In ancient times, the ranking of officialdom was different and strict. When an official is high, he is superior, and when an official is low, he is inferior. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the ancients were right-handed, right-handed and right-handed. "Left deviation" means demotion.
According to the book "Yili", the most respected seats are: laying a mat in front of the western wall, sitting in the seat facing east, that is, sitting east (sitting west facing east); Followed by sitting south (sitting north facing south); Followed by sitting north (sitting south facing north); The lowest position is sitting west (sitting east facing west). "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "Take the other side as a great contribution, worship the Shangguan, and be on the right side of Lian Po."
Ancient architecture is usually a hall structure, with front hall and back room. The ceremonial activities held in the hall are that the south is the respect, the emperor receives the minister, and the seat must be north to south. The closer to the emperor's official position, the bigger it is. Extended data:
The ancients often called kings and emperors "South" and courtiers "North".
There were several lines at the Hongmen banquet: "Wang Xiang and Xiang Bo sit in the east, Yafu in the south, Pei Gong in the north, Sean in the west." It can be seen that Xiang's throne is the highest and the lowest.
In ancient times, residential buildings were generally hall structures, with the front hall facing south and the back room facing south. The most distinguished seat in the hall faces south, that is, sitting facing south. The ancients called the title of the emperor and king "South", and the title of the vassal's subordinate "North" was related to the seats.
As courtiers to worship the monarch, facing the north, they are generally arranged from east to west according to the level of official positions. In this way, people with high official positions are ranked on the right, forming the ancient "rights-based". Therefore, the order of the seats in the hall is: south (sitting north facing south), west (sitting east facing west), east (sitting west facing east) and north (sitting south facing north).
Baidu encyclopedia-seating.
2. China ancient cultural knowledge
Open classification of seven sages of bamboo forest: China history, history, seven sages of bamboo forest, seven sons of Jian 'an, celebrity list of three countries? Seven sages of bamboo forest? Ji Kang (224-263)? Ruan Ji (2 10-263)? Dan Tao (205-283)? Xiang embroidery (about 227-272)? Liu Wei? Ruan xian? Wang Rong (234-305), the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest [Editor's paragraph], was collectively called the Seven Celebrities of the Three Kingdoms and Wei Dynasty, and became famous later than the Seven Sages of Jian 'an.
Including Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Dan Tao, Xiang Embroidery, Liu Ling, Wang Rong and Ruan Xian. At that time, there were often seven people gathered under the bamboo forest in Shanyang County (now Xiuwu area of Henan Province), so they were called the seven sages of the bamboo forest.
The seven men's political thoughts and attitudes towards life are different from those of the seven men in Jian 'an. Most of them "abandon the classics and respect Laozi and Zhuangzi, and respect the openness." In politics, Ji Kang, Ruan Ji and Liu Ling did not cooperate with Sima Group, and Ji Kang was killed.
Dan Tao and Wang Rong successively took refuge in the Sima family and served as senior officials, becoming confidants of the Sima regime. Ruan Ji and Ji Kang are representatives in article creation.
Ruan Ji's 82 Poems of "Yong Huai" mostly use the methods of comparison, sustenance, symbol, etc., which implicitly and tortuous reveal the evils of the supreme ruling group, satirize the hypocritical proprietors, and show the poet's depressed mood under political terror. Ji Kang's "Breaking Up with Mountain Juyuan" takes Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's advocating nature as the argument, which shows that he is an official, and publicly shows his political attitude of not cooperating with Sima Jia. The article is quite famous.
Other works, such as Ruan Ji's Biography of Mr. Adult, Liu Ling's Ode to Wine Virtue, and Xiang Xiu's Homesickness Poem, are also readable. Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi recorded five volumes of Dan Tao, which has been lost.
Seven people were representatives of metaphysics at that time, although their ideological tendencies were slightly different. Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian, etc. have always advocated learning from Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, "The more famous people are, the more natural they are". Dan Tao and Wang Rong are good at Laozi and Zhuangzi and integrate Confucianism, while Xiang embroidery advocates the integration of Taoism and nature.
They live an informal life, quietism, and gather in the bamboo forest to drink and sing. The work exposes and satirizes the hypocrisy of Sima court.
There are obvious differences in political attitudes. Ji Kang, Ruan Ji and Liu Ling. They are officials of Wei, but they don't cooperate with Sima Group, which is in power and has become a substitute.
After Ji Kang was killed, Xiang Xiu was forced to become an official. Ruan Xian was a Sanshou riding assistant minister when he entered Jin, but he was not taken seriously.
At first, Dan Tao was "invisible", but at the age of 40, he became an official and was under the protection of Sima Shi. He has served as a senior official, such as Shangshu, Shizhong and Situ, and became a senior official of Sima Shi's regime. Wang Rong is stingy and has the greatest ambition for fame and fortune. After he entered Jin, he served as assistant minister, official department minister and Si Tuleideng for a long time. He served as an official during the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin and Emperor Hui of Jin, and remained at leisure until the uprising of the Eight Kings.
The uncooperative attitude of the seven sages in the bamboo forest was not tolerated by Sima's court, and finally collapsed: Ruan Ji, Liu Ling and Ji Kang did not cooperate with Sima's court, and Ji Kang was killed. Wang Rong and Dan Tao took refuge in Sima Chaoting, and the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest finally scattered things.
Introduction of Ji Kang (224-263) [Editor's paragraph] Ji Kang (223-262), whose real name was Huiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province), moved to Guoyu County (now southwest of Suxian County, Anhui Province) to avoid revenge. Although his family is Confucian, they don't learn from teachers, but only say that they are good at Laozi and Zhuangzi.
Married into the Wei imperial clan, the official is scattered in the doctor, so it is also called scattered in the middle. Advocating the way of natural health preservation, he wrote the theory of health preservation and advocated "letting nature take its course".
He made close friends with Wang Rong, Liu Ling, Xiang embroidery, Dan Tao, Ruan Xian and Ruan Ji, and was called "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Later, because of different interests, he went to be an official and took him as his own generation, and then wrote a book and broke up with Tao; Because of the estrangement from Zhong Hui, he was killed in Si Mazhao at the age of forty and became a general.
Ji Kangshan is famous for playing the swan song Guangling San. There is San Ji in Jizhong, with Ji Kang in Jizhong compiled by Lu Xun as the essence.
Ruan Ji (2 10-263) [Edit this paragraph] A poet at the end of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. Black Sect, one of the seven sages of bamboo forest.
Wei people, once a captain of the infantry, were called "Ruan Infantry" in history. Worship the learning of Zhuangzi and Zhuangzi, but take a cautious attitude to avoid disasters politically.
With Ji Kang, Liu Ling and other seven people as friends, they often gather under bamboo forests and enjoy themselves, and are known as the seven sages of bamboo forests in the world. Ruan Ji is the representative of the "beginning sound", among which 82 poems about the bosom are the most famous.
Ruan Ji expresses his feelings through different writing techniques such as metaphor, symbol and sustenance, and satirizes the present with the past, forming a poetic style of "grief, indignation, sadness and obscurity". Besides poetry, Ruan Ji is also good at prose and ci-fu.
Of the nine essays, the longest and most representative is Biography of Mr. Adult. In addition, there are six poems, such as Qing Si Fu and shouyangshan Fu. There are Ode to the Pigeon and Ode to the Monkey.
Thirteen volumes of Ruan Ji Ji Ji Ji were recorded in Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi, but I'm afraid it has been lost. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Pu compiled Ruan Infantry Collection, collecting books of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties 130.
The closest thing to the Yellow Festival is Notes on Ruan Infantry's Love Poems. According to historical records, Wei Wendi Si Mazhao wanted to propose to his son Ruan Ji's daughter. Ruan Ji was drunk for 60 days, so that Si Mazhao didn't have a chance to speak.
These things were quite representative at that time and had a great influence on later generations. Dan Tao (205-283) Chrysanthemum Garden, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest".
People from Huaixian County (now Wuzhi West, Henan Province) in the Western Jin Dynasty. I was lonely in my early years and my family was poor.
Good theory of Lao zi and Zhuang zi, making friends with Ji Kang and Ruan Ji. Dan Tao is leaving his job and wants to ask Ji Kang to take his place. Ji Kang wrote to break up with him.
At the age of forty, it was a princess book. Dan Tao turned a blind eye to Sima Yi and Cao Shuang's struggle for power and profit, and stayed out of the world.
After Sima Shi came to power, he wanted to be attached to him and was promoted to a scholar. In addition to his doctor, he moved to the official department of Shangshu. Si Mazhao took Zhong Hui as an insurrection in Shu, and the Western Expedition and Ren Tao as marching chariots and horses.
Zhao Jin was made public, and Tao advocated that he should be a prince. It is said that Wei proclaimed himself the emperor, made himself a great hero, added Che as a captain, and became the new boss.
Out of Jizhou secretariat, the town of Bayinqu, collecting more than 30 talents. As a servant, he was moved to the official department of Shangshu, the prince of Shaofu, and the left servant.
Every time an official chooses, he first follows the will of Emperor Wu of Jin and makes comments in person, which is called "Mountain Announcement". Because of my old habit, I have resigned many times and I am not allowed.
After worshipping Si Tuleideng, he resumed his resignation and returned to China. There are ten volumes, which have been lost, and there are series books today.
Xiang Xiu (about 227-272) [Edit this paragraph] was born in Hanoi Huai (now southwest of Henan Province). Seven bamboo forests in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
3. An ancient general title
Ancient General Title: General of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty-Official Name.
Since the Warring States period, it has been used in many dynasties, and the status of the Han Dynasty is the most respected. At the beginning of Han Dynasty, Han Xin was the most distinguished general, later called General Fu, and both Huo Guang and Wang Feng served as him.
General: The pre-Qin and Western Han Dynasties were the highest titles of generals. For example, Emperor Gaozu took Han Xin as the general, and Emperor Wudi took Wei Qing as the general.
General-the highest rank in Han Dynasty. The highest office in the Eastern Han Dynasty held real power in the imperial court.
After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it gradually became a virtual title without a real position. The position of general was established during the Ming and Qing wars and abolished after the war.
"Zhang Hengchuan" said that "General Deng Zhi is wise", and Deng Zhi was the general of Han and Emperor at that time. In the Three Kingdoms, Wei and Wu were added as generals, ranking above the generals; Sixteen guards in Tang and Song Dynasties were all generals; Xu Da was a general in the early Ming Dynasty; In the early Qing Dynasty, Yao Yao and the kings also awarded the general the equal sign, and the governor went to war. The gift difference is great, but it is not permanent. When it is over, it will be abolished.
See General Code. Official eleven.
General: He is in charge of conquest. It belongs to the main book (archives) and the column Cao Yu (governor).
General-refers to general. Generic-official name.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the title of general came from Qing as the general of the vassal states. Used as a title for military attache during the Warring States period.
In the Han Dynasty, there were generals, generals in title of generals in ancient times, generals in chariot riding, generals in Wei, generals in front, back, left and right, etc. The commander-in-chief who is about to go to war has other titles, such as General Louchuan and General Du Liao.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the names of generals were extremely varied. In addition to the old names of the Han Dynasty, there are also names such as Long Xiang and Xiao Qi, and only a few of them are full-time. Sixteen guards, Imperial Guards, longwu, SHEN WOO and Ce Shen in the Tang Dynasty were all under the rank of general.
From the Tang Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, generals were also used as military attache. In the Ming Dynasty, officers of the General Company hung seals and the general's name.
In addition, Song, Yuan and Ming were also called the generals of the palace warriors. There are four kinds of generals in Qing dynasty: one is one of the titles of imperial clan.
Such as the general of the town country and the general of the rich country. Second, all the senior officials of the Eight Banners stationed in various places are Manchu.
The generals in the inland provinces are in charge of the garrison military and flag civil affairs. In the border areas such as Heilongjiang, Jilin and Yili, the generals are the highest military and chief executive of the whole region. Third, the commander-in-chief titles of temporary expeditions, such as General Yang Wei and General Ni Jing.
Fourth, it is the order from the first-class military attache to the second-class military attache. The Han system, the general of riding chariot in the Western Han Dynasty, is a system second only to the general and the general in title of generals in ancient times.
Gold-printed purple ribbon, its status is equivalent to Shangqing, or more than Sangong. Fierce generals-the floorboard of generals, Su Jian, Su Wu's father, made meritorious deeds for the Huns and was named "guerrilla general" and "right general".
General of Pingdong, West, South and North-Han Jia. Under the main book, Gong Cao and other subordinate officials.
Triple product. General rights-official name.
General Right: Han has this position, which is like a clear liquid, but it is not often placed. If you add officials and equate things, you can stay with the emperor.
Participate in China-DPRK discussions and decide on military affairs. Triple product.
Protect the general.-protect the general. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is a fu.
In the 12th year of Jian 'an, the Guard was changed to China Guard. Wei also established the Guards, selected the main military attache and led the army.
Those with more funds are the generals of the guard army, while those with less funds are the Chinese guard army. Former general-permanent senior general.
Responsible for the garrison and border police in the capital. Ranked second to Jiuqing, but higher than other temporary generals.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the grade declined. Open government affairs, officials come forth in large numbers, Sima, engaged in corps commander, etc.
Triple product. One of the generals who arrive without pomp-one of the generals with miscellaneous brands.
Go to the general-Lord, commander in chief. After the general-the general has the names of front, back, left and right, and is an official.
General.-a kind of general. Left-generals who are not often placed, such as Shang Qing and Jin Yinzi, are responsible for garrisoning the capital and guarding the border, and punishing the four barbarians.
General of the town army-under the general, it is not often put, and the position is more than three. Second grade.
General Town East, General Town West, General Town South and General Town North. The senior is a general.
Second grade. General Dangkou in the Eastern Han Dynasty-this title began in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
All three countries are located in. Five products.
General Fenwu-Cao Cao and Lu Bu were both officials in the late Han Dynasty. There is a home, but Shu has never seen it.
General Wei Fen-Beginning in the Western Han Dynasty. All three countries are located in.
Four products. Wan Fu, the general of the auxiliary country, was an official appointed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty when he ascended the throne.
This figure was set during the Three Kingdoms period. General Yang Wu-this position existed in the Eastern Han Dynasty and in all three countries.
Five products. General wei zhechong of the three kingdoms--five general names established by wei and wu of the three kingdoms.
General-After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the central officers gradually formed two types. One is real work, in charge of the army.
In the Western Jin Dynasty, the generals who commanded and protected the army (the junior ones were called Zhong Lingjun and Zhongbao Army), the right guards, and the guerrillas were collectively called the "Sixth Army". In addition, there are "four armies" and "five factions".
The leading generals in the Southern Dynasties were all subordinate to the foreign prison and the local prison, in charge of weapons and military service, and most of them were poor. Once won the trust of the emperor, the power expanded, so he "led the army to surrender." One is a virtual honorary title, without troops.
The highest-ranking generals are generals in title of generals in ancient times, generals in chariot riding and generals in Wei, as well as generals in Four Commandments (East and South …) and four towns (East and South …). Although he didn't lead the troops, he was proud of "opening the government", that is, establishing a general's office and setting up subordinate officers (Chang Shi, Sima and Zhu Shenjun).
If the actual commander-in-chief (see below) carries the general, these subordinate officials will undertake military affairs under the command of the commander-in-chief Second general-the general who is second only to the main general, that is, the deputy handsome.
General Anton, General Nan and General Bei-one of the general Si 'an, are in charge of military affairs. Wei and Wu have positions, but Shu has no position. Triple product.
Anton, one of the generals in An, is in charge of military affairs. Wei and Wu have a place, but Shu has none. Triple product.
General Anyuan-General No.1 Miscellaneous. From general-miscellaneous general.
Wu Wei has a home. General Jianwu in the Three Kingdoms Period-Cao Wei.
Five products. Wei Jianwei, the general of the Three Kingdoms, and Wu Shu also.
Four products. General-General Wei in the Three Kingdoms Period.
General Zhao De-General Wei of the Three Kingdoms. General of the rebel army-a miscellaneous general in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Cao Wei followed. Five products.
General Kao Kou-General Wei and General Shu have different names. Five products.
General Wei-second only to generals, generals in title of generals in ancient times and generals in chariots. Second grade.
General Wu Wei-Cao Cao installed the commander-in-chief of Wu Wei. Cao Pi changed General Wuwei to General Chu Xuren, and Zhong Jun, the commander-in-chief, banned soldiers.
Four products. General yamen-The Three Kingdoms was established in the early years of Wei and Huang, with no quota.
Shu and Wu are also among them. Five products.
General Lu-a miscellaneous name in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Shu also established Wu, because Sun Jian once held this position, and then he no longer established it.
The right general, Shu Han Jianxing, was appointed as a general in early 13th. Jing Yaochu divided the right general.
Wu Hengjiang —— Only Wu Jia, the general in the Three Kingdoms. Lu Su was ordered to guard the land under the jurisdiction of the Yangtze River in order to sweep away the invaders.
4. Why did the left be respected in ancient times?
China revered "power" in ancient times, which was the highest, the most expensive and the highest. Biography of Historical Records of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru takes Xiang Rugong as a great contribution, worships Shangqing and is located on the right of Lian Po. "Historical Records Wei Wu Qi An Hou Biography" "The nobles are powerful in themselves. If they don't want to add gifts, it must be a mausoleum. " In both cases, "right" should be interpreted as "up". Bai Juyi's Pipa Xing (Preface to Parallel Prose) and Liu Zongyuan's Preface to Send Li Jue to Beijing are really rare for those left-leaning people who have no guilt. "Left" means lower status and "Left" means demotion. In Historical Records of Chen She Family, "900 people fished for Yang", "Zuo Zuo" refers to the poor, and "Haoyou" in Zhang Hengchuan of the Later Han Dynasty refers to the rich, because in ancient times, the poor lived in Zuo Zuo and the rich were very rich. There are also "left" and "right" official positions in the right generation, and "right" is the highest. For example, The Preface to the South gave the right prime minister a secret history, and the scholar-officials were selected from the left prime minister's house. The biography of Hai Rui said that he died in the winter of 12, and the official department intended to use Zuo Zhengtong. In the first month of next year, I will be called the suggestion of Nanjing Youdu.
The respect for "power" in ancient times can also be proved by the seating of the Hongmen banquet. "Wang Xiang and Xiang Bo sit in the east", and "east" means sitting in the west to the east, and the west is "right" in ancient geography. It can be seen that Wang Xiang has ascended the throne without hesitation; "Zhang Liangxi waits on the west" means sitting in the east and sitting in the west. Geographically, the east is "left", which is commonly called "sitting".
In ancient times, there were exceptions to the worship of "pair". It is also a historical record. In the Biography of Wei Gongzi, Xin Lingjun stole the symbol to save Zhao Section, and it was first recorded that "Gongzi took a bus, took a leave, and welcomed Yi Men Hou Sheng". Later, it was said that Hou Sheng "directly uploaded the son to sit on it and wouldn't let him". Why did "Left" become "Up" again? This is another matter. The Dictionary of Common Words in Ancient Chinese says: "In ancient times, the left was the most important position for riding a horse." . The "virtual left" here means the benevolence of the son and the corporal.
"Left" and "right" are different in ancient and modern times, and the situation is different. Modern is "left", ancient is "right" and ancient is "left". Understanding this common sense of ancient culture plays an important role in correctly understanding the contents of ancient literary works.