Schizonepeta tenuifolia Also known as Schizonepeta. It's panicum miliaceum of Labiatae. Produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hebei, Sichuan, Hubei and other provinces. Use whole grass as medicine. It contains D- menthone, racemic menthone, L- menthone and a small amount of D- limonene. Pharmacological tests can make sweat glands secrete vigorously, enhance skin blood circulation, and have weak antipyretic effect and spasmolytic effect. It can inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in test tubes. Pungent in taste and warm in nature. Has the functions of releasing, expelling pathogenic wind and penetrating rash; Stir-fried charcoal has hemostatic effect. Indications: cold, headache, sore throat, measles, urticaria, itchy skin; Roasting charcoal to treat hematochezia, metrorrhagia and other diseases.

I. Morphological characteristics

The plant height is 0.7- 1m, and the fragrance is rich. The stem is erect, quadrangular, with downward white hairs, purplish red at the base and multi-branched at the upper part. Leaves opposite, basal leaves stipitate or subsessile, pinnately divided into 5 pieces; The middle and upper leaves are sessile and pinnately divided into 3-5 pieces; Lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, entire, pilose on both surfaces, with concave glandular points below, and inconspicuous veins. Inflorescence, multi-whorled, densely clustered in branches, forming spikes, each with sessile linear bracts, several small flowers, red and purple, and the corolla has two lips; Four stamens, two strong. 4 nutlets, ovoid or ovoid, with smooth surface and brown color (Figure 16-25).

Fig. 16—25 morphological diagram of Schizonepeta tenuifolia.

1. Flower side view 2. Internal view of calyx in longitudinal section 3. The longitudinal section of corolla shows stamens 4. Pistil 5. Bracts on upper inflorescence 6. Bracts on lower inflorescences.

Schizonepeta divaricata, also known as Schizonepeta macrophylla, belongs to the same genus. The morphology is very similar to that of the former species, but the difference is that there are not many upper branches of the stem; Leaves broadly ovate, 3-5-parted, lobes broad and obtuse; The flowers are blue-purple, and the corolla is twice as big as the calyx.

Second, biological characteristics.

The seeds of Schizonepeta tenuifolia are small, and they are most afraid of soil drought and heavy rain after sowing, which often causes serious plant shortage. The life span of seeds is only one year, and old seeds cannot germinate. The growth period of Schizonepeta tenuifolia is different because of different sowing dates. The growth period of autumn sowing is about 200 days, that of spring sowing is about 150 days and that of summer sowing is only 120 days. Sowing in autumn, the seedlings grow slowly in that year, and the plant height is generally less than 33cm. After spring, growth and development accelerated. Generally, inflorescence begins in May, with full flowering in June and fruiting in July.

Schizonepeta tenuifolia is not strict with climate and environmental conditions. It can be cultivated in all parts of China, and generally likes mild climate. Seeds germinate at 19-25℃ for 6-7 days. When the soil temperature drops to 16- 18℃, it takes 10- 15 days to germinate. In winter, the temperature is low and the seedlings grow slowly. Seedlings can withstand the low temperature of about 0℃, and freezing injury will occur below -2℃.

The water requirement of Schizonepeta tenuifolia is suitable for humid climate, but it is different at different growth and development stages. The soil at seed seedling stage should be moist to avoid drought and water accumulation. I like a slightly humid environment at the seedling stage, but I am afraid of too much rain and water accumulation. Adult seedlings prefer dry environment, and if there is more rain, they will not grow well.

The soil is fertile and moist, with good drainage and light to medium soil quality, such as sandy loam, oily sandy soil, tidal sandy mud and sandy mud. Cohesive soil, easily-dried coarse sand, cold sand, etc. None of them grow well.

The terrain is sunny and flat, with good drainage or convenient irrigation and drainage. Low-lying water and shady places are not suitable for planting. Sichuan province is generally cultivated in flat dams or hilly areas below 700m above sea level, and cultivated in alpine mountainous areas, with poor growth. Avoid continuous cropping, such as corn, peanuts, cotton and sweet potatoes. It is the first crop, and wheat crops can also be used.

Third, cultivation techniques.

(1) seed collection

Reproduce with seeds. Before harvesting, a single plant or field with strong plants, many branches, dense ears and no pests and diseases should be selected for seed collection. Seed harvesting must be later than in the field 15-20 days. When the seeds are completely mature, full and dark brown or brown, harvest, dry and thresh to remove impurities from the stems and leaves. Seeds are put into cloth bags and stored in ventilated and dry places.

(2) Soil preparation

The seeds of Schizonepeta tenuifolia are small, so the soil preparation must be careful to facilitate the emergence of seedlings. Because of intensive sowing and inconvenient fertilization in the later stage, it is advisable to apply more base fertilizer before soil preparation, and compost, manure and smoked soil 1500-2000 kg can be applied per mu and spread on the ground. The cultivated land is about 25cm deep, and it is raked repeatedly to make the clods fine and the soil surface smooth, and then the border width is 1.3m and the height is 10cm.

(3) sowing

It can be broadcast directly or transplanted. Both have their own advantages and disadvantages, so we should adjust measures to local conditions.

1. Live broadcast

Spring sowing in the north and spring sowing in the south. Spring sowing is mostly from late March to early April; Autumn sowing time is from September to June. Autumn sowing has high yield, but it takes a long time. In May-June, summer sowing is carried out after early spring crops are harvested. Sowing methods include on-demand, drilling and broadcasting. Better management through drilling. Because the seeds are small, 200-300 kilograms of fine smoked soil or fine compost powder and about 50 kilograms of human and animal manure should be used per mu before sowing, and they should be fully mixed with the seeds before sowing and mixed into seed ash.

According to requirements, the nest spacing is 17-20 cm, the nest depth is about 5cm, and the nest is watered with human and animal manure, with an area of about 1000kg per mu. The seed ash is evenly scattered in the nest, and the amount of seeds used is 250-300 g per mu. After sowing, it will not cover the soil or suppress it.

Drilling, digging a horizontal ditch on the boundary, with a distance of about 20cm from the center and a depth of about 5cm. Apply human and animal manure in the ditch first, and then sprinkle seed ash evenly. After sowing, don't cover the soil, just press it slightly with your feet to make the seeds closely connected with the soil. The amount of seeds used per mu is about 500 grams.

When sowing, first pour human and animal manure on the border, then evenly spread the seed ash and press it slightly with a wooden board. The dosage of seeds per mu is 500-750g.

No matter which method is adopted, we should pay attention to shallow sowing and keep the soil surface moist frequently after sowing, so that seedlings can emerge quickly.

2. Seedling raising and transplanting

Only in Yichun should the broadcast be earlier than the live broadcast, not later. Through sowing, the amount of seeds used per mu is 750- 1000 g, and seed ash is also sprinkled on the border, which is slightly suppressed and covered with straw. Remove the straw after germination. Weeding and watering should be done frequently at seedling stage, and the height of seedlings should be 6-7 cm. Weak seedlings and over-dense seedlings should be removed, and the spacing between plants should be kept about 5cm. And topdressing thin human and animal manure once. Per mu 1500-2000 kg. From May to June, when the seedling height is about 15cm, it can be transplanted.

(4) Site management

1. Sparse and replenish seedlings

Direct seeding should interplant seedlings in time to prevent seedlings from growing too densely and growing slender and weak. When the height of seedlings is 6-7 cm and 10- 13 cm, each plant is interplanted once. Seedlings are fixed for the second time, and 4-5 seedlings are left in each nest; Staggered seedlings are reserved every 7- 10 cm for punching holes; When sowing, the plant spacing should be10-13cm. If there are any missing seedlings, make up the seedlings. Transplanters don't need to space seedlings, they just need to make up the missing seedlings.

2. intertillage weeding

For sowing on demand and drilling, intertillage and weeding should be combined during two seedling intervals. Only shallow hoe the topsoil for the first time to avoid overwhelming the seedlings; The second time can be deeper. In the future, depending on whether the soil is hardened or not, how many weeds there are, intertillage weeding 1-2 times, and slightly plough the base soil to protect the fertilizer and strengthen the seedlings. Sowing only needs weeding, not intertillage. Seedling transplanting, intertillage weeding 1-2 times.

Apply topdressing

Schizonepeta tenuifolia needs more nitrogen fertilizer, so in order to make the stem strong and have more ears, it is necessary to apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer appropriately. Generally, topdressing is 3 times. When the first seedling height is 7- 10 cm, apply human and animal manure 1000- 1500 kg per mu. The second time, when the seedling height is about 20cm, apply human and animal manure 1500-2000 kg per mu. For the third time, when the height of seedlings is about 33cm, 50 kg of decomposed vegetable cake and 300-400 kg of smoked soil are mixed evenly per mu and then spread among plants.

4. Irrigation and drainage

Water is needed at seedling stage, and it should be watered in time when the soil is dry. The drought resistance of plants increases after growth, and waterlogging is the most taboo. If there is too much rain, the accumulated water should be removed in time to avoid causing diseases.

(5) Pests and diseases and their control

1. Rhizoctonia solani

Rhizoctonia solani and pythium. )

Brown spots appeared at the base of the stem, contracted and rotted, and finally collapsed and died. You can choose sandy loam with good drainage or plant it in high border; At the onset, the ward was flushed with 40 1 800 times of antibacterial drugs or 50% carbendazim 1000 times.

2. Black spot disease

"Tobacco Alternaria alternata (Fr. )Keissler】

Irregular brown spots are produced on the leaves, and finally they are dark brown and die. The diseased plants can be pulled out and burned, or treated with 500 times solution of 65% zineb wettable powder.

3. Stem blight of Schizonepeta tenuifolia

Three species of Fusarium. F.solani (market. )App.et Wollenw，F. Graminearum Schw。 ) is infected, damaging stems, leaves, petioles and spikes, among which the stem loss is the most serious. After the stem was damaged, it first showed a waterlogging lesion, which spread around the stem and appeared brown withered stem. The branches and leaves above the diseased stem withered and died. The diseased leaves are scalded by water, and the diseased ears turn yellow, which may lead to dry flowers. Injury at seedling stage led to a large area of lodging and death. The pathogen overwinters on the residual plants as the primary infection source in the following year. Prevention and control methods: (1) clear the garden, treat the disabled and reduce the source of overwintering bacteria; (2) Avoid continuous cropping and rotate with gramineous crops; (3) Choose high dry land for planting, and pay attention to drainage in rainy season; (4) Sow early in time, and apply sufficient base fertilizer and early seedling fertilizer to promote disease resistance in Miao Zhuang; (5) Rake 5406 bacterial manure with a weight of 0/50-200 kg per mu/kloc into a soil layer of 3-4 cm.

Others include Plusia agnata Standinger and so on.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

Autumn sowing Schizonepeta tenuifolia was harvested from late May to early June of the following year. Sow Schizonepeta tenuifolia in spring and harvest it in August-September of that year. Sowing Schizonepeta tenuifolia in summer can not be harvested until June of that year. When some seeds on the ear turn brown and the flowers at the top have not completely fallen, cut off the whole plant from the base with a sickle after the dew dries on a sunny day. It's back. Spread it on the threshing floor, collect it in a ventilated place when it is 70% or 80% dry, put the stems on the ground, build a frame for each other and continue to dry in the shade. In case of rainy weather, it is not necessary to bake with fireworks, and the temperature should be controlled below 40℃.