Confucianism has the most profound and lasting influence on us. Although there are many pedantic things in the present theory, the thought of benevolence, righteousness and propriety is of positive significance. China people know the book response, gentle (now it seems unnecessary to praise Confucianism) and Confucianism has nothing to do.
Taoism has a long history and can be said to be a religion. Taoism regards Laozi as the founder and the founder of Laozi and Zhuangzi's Taoist thought. However, Taoism and Taoism are completely different. Taoism is not a religion, nor does it advocate establishing religion. From the perspective of Marxist philosophy, Taoism is an ancient simple materialism, which is relatively backward, because it attributes the birth of all things to the word "Tao" and thinks that Tao is the foundation of all things, which is obviously wrong, but it is much more advanced than the western belief that God created man (don't hit me for Christianity ~). Taoism also influenced China people. It's a pity that people can live in Xiu De, that is, they can get rid of suffering. It is progressive, but its inaction is a bit muddled along. As for the alchemy mentioned by my friend upstairs, it is a Taoist religious act. Most people may think it is pedantic and backward, but alchemy has a great influence on China's medicine and health. Taoism is one of the major religions in China. It was formed in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It became popular in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Zhang Daoling, one of the founders of Taoism, is called Shi Tian, so it is also called "Stone Heaven". Later it was divided into many factions. Taoism respects Laozi as the ancestor and calls Laozi "the old gentleman on the throne", and its influence can be seen in China's ancient masterpieces and martial arts, such as The Journey to the West and Wu Tangmen.
Buddhism is one of the three major religions in the world. It was founded by Prince Siddhartha, that is, Sakyamuni. I know the least about Buddhism, but fortunately I have read the biography of Sakyamuni. ) Buddhism is the education of Buddha, not the religion of worshipping Buddha. Buddhism is not a religion, not a philosophy. It is only popular convenience to say that Buddhism is a religion. In fact, it was the wisdom of Prajna that broke the troubles of ignorance and achieved Bodhi. Buddhism has spread the world culture in history. It still deeply affects us today. Buddhism originated in India, but most Indians believe in Hinduism, and even Pakistan believes in Islam. However, the influence of Buddhism on other Asian countries and even the world is beyond doubt. It is the same example: Journey to the West and Shaolin School.
As for the relationship, I really don't know how to answer you. Culture is inclusive and diverse, and all cultures will influence each other. But they are all independent aspects, so Confucianism is hard to say, because there may be no Confucianism, and most people call it Confucianism. Taoism and Buddhism are two different religions with different origins. At best, it can only be said that they are independent and influence each other.
The Contribution of Buddhism to China
In literature, the translation of Buddhist scriptures promoted the revolution of China literature, and the evolution of poetic artistic conception to literary style took on a new look in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. During the Six Dynasties, due to the translation of the Sanskrit pinyin-Huayan alphabet, the anti-tangency of China characters was enlightened, and four tones were generated from the anti-tangency, and five-character seven-character poems were improved from four tones to metrical poems. China people have always advocated reading more books. As the saying goes, "Reading thousands of books is like writing" and "Reading 300 Tang poems, you can sing without writing poems", because China is a country with no grammar at all, but in the Tang Dynasty, a large number of Indian Buddhist scriptures were translated and Indian grammar was introduced to China, such as "eight tones", which are nouns, pronouns and verbs. Another example is Wen Xin Diao Long, which is an immortal masterpiece of literary criticism in the history of China literature. However, its author Liu Xie (legal name) grew up in a Buddhist temple and became a monk in his later years, and his works were greatly suggested and encouraged by Buddhist literature (note 15). After the Tang dynasty, the style was almost realistic and smooth, but it was infected by Buddhist literature; From Sui and Tang Dynasties to Song Dynasty, the appearance of "Tanci Novel" or "Pinghua" was influenced by the "Bianwen" of Buddhism. Poems in the Tang and Song Dynasties, such as those by Bai Letian and Su Dongpo, are all due to Zen's "Fu of Ancient Times" and simple new poems written by Hanshan and Picard. Even Mr. Liang Qichao said that the first long poem of China's ancient poem "Peacock Flying Southeast" was influenced by A?vagho?a. The Zen master in the Tang Dynasty created quotations in vernacular Chinese to explain the essence of Buddhism, so there were quotations from Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties, which was entirely a study of Zen. Novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties originated from Pinghua and Quasi-Pinghua. The style of "poetry as evidence" in the novel, the form of ending in verse after prose, the use of rap in tanci, and the combination of "long line" and "ode" in Buddhist scriptures all have obvious hints. Due to the translation of Buddhist scriptures, more than 35,000 languages have been added to China.
In terms of art, the Buddhist architecture in Wei and Jin Dynasties has always influenced the architectural form of China. Although Buddhist architecture is not as practical as modern western countries, it is characterized by its artistic layout, decoration, solemnity and grandeur, which are all described in Buddhist scriptures. Another example is the stupa architecture introduced by Buddhism, which is also a step forward and opens a new milestone in the architectural history of China. After Buddhism was introduced into China, it also brought the sculpture art to China. Before that, there was no sculpture art in China. The Buddhist statues in the Tang Dynasty were very beautiful and had a very prosperous period. Decades ago, the Japanese discovered the plastic wall of the Tang Dynasty in a temple in Suzhou, and Cai Yuanpei applied to the government for preservation. Longmen in Luoyang, Yungang in Datong, those great Buddha sculptures, vast projects and exquisite skills all have the potential to soar, and they are lifelike, which are not only China's art treasure house, but also a world-wide art structure. In painting, such as the murals in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, it is also world-famous. As Mr Mo Dayuan said, "Yungang Stone Chambers, Dunhuang Stone Chambers and Longmen Stone Chambers are the three major Buddhist art exhibition halls in northern China". He also said: "Since the introduction of Buddhism in the Han Dynasty, the fine arts in China have changed from aristocratic fine arts to religious fine arts, while buildings have changed from palace towers to temple pagodas, paintings and sculptures have changed from portraits of monarch and ministers to buddhas and bodhisattvas, and their crafts have changed from utensils and costumes to religious Buddhist objects. The continuation of this art form, from the later Han Dynasty to the present ... actually occupies a very important position in the cultural history of China "(see" Buddhist Art in China "). Due to the preservation of many Buddhist stone tablets, priceless wealth has been preserved for China's calligraphy, and the handwriting of many famous artists has been spread among the people by Buddhism. Bai Fan on Fish Mountain is China music influenced by Sanskrit Buddhism. From the discovery of stone chambers in Dunhuang, we know that before Feng Dao's printing, Buddhism had a popular printed matter in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
In terms of science: before Buddhism entered the Han Dynasty, China had put forward similar ethical theories (famous theories) such as Deng, Hui Shi, Mozi and Xunzi, while China had a complete ethical theory, but it began in the Ming Dynasty after Buddhism was introduced. From the Tang Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, China used the calendar formulated by thich nhat hanh, which was based on Indian astronomy.
Philosophy and religion: When Buddhism first entered China, Taoism was very exclusive, but in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, people who spoke of Buddhism quoted Laozi and Zhuangzi, and those who spoke of Laozi and Zhuangzi also quoted Buddhist scriptures. Since then, Taoist classics have become more and more complete, based on Buddhism in many aspects, such as the concepts of hell and Yamaraja, which Taoism gladly accepted and used. Before the future of Buddhism, China had no impression of Yamaraja, which was fundamental when Quanzhen was taught in the Song Dynasty. Inspired by Zen Buddhism, Confucianism-Neo-Confucianism that appeared in the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties was basically Zen Confucianism. Although they attacked Buddhism because of bigotry, they were "sitting on a Zen bed and cursing Zen". Zen is only a branch of Buddhism, but Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties only dabbled in the teachings of Zen, and did not dare to delve into it, for fear that it would lose its position after delving into it. Zhu read more Buddhist scriptures, and Zhu had such an experience. Thinkers in China since modern times, such as Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong, Zhang, Liang Qichao, Hu Shi and Liang Shuming. , have been inspired by Buddhist thought, although they may not believe in Buddhism. Recently (1June-August, 964), China Fang Dongmei also emphasized the spirit of Mahayana Buddhism and the religious world to be established by Buddhism at the Fourth Conference of Eastern and Western Philosophers. Historian Qian Mu holds Buddhism in high esteem. The philosopher Tang Junyi claimed to be inspired by Jing and others. It can be seen that Buddhism has made such a great contribution to China in the past, now and in the future. In fact, Buddhism is not only true for China, but also for all mankind!
In terms of folk customs: China's initial Confucian belief focused on the construction of real life and had no time to study the problems before and after death, so Confucius said, "How can you know death if you don't know life?" ? For life and death, as well as the metaphysical ontology of the universe, there is no relationship between existence and non-existence, so it should be said that "offering sacrifices to God as it exists." Even if it involves the compensation and punishment of good and evil, I only hope to be the offspring of all people. The so-called "a well-built house will come out of Qing Yu, and a poorly built house will suffer many disasters" (Book of Changes), that is, this concept; In fact, from a realistic historical point of view, it is unreliable to hope for future generations. Therefore, since the introduction of Buddhism, the causal view of "as you sow, so you reap" has brought great new hope to the people of China. Buddhism has pointed out the problem of reincarnation of life and death, as well as the problem of retribution of good and evil, telling us that all actions should be responsible for ourselves, and the good results are our own, and the bad consequences are also our own. If you don't report them now, you will report them in your next life. This encourages people to actively eliminate evil; This concept has had a great and profound influence on the stability and influence of China mass society for thousands of years, and it is really immeasurable.
Taoism is developed from the history and culture of our country, and it is the beginning of Laozi and Zhuangzi's thought.
Taoism is a traditional religion that originated in ancient China. Its influence in ancient China was second only to Buddhism. In the traditional culture of China, Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism are regarded as various theoretical theories and practical methods.
Taoism has different appellations in its early stage of formation. Many people in pre-Qin hundred schools of thought used to call their theories and methods "Tao". Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, and even Buddhism all called themselves "Tao" for various reasons. Confucianism first used the word "Tao" and called the theories of Wang Zhidao and Confucius "Tao". When Buddhism was first introduced into China, it was translated into Tao, so it was also called Tao. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, five doorways appeared, calling themselves "Tao" and taking the meaning of "Tao is good". Since then, in order to show their uniqueness, other schools no longer call themselves "Daoism" and become the special names of Wudou Mi Dao.
Taoism now refers to inheriting some religious concepts and practice methods of Fang and Huang on the basis of ancient religious beliefs in China, and gradually forming a new religion with "Tao" as the highest belief, Lao Tzu as the leader, Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching as the main classic, and self-cultivation as the immortal.
From the very beginning, Taoism regarded Laozi's Classic of Tao Te Ching as the basic classic, and regarded "Tao" and "virtue" as the basic beliefs. Taoism believes that "Tao" is the source and master of all things in the universe, omnipresent and all-encompassing, and everything evolved from "Tao". And "virtue" is the embodiment of "Tao".
Taoism takes the Taishang Laojun (that is, the moral Buddha) as its leader, that is, Laozi. In addition, the highest god of Taoism has other sayings in the Taoist scriptures. First, Jade Qing Yuan Shi Tian Zun is the highest god; Second, Shangqing Lingbao Tianzun is the highest god; Third, the ethereal and clear moral Buddha is the highest god. Later, it evolved into a trinity of Laozi, one gasification and three cleanness.
Taoism is born again, hates death and pursues immortality. It believes that people can make their own decisions in their lives and don't have to obey the heavens. People think that as long as people are good at cultivating health, they can live forever. Therefore, there are many ways to practice: alchemy, eating, breathing, fetal interest, massage, guidance, room, avoiding valley, thinking, offering symbols and chanting.
Taoist theology and Taoist thought may not be consistent, especially in depth; The similarities and differences between them are worth pondering. Taoism, whose ancestors were called Laozi and Zhuangzi, took the Tao Te Ching | Laozi and Zhuangzi as a classic, after all, it absorbed and inherited many contents of Laozi and Zhuangzi's thought. In addition, it is also influenced by Yi and Yin and Yang.
After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Taoism has basically stopped developing. After entering the modern society, Taoism declined even more. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), with the implementation of the new religious policy of the China government, some previous Taoist rules and regulations failed because they violated the current laws. 1957, the Chinese Taoist Association was established to manage the internal affairs of Taoism in China. In the Cultural Revolution, Taoism, like other religions in China, suffered a catastrophe. It was not until the end of the Cultural Revolution that Taoism resumed its normal religious activities, but the population who believed in Taoism was not universal.
The ideal world of Taoism is different from the paradise of Buddhism and Christianity. There are two ideal worlds of Taoism, one is secular and the other is religious. The secular ideal world is clearly stated in Taiping Jing, hoping that the world will become a fair and peaceful world without disasters and wars. The ideal world of religion is "fairyland", and Taoism pursues immortality, so that it can transcend life and death and live a fairy-like life in fairyland. Different from other religions, Taoism does not think that people can reach fairyland after death, but that people's bodies can live forever through some form of exercise. After becoming immortals, they can also live in the world of ordinary people, be "living immortals" and live in fairyland. However, it is not easy to achieve immortality, so methods such as "autopsy" appeared later. Moreover, most of the fairyland mentioned is in reality. For example, many of the so-called "land blessed with caves" are some scenic spots in China.
Most religious teachings believe that life is full of misfortune or sin, and the soul can only be saved after death. But Taoism believes that living in the world is a beautiful thing and dying is painful, so Taoism pursues immortality. So there are many ways to keep fit, such as Qigong, which has been developed in Taoism.
Many religions believe that human life span cannot be changed. However, Taoism doesn't think so. There is a saying that "my life is in me, not in heaven", which comes from the Buddhist scriptures in the Western Heaven of Taoism. In addition, Taoism, as a polytheist, believes that all things have spirits, and even all organs of the human body have gods.