Nutritional value and health care function of earthworm
Analysis of nutritional components of 1. 1
Protein content is 1. 1. 1. Earthworms are rich in protein. The protein content of fresh earthworms accounts for more than 20%, and the protein content of dried earthworms can be as high as 50%-70%. It contains 18 kinds of essential amino acids, and the types of essential amino acids are complete, which basically conforms to WHO /FAO regulations. The content of essential amino acids in high-quality protein should account for 40% of the total amino acids. Amino acids not only synthesize protein in human body, but also participate in some special metabolic reactions and regulate some physiological functions. For example, lysine and methionine can inhibit severe hypertension, asparaginase can prevent the proliferation of cancer cells that need asparaginase, glutamic acid derivatives can prevent memory impairment, instinctive renal hypertension and mental retardation, and histidine can dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure.
1. 1.2 The contents of oil and fatty acids and the composition of earthworm oil are between 5% and 8%, with high unsaturated fatty acids and low saturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids in Pheretima angustifolia account for 50.59% of the total fatty acids, in Pheretima angustifolia, 48.06% in Hubei, and 30.29% in Eupolyphaga japonica. Unsaturated fatty acids can regulate human blood lipid, prevent and treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases caused by hyperlipidemia, regulate blood sugar, delay aging and resist cancer, and can be used as high-quality raw materials for developing new health care products.
1. 1.3 Trace elements and vitamins Earthworms are rich in trace elements, but their species and contents will change with the growth environment or breeding conditions. Earthworms are rich in selenium. Today, people are looking for and screening selenium preparations with high selenium content, high biological activity, low toxicity and high protein nutrition. Earthworms have become selenium-enriched food resources with great development and utilization value. Earthworms have great enrichment and organic transformation ability to trace element selenium in feed. Adding an appropriate amount of inorganic selenium salt to the feed of artificially cultured earthworm may greatly increase the selenium content in earthworm, so this artificially cultured earthworm is expected to become an excellent selenium carrier. On this basis, using the medicinal components of earthworm for reference, the bioactive substances containing selenium in earthworm were separated and purified, which is expected to develop a new generation of ideal products for selenium supplementation. In addition, earthworm is rich in vitamin B 1, B2 and nucleic acid.
1.2 health care and medical functions of earthworms
Thrombolytic effect of 1.2. 1 With the development of modern drug extraction technology and molecular biology, protein with fibrinolytic activity has been purified from earthworm in Japan and North Korea, and its gene sequence has been determined, but other studies have not been reported. Other countries pay more attention to extracting effective components from earthworm, and at the same time explore the action principle of earthworm thrombolytic enzyme. The in-depth study of earthworm in China began in 1980s, and there are more than 30 related research literatures, most of which focus on the separation and purification of substances with fibrinolytic activity from earthworm powder.
1.2.2 Anti-tumor effect Earthworm extract contains some protein substances, and components such as DNA, RNA, sugar, vitamins and trace elements have obvious effects on inhibiting tumor growth and improving cellular immune function. Studies have found that earthworms also have obvious inhibitory effects on gastric cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, laryngeal cancer, transplanted tumor and other tumors.
In recent years, it has been found that earthworm extract has a certain synergistic effect on radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hyperthermia, which can enhance the effect of radiotherapy, reduce the harm of radiotherapy and obviously improve the complete remission rate of full dose radiotherapy. Its mechanism may be related to enhancing cellular immune function and free radicals. The temperature of earthworm extract is 56℃
Under certain conditions, it does not lose its activity, so it is an ideal hyperthermia and synergistic effect.
1.2.3 Effects of calmodulin extracted from earthworm on nervous system and internal organs; Calmodulin is a ubiquitous calcium-binding protein in eukaryotic cells, which plays an important role in regulating various physiological functions of cells by mediating Ca2 signal transmission. As the main intracellular calcium receptor protein, it regulates the activities of more than 20 enzymes and plays an important role in the second messenger regulation system. Therefore, earthworm extract also has certain effects on internal organs and nervous system.
Two kinds of earthworm food
Earthworms are not only rich in nutrition, but also have high health care function because of their cold and salty nature, and have the effects of clearing away heat and expelling wind, dredging collaterals and diuresis. American food companies use earthworms to make various foods, among which canned earthworm soup and earthworm biscuits sell well in Europe and America. In addition, cakes, earthworm toast, earthworm stew, earthworm cheese, mushrooms and earthworms are all made of earthworm powder and apple juice. At present, the research and development of earthworm food in China mainly includes the following fields.
2. 1 dried earthworm
Soak live earthworms in warm water and vinegar for a while, mix with grass ash to suffocate them, nail the tail end to a board, cut the abdomen from beginning to end, and dry them in the sun. When eating, the dried earthworm is soaked, then fried with edible oil, and then mixed with soy sauce, garlic and onion, which is a precious dish at the banquet.
2.2 earthworm powder
The treated earthworm is dried in the sun, ground into earthworm powder, and then made into biscuits, bread, noodles or meat substitutes with flour and meat. Hamburgers made of earthworm meat and beef are very delicious, and the price is higher than that of ordinary hamburgers 15%.
2.3 Braised Earthworms
Wash 300 g earthworm, stir-fry until it is half cooked, add 100 g fresh pepper, add 3 tablespoons light soy sauce, 1 tablespoon sesame oil and 30 g white sugar, and stew for 3-5min. It's delicious, tender and delicious.
2.4 canned earthworms
Pretreatment of raw materials (washing fresh earthworms repeatedly with running water), frying (treating for 5 min), preparation of perfume (0.05% of spiced powder, 1% of fresh shredded ginger, 0.05% of dried red pepper and monosodium glutamate, uniformly mixing), smoking, canning, exhausting, sealing, sterilizing, cooling, and keeping the temperature to check the finished product.
Canned earthworm is a kind of nutritious insect food with very high content of protein, which is grayish brown in color, positive in smell and complete in shape.
2.5 earthworm amino acid health oral liquid
Earthworm body fluids contain a variety of proteolytic enzymes and fibrinolytic enzymes, which have strong activity for the decomposition of protein. Earthworms can obtain active peptides and amino acids by enzymatic hydrolysis. Amino acids are a kind of compounds with special significance, which are necessary nutrients for the growth and development of the body, strengthening the body and preventing aging. They are also effective substances for the body to regulate metabolic function and enhance disease resistance, especially eight essential amino acids, which cannot be synthesized in the human body and must be obtained directly from food. Nutrition experiments have proved that without these eight amino acids, various diseases caused by nutritional deficiency will occur.
With the improvement of people's living standards, people have higher and higher requirements for nutrient intake, especially for the healthy growth of children and adolescents and the rehabilitation of patients with diseases. Therefore, it is very necessary and timely to effectively develop amino acid foods. The amino acid composition of protein in earthworm is very reasonable, and it can be made into amino acid products, which can be used to process health care products, food fortifiers and drugs for treating amino acid deficiency. At present, there are three hydrolysis methods: acid hydrolysis, alkali hydrolysis and enzyme hydrolysis. At present, enzymatic hydrolysis is often used.
2.5. 1 Enzymatic hydrolysis process: fresh earthworm → selection → cleaning → baking → grinding → degreasing → leaching → adjusting pH to about 6 → caffeine → deactivating enzyme → adjusting pH to about 6 → adding enzyme for the second time → deactivating enzyme → filtering → blending → sterilization → cooling → muddy earthworm amino acid health oral liquid.
2.5.2 Selection of operating point (1): select fresh earthworms with complete form and no damage; (2) baking: baking in an oven at 85 DEG C for 4-5 hours; (3) Degreasing: Earthworms are degreased by supercritical CO2 fluid extraction, and the solvent method is not suitable because it is easy to cause chemical reagent residues; (4) Enzymatic hydrolysis: chymotrypsin is used for the first time, and the enzymolysis temperature is controlled at about 50℃ for 6 h, then the enzyme is inactivated at 85℃ for 65,438 0.5 min, and papain is added for the second time, and the enzymolysis temperature is controlled at about 55℃ for 4 h, and then the enzyme is inactivated at 85℃ for 65,438 0.5 min; (5) Sterilization: pasteurization is adopted, and the temperature is controlled at about 85℃ for 25 minutes.
3 Development prospect of earthworm food
In the past, the research and development of insect food mainly focused on silkworm chrysalis, ants, Tenebrio molitor and other species, and there were many researches on the medicinal aspects of earthworm, but the deep processing of edible aspects has not been reported. In recent years, the research and development of earthworm resources have been paid more and more attention by countries all over the world, and some progress has been made. However, the overall level is still in the primary stage, especially in the research and development of earthworm food, and the industrial production has not yet started.
With the continuous innovation of science and technology and the deepening of human cognition, it has become a major development trend of health food in 2 1 century to develop new health food with new resources to meet people's demand for high-quality diet. In China, quite a few health foods are based on prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine or Chinese herbal medicines. Traditional Chinese medicine, as a national quintessence with a long history, has benefited the health of China people for thousands of years. Its unique medication theory has great development potential in health care, and it also conforms to the current international pursuit of green food health. Earthworms have a high content of protein and are rich in raw materials because they are easy to raise artificially. It is believed that with the further research and development of earthworm food, industrial production will form a certain scale and its market prospect will be very broad.
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