tiankhan ". Wendi defeated the Turks again in his later years, and the border of Sui Dynasty was peaceful for more than ten years.
Destroy Chen, unify the whole country. The chaos of the Eight Kings in the Western Jin Dynasty led to the chaos of the Five Dynasties, and the land of China immediately fell into a situation of opposition between the northern minority regime (only the former Qin Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the north) and the southern Han regime (the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Song Dynasty, the Qi Dynasty, the Liang Dynasty and the Chen Dynasty), which lasted for 260 years. Many times, the southern regime is not only defeated by the northern regime, but also in a passive defense state. It is also self-indulgence, often talking about metaphysics and indulging in Buddhism. During the period of Liang Wudi, it was abandoned by Hou Jing rebellion and ushered in the weakest Chen dynasty. Although the northern regime is a minority and chaotic, it has a high degree of recognition of Chinese civilization, so that after Chen Qingzhi fled from the north, he gave special courtesy to northern officials, thinking that "all well-dressed people are in the Central Plains", and the northern regime gradually gained the capital to unify the world. After the establishment of the Chen Dynasty by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, under the rule of Chen Houzhu, the Chen Dynasty quickly showed the phase of national subjugation.
Emperor Wendi wanted to destroy the Chen dynasty first, and then deal with the Turks, but he was interrupted by the massive invasion of Turks, and realized that Turks were the biggest obstacle to unifying the world, which made the Chen dynasty survive for several years. However, Emperor Wendi of Sui still followed Gao Jiong's suggestion: sending spies to the south of the Yangtze River to set fire to the grain and savings in the south according to the characteristics of the southern wooden houses; When Chen Chao was busy with farming, he stationed troops on the border, which scared Chen Chao to defend himself, so that he had no time to harvest food. A few years later, after eliminating the threat of Turks, the Chen Dynasty showed signs of weakness and poverty. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty appointed Yang Guang, the king of Jin, as the head coach, commanding 500,000 troops, and Gao Jiong, Han Qinhu, He Ruobi, Su Yang and others as generals. World War I wiped out the Chen Dynasty, ending the situation of partition between the north and the south.
There are three long periods in the history of China, namely, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Eastern Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Apart from Song Taizu's failure to unify China, Qin Shihuang and Sui Wendi both succeeded in unifying China, and they both made pioneering personal achievements. The emperor system initiated by Qin Shihuang and the policy of "sharing books, cars and lines" have influenced China for more than 2,000 years, while Emperor Wendi's three provinces and six departments, the imperial examination system and the Yicang system have also influenced China 1500 years. He is also a real pioneer emperor. In terms of foreign wars, Wendi's contribution to the attack on Turks was still above Qin Shihuang's attack on Huns, which laid the foundation for the elimination of Turks in the Tang Dynasty. Personally, I think the defects of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty are more serious than those of Qin Shihuang, such as killing ministers indiscriminately. In addition, after Emperor Wendi came to power, he abolished Xianbei's surname, restored Han's surname and gave books to the people all over the country, which made great contributions to the preservation and restoration of Chinese culture. At the same time, the two have one thing in common, that is, they have been deliberately ignored. But in any case, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty has made great contributions and profound virtues, and he is still an emperor worthy of being commemorated by the people of China.