The author of Huai Nan Zi
In the early Western Han Dynasty, Liu An, the son of Wang Lichang Lu, the grandson of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, was the uncle of Emperor Gaozu Liu Che (179- 12 1 years ago). ) and Li Shang, Su Fei, Wu Bei, etc.
This book was written in the late reign of Emperor Jingdi and presented to the court in the second year of Jianyuan, the beginning of Liu Che's reign.
Liu An, the king of Huainan, was a man with profound academic attainments among the royal aristocrats at that time. He drew thousands of books, saying that "there are twenty-one chapters in the inner chapter, many books in the outer chapter, and eight volumes in the middle chapter, telling the story of the immortal Huang Bai, which is also more than twenty thousand words" ("Han Shu Liu Changchuan Huainan Wang Li"). And this cultural masterpiece, which covers a wide range, has only 2 1 internal book, that is, Huainanzi, which we see now.
Liu An was determined to seize the political initiative when something happened in the world, actively manufacturing war equipment, amassing money and bribing local power groups in the Han Dynasty. He has studied military maps day and night and secretly deployed operations. The illegal events of Huainan nobles were gradually exposed. When the court tracked them down, Liu An finally launched a rebellion. However, the rebellion was quickly put down by the Han Dynasty. Liu An was convicted of treason and committed suicide. Huainan prefecture is abolished. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up Jiujiang County here.
The content of Huai Nan Zi
There are 2 1 articles in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, and there are 33 articles in the book, including Taoist discourses and miscellaneous sayings. This book has twenty-one articles. Mainly based on Taoist thought, it combines Confucianism, law, yin and yang. , and generally listed Huai Nan Zi as a saint. In fact, this book is the representative work of Huang Lao's research theory system, which is guided by Taoism and absorbed hundreds of theories from the Warring States to the early Han Dynasty. When explaining philosophy, Huainanzi refers to strange things and ghosts and gods, and retains some mythological materials, such as Goddess Mending the Heaven, Shooting the Sun in Houyi, and * * * Don't touch the surrounding mountains with public anger, etc., which are mainly circulated in this book.
Huainan subdirectory
The first volume, the original Taoist amulet, the second volume, the mantra amulet.
Volume III Astronomical Training Volume IV Falling Physical Training
The fifth volume is training, and the sixth volume is ghost training.
Volume VII Spiritual Training Volume VIII Classic Training
Volume 9 Main Skills Training Volume 10 Miu Praise Training
Volume 10 Customs Training Volume 12 English Training
Volume 13, general theory of training, volume 14, explanation of speech training.
Volume 15 soldiers' brief training Volume 16 says mountain training
Volume 17 on Xun Lindi 18 on human training
Volume 19 Maintenance Service Training Volume 20 Thailand Training
Summary of Volume 2 1
Influence on future generations
After reading this book, future generations all think that this book is just a Taoist book intended to invite immortals to visit Taoism and learn from Huang Laoyan. Huang Lao Dao was an official school highly praised by Wen Jing in the early Han Dynasty. As we all know, this book is the product of fierce political struggle and ideological debate in the early years of Jianyuan.
Thoughts and Features of Huainanzi
Huai Nan Zi is a collection of essays written by Liu An, the king of Huainan, at the turn of Emperor Jing and Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Liu An (BC 179+ BC 122) was the son of Liu Bang, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, and was younger than Liu Chang, the king of Huainan. Li, the king of Huainan, was convicted of "conspiracy" and died of hunger strike on the way. After that, the fief of Li, the king of Huainan, was divided into three parts, and Liu An was made the king of Huainan. Liu An has sent a number of guests to do this, including many scholars. * * * Editor-in-Chief of Huai Nan Zi. This book has ***2 1, and the last one is called "Introduction", which is the preface of the book. Judging from the outline, the writing of the whole book has a unified plan and arrangement. But from the content point of view, it is not completely unified. It is reasonable to list it as a "saint" in History of Han Arts and Literature. In addition to Taoism, the contents of the book also include Confucianism, Legalism and Yin and Yang. Mr. Fan Wenlan said that Huainanzi is based on Taoism, but it is eclectic and "still shows a certain tendency of integration."
(A)' Huai Nan Zi' and pre-Qin Taoist thought
In the aspect of cosmology ontology, Huainanzi inherited the pre-Qin Taoist thought and reformed it with materialism. The book "Evolution of Heaven" says: "Tao begins with emptiness" and "Tao begins with oneness". It holds that before the formation of heaven and earth, the whole universe was a seamless and amorphous emptiness, and it was a "oneness" with ambiguous connotation. "Former Tao Xun" said: "The so-called invisible person is also called; The so-called one, no one is suitable for this world. Outstanding independence, the block is alone, there are nine days on the ground and nine fields on the ground, not in the rules, not in the square, as big as one. " According to the above analysis, "Tao" is the "empty" Tao, and "One" Tao is the way of things in the final analysis. This transforms the pre-Qin Taoist view of "Tao Sheng" into the view of "things have achieved something", which is clear materialism. On the theory of cosmogenesis, The Theory of Evolution points out: "The Tao begins with one and is unborn, so it is divided into yin and yang. Yin and yang are in harmony, and everything is born, so it is said: life two, life three, life three. " It is also believed that the gas of the universe is "thin and extravagant for the sky, heavy and turbid for the earth", with Yang as the sun, Yin as the moon, and Yin and Yang divided into four bodies. This is a clear theory of the composition of the universe, which almost became a recognized conclusion of ancient materialism before the emergence of modern science.
Huai Nan Zi also actively reformed and explained the pre-Qin Taoist viewpoint of "governing by doing nothing", and clearly pointed out that inaction is not inaction, but actively guides the situation. "The Training of Repairing Things" criticizes the negative inaction theory that "the inaction is silent, indifferent, unable to attract and push away", and points out that the "sages" recognized in history are all positive and promising, such as Shennong teaching people to "sow grains" and invent drugs, and "encounter seventy poisons a day"; Yao is actively engaged in political management and social education. "Teach Xiwo people, have a monarch in the east, a monarch in the north, and a Jiao Jiao in the south, put them in Chongshan, escape three seedlings in the three dangers, work in Youzhou, and swim whales in Yushan"; Shun "opened the valley of trees, conquered the southern three seedlings and died in the sky"; Yu stopped the wind and squeezed the rain, "definitely dredging the river, chiseling the Longmen, and spreading the Yi"; Don is sleepless at night. Diligence, these ancient sages and kings, have made great achievements all their lives. "It's wrong for sages to be so observant of people's feelings and call it' inaction'!" This shows: "As for Shu Ren, under the son of heaven, his limbs are motionless, so he doesn't have to think about it. People who manage things successfully have no education! " This paper gives a correct explanation of "inaction". It says that Laozi's inaction is by no means inaction, but a guide to the situation: "Husband's terrain, water flows eastward, people will do something, and then the water will go to the valley; When crops are born in spring, people will process them, so grains will grow. If you let it drift, you will get: if you let it go, the whale and Yu's merits will not stand, and Hou Ji's wisdom will not. " This is a correct explanation of the relationship between objective regularity and subjective initiative in Huai Nan Zi, which greatly sublimates the pre-Qin Taoist thought.
By the way, Huai Nan Zi is also closely related to the Huang Lao School in the early Han Dynasty. Holidays in the early Han Dynasty: There were many books with titles that the Yellow Emperor thought were lost. Silk books unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb; There are four ancient lost books: Daoyuan, Jingfa, Weighing and Sixteen Classics. Huainanzi is related to these four silk books. Both Yuan and Dao Yuan are monographs on Tao, and their words are very consistent. Besides, there are many other similarities. For example, Cong Jianxun: "Misfortunes are the same" and Jing Fa: "Misfortunes are the same"; Former Tao Xun: "The sum of all things can be read from one hole", and Sixteen Classics: "Everything can be read"; Interpretation and explanation: "A saint does not start, does not specialize in himself, follows heaven, does not plan, does not give up time, stays with heaven, does not seek, does not care about blessings, and is governed by heaven", and says: "A saint does not start, does not specialize in himself, does not plan, does not care about blessings, and is governed by heaven." Wait, the list goes on. This can also be seen from one side. Huainanzi absorbed a large proportion of Taoist nutrition.