(Transferred from Sinology Forum, original author: Jing)

Shi Shuo Xin Yu mainly describes the words and deeds of famous scholars from the late Eastern Han Dynasty to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, reflecting the social and political situation and the life of the literati class at that time. There are many records about speaking clearly, which can be said to be one of the signs of celebrity demeanor. This paper attempts to show the so-called Wei-Jin demeanor from one side by combing the remarks in Shi Shuo Xin Yu.

1, make it clear

The first question is what is conversation. Qing Tan, in Shi Shuo Xin Yu, is called,,, * *, * *, and so on. Its content is mainly metaphysics, which reflects the prevailing atmosphere of discussion and debate in the upper class at that time.

The discussion on imperial examinations in Qing Dynasty originated from the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was produced in the world of Huan and Ling in the Eastern Han Dynasty. At that time, the royal family was decadent and officials were in power, which led to the failure of the court and the loss of life. The History of the Later Han Dynasty (Volume 67) and the Biography of Dang Gu describe the background of the Qing Dynasty:

Between Huan Ling's arrest, the government was in charge of famine relief, and the life of the country was entrusted to Yan Temple. Scholars are ashamed to associate. Therefore, ordinary people resist anger, and Chu Shi discusses it horizontally. Therefore, they stimulate their reputation, exchange questions with each other, praise their officials, rule as appropriate, and act directly.

It can be seen that the Qing discussion at that time was based on evaluating characters and discussing the current situation. But after Kim, the situation is different. As Mr. Lu Xun pointed out:

This statement comes from the discussion of the Qing Dynasty in the Han Dynasty. At the end of the Han Dynasty, politics was dark, and celebrities generally talked about political affairs. At first, it was very influential in society, but later it was envied by the rulers and gradually strangled. For example, Kong Rong and Mi Fei were all killed by Cao Cao. Therefore, when the celebrities of the Jin Dynasty arrived, they dared not talk about politics any more and became keen on fame and reason. If you don't talk about political affairs, it will become the so-called clarification. However, such celebrities were still very influential in the society at that time. If you can't talk about it, it seems that you are not qualified to be a celebrity. The book Shi Shuo can almost be regarded as a textbook for celebrities (the historical changes of China's novels, the second lecture, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, a gifted scholar in the Six Dynasties).

After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it became a talk without fuss, which can be seen in Shi Shuo Xin Yu (the relationship between Wei and Jin demeanor and articles, medicine and wine)

It can be seen that speaking clearly can not only avoid the whole body, but also symbolize the demeanor of celebrities and improve their social status. Shi Shuo Xin Yu is such a complete collection of speakers (Chen Yinque).

2. The content of the conversation

The content and scope of the talk are quite wide, and the similarity between * * * goes far beyond personnel, engaging in abstract thinking, which is quite different from the pragmatic spirit of Confucianism. Specifically, there are mainly the following categories:

(1) about San Xuan.

By so-called, I mean Yi, Lao and Zhuang. Yan Zhitui's Yan Jiaxun: "Zhuang, Lao and Zhouyi, collectively."

The places mentioned in Zhouyi are:

Xuanwu gathers many scenic spots to talk about Yi, saying a divination every day. Want to hear simple words, smell them and return them. You said: "righteousness should be difficult, limited to one divination." ? "(ref. 29)

Huan Wen talks about Zhouyi and says a divination every day. Jian Wendi expressed dissatisfaction with this practice. He believes that hexagrams are difficult and difficult, and should not be mechanically stipulated. From this account, we can see the prosperity of Zhouyi at that time.

Yin, Sun Anguo, Wang and Xie are all people who can talk about sages. I noticed that Wang Xu was in the meeting, and Yin and Sun talked about how the image was easy to see, and Sun's words were harmonious and his spirit was shriveled. As soon as he sat down, he was worried about Sun Li, but he was speechless. King Huiji sighed: "It will take a long time to make it happen, so it should be controlled." That is to say, Sun is not as good as himself. For a really long time, Shilling Sun told himself the truth. Sun spoke his own language roughly, but he also felt extremely unpredictable. Liu wrote 200 words, which was difficult to abridge. Sun Li bowed. Sitting on the side, clapping and laughing, saying that it is beautiful for a long time. (Ref. 56)

Yiyi has three meanings: Jane, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi, Yiyi. Yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi yi Sun Sheng insists on the principle of "change" here, but he is no match for the famous debater Liu Zhenchang.

Yin Jingzhou once asked: "What is the body of Yi? A: "It's easy to think of feelings as bodies." Yin said, "When Tongshan collapses, Dong should react, that is?" Far and just smiled. (Literature 6 1)

Here, yin-yang induction is used to explain the so-called barter, which is metaphysical. Yuan Gong's "Laughing without Answering" is even a bit like the Zen demeanor of later generations.

There are many discussions about Laozi and Zhuangzi. It is no exaggeration to say that this talk is based on Laozi and Zhuangzi, and Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism all laid the brand of Laozi and Zhuangzi's thought at that time. Its influence can also be seen from the literary creation, so there are the following criticisms:

Yongjia, expensive Huang Lao, a little empty talk. What was written, said and said at that time was chicken ribs. Therefore, on the river, microwaves are still spreading. Sun Chuo, Huan and Yu are all as plain as Daoism, and Jian 'an has been exhausted (on Zhong Rong's poems)

There is also Jin Zhongxing, Feng Xuan, who is poor in learning, seven articles on natural history and galloping prose, all in this respect. ("Song Shu Volume 67")

Jiang Zuo's essay system indulges in the mysterious wind, ridicules the ambition of favoritism, and advocates the talk of forgetting the machine (Wen Xin Diao Long Ming Shi)

In Shi Shuo Xin Yu, there are some notes on Lao Zi and Zhuangzi:

He Pingshu's Lao Zi Zhu was successful, and he was interested in Wang Fuzhi. When he saw Wang's exquisite and strange notes, he was fascinated by God. He said, "If you are human, you can talk about heaven!" "Because of the note for the tao, Germany two theory. (ref. 7)

Before the banquet was finished, Wang Bi said that he was commenting on Lao Zi's purpose, but he was silent. However, he should be Nuo Nuo, so he stopped commenting because it is a moral theory. (literature 10)

At the beginning, there were dozens of people who paid attention to Zhuangzi and could not pursue its purport. Xiang Xiu's interpretation of the old annotations and his wonderful analysis of outstanding achievements made him mysterious and mysterious, and only when the two articles "Autumn Water" and "Zhile" were unfinished showed his death. Xiuzi is young, with scattered benevolence and righteousness, but he still has other books. Guo Xiangzhe, who was thin and talented, stole it for himself when he saw that a break had not been passed on to the world. He wrote two articles about autumn water and knowing happiness, another about horseshoes, and the rest were just fixed-point sentences. After the performance, the meaning is different, so today there is a direction, Guo Erzhuang, which means the same thing. (literature 17)

Wang Bi's Notes on Laozi and Guo Xiang's Notes on Zhuangzi have been handed down so far, and many other submerged notes should be recovered.

People who read Zhuangzi at that time also recorded:

Yin Zhong said, "If you don't read the Tao Te Ching for three days, you will feel that your tongue is stronger." (ref. 63)

Zhuge Hong refused to learn when he was young, and when he first talked to Wang Yifu, he had already gone beyond this idea. Wang sighed and said, "Your genius is really remarkable. Further research will be shameful. " Looking at Zhuang and Lao after the macro queen, she can still compete with Wang Yujia (literature 13)

Yu Zisong read Zhuangzi, opened the book with one foot and put it away. He said, "I disagree with you." (Document 15)

The first one shows that Tao Te Ching is Yin Zhongkan's daily reading, and the second one says that Zhuge Hong made great progress after reading Lao Zhuang, which shows that Lao Zhuang was the basis of people's discussion at that time. Thirdly, Yu Zisong didn't read Zhuangzi, which is in contrast with the number of people who read Zhuangzi, because his different behaviors were recorded.

People who don't read Zhuang zi are also praised for their words:

People asked Wang Yifu, "What is the meaning of gathering the source of mountains? Whose generation is it? Wang Yue said: "This man refused to pretend to speak at first, but he didn't read Laozi and Zhuangzi. When he heard his poems, he often agreed with his purpose." (Appreciate 2 1)

If you are eloquent, you will get a high evaluation:

Guo Zixuan is very talented. He can talk about Laozi and Zhuangzi. Yu Wei said, "Why did Guo have to surrender to Zisong?" ! "(Appreciation 26)

The discussion of Laozi focuses on "existence";

Mr. Tang Yongtong said: Metaphysics scholars learn to distinguish between what is and what is not. () It can be seen that existence is the main content of metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties. The distinction between existence and non-existence involves the origin of the universe, which is the basis of metaphysics. Caring about the origin of the universe is a manifestation of in-depth philosophical thinking.

Wang Fusi looked down on Pei Hui, and Hui asked, "If you don't have a husband, everything is sincere. The sage doesn't want to say anything, but Lao Tzu has nothing to say. What evil is it? " "Bi said:" The holy human body has nothing, and it cannot be practiced without nothing, so it must be said; Old people and Zhuang people may have it, but they should be trained frequently.

Insufficient. "(ref. 8)

From this article, we can see that at that time, most people believed that Laozi's cosmology was based on nothingness, and the so-called "everything in heaven and earth was born in existence, and everything was born in nothing" (Chapter 40 of Tao Te Ching). Here, Yanhe may not really think that Confucius is better than Laozi, but he may just be unconventional in his words.

There are also marked "yes", such as Pei Wei:

Pei Chenggong has worship theory. People attack it and cannot break it. Only Wang Yi came, such as Xiaoqu. At that time, it was difficult for people to find Li Wang, and the reasons were repeated. (literature 12)

After Pei Wei, there was Guo Xiang's Anyway. (See Feng Youlan's History of New China Philosophy, Volume 4)

Zhuangzi was the most popular reading at that time, and Shi Shuo involved Zhuang the most:

The article "Zhuangzi Xiaoyao Tour" is always a difficult point, which can be learned by famous sages, but not by Guo and later people. Zhi Daolin spoke Feng Taichang in White Horse Temple because he was "free and unfettered". It is unimaginable for all famous sages to stand out from the two schools and create new ideas. Then use branches. (reference 32)

As a monk, Zhi Daolin can create a new interpretation, which shows that he has a profound understanding of Zhuangzi. You can see the fusion of Buddhism and Taoism here. It can be said that even Buddhists at that time, if they didn't know Laozi and Zhuangzi, it was difficult to gain a foothold in the upper class.

Wang Yi has few records. He is new here and Zhi Daolin is not here. Sun Xinggong said to the king, "You are contented with your wisdom and wisdom. Do you want to meet him? " "Wang Ben has his own enthusiasm, which is extremely light. Grandchildren and * * * sent to Wang Xu and Wang Du, they ignored each other. Instantly retreat. Later, just as the king was leaving, the car had reached the door. The king said, "You can't leave. I'm being original and talking to you." "Because of Zhuangzi's peripateticism. The novelty and decay of flowers need a thousand words. Wang Sui untied his tunic, so he couldn't stay. (ref. 36)

Wang Yi was originally opposed to talking, but he was also attracted by Zhi Daolin's talent. And it is Zhuangzi that supports the theory.

Zhi Daolin, Xu, Xie Shengde and * * * gathered in the Wangs. Xie Zhi said, "Today can be described as a meeting of Yan, so you can't stay. This kind of party is also difficult to become a routine. When * * * sings, we can write it. " Xu asked the master, "Is there a Zhuangzi?" It's fish, dad. Thank you for reading the questions, so you can read all the questions patiently. Zhi Daolin's first opening, 700 words, made him exquisite and beautiful, and then the algae bloomed, and the salty people called him good. So the four men sat down and said nothing. Xie asked, "Have you been waiting? They all said, "Today's words are endless. "After thanked, it is difficult. Because of my self-report, I have written more than 10 thousand words, and I can only show my elegance. Since it is difficult to do it, I am proud of myself and I am not tired after sitting for four times. The branch said thank you, "You recovered your good ears as soon as you went to work." (Literature 55)

Speaking of Zhuangzi, it was also a common thing at that time.

Yang's brother married his daughter, and the Wangs saw their husband, so Fu sent his brother away. When Yan Yong's father Dongyang was still alive, Yin Zhongkan was Dongyang's son-in-law and was sitting there. Fu Ya convinced people with reason and righteousness, but like Zhong Kan-dao, it was hard to say. Yang Yun said, "You should see the same thing after four times." Xiao Yin said, "There are both, why is it still the same?" Even after four times. Yin Zi said, "Servants are no different." Sighed for a long time. (reference 62)

This is a discussion about homogeneous substances.

If the guest asks Le to "make the purpose less than", Le will no longer analyze the sentence, but just say it with the tail handle. "Go or not?" The guest said, "Yes." The music of the tail again; "If you go, you have to go?" So the guests became enlightened. Le Yan agreed, the goal is achieved, it's all like this. (literature 16)

This is a paper on the world in Zhuangzi.

Since Laozi and Zhuangzi had such a big market at that time, it is not surprising that Buddhism and Confucianism were influenced by it. At this time, a topic that celebrities like is "Similarities and differences between Lao Zi and Holy Religion":

Ruan Zixuan has a message. Seeing this, Qiu Wang Yifu asked, "What's the difference between Laozi and Zhuangzi and Shengjiao?" Right: "Will it make no difference?" Qiu's kind words turned him into a slap. The world is called "three languages". Wei Jie sneered: "A word can be broken, why fake it?" ! Zi Xuan said: "If you are the hope of everyone in the world, you can also be silent, so why not be hypocritical?" "I am a friend. (literature 18)

Ruan actually got the official position by virtue of three words, which are the famous "three languages". He believed that Confucianism and Taoism were interlinked, which was in line with the trend of thought at that time. No wonder officials do it. Ruan is also an excellent speculator.

Metaphysical scholars who like to talk about Buddhism in Shi Shuo include Xie An, Yin Hao, Sun Chuo, Sun Sheng and so on. According to Wang Zao's Notes on the World, there are 19 monks, including Zhi Daolin, Zhu Fashen, Yi Monk, Fotucheng, Kang, Kang Monastery, Tipo, Daoan and Hui Yuan. Buddhism involves "Samadha", "Essay", "Vimalakīrti" and "Adamo". It can be seen that many celebrities are also familiar with Buddhism and Taoism.

(2), three cardinal guides and five permanent members and four books.

The so-called "three principles" refer to Ji Kang's theory of "no sorrow and happiness" and his theory of keeping in good health, and Ouyang Jian's theory of expressing his will.

As the old saying goes, when the Prime Minister Wang crossed the river to the left, he stopped saying that there was no sorrow, life and words, but only three reasons, and turned to Guan Sheng and entered everything. (Literature 2 1)

Ji Kang's theory of sound without sorrow and music holds that "sound" and "sorrow and music" are two different things with different names. "Sound" is an objective thing, while "sadness and joy" is a subjective emotion. Sadness and music should be based on emotion, but have nothing to do with sound.

The theory of health preservation puts forward the view that "the form depends on God, and God must exist". He also said: "Although the immortals can't see, they still remember what was recorded in the book and what was handed down from previous lives. Comparatively speaking, it definitely exists. It seems to be particularly affected by different gases, which is natural and can not be achieved by accumulation. " People believe that immortals exist, but most people can't reach them. It is believed that "reasonable guidance and maintenance can lead to a thousand years of life and a hundred years of ears", and the importance of health preservation is put forward.

Ouyang Jian's theory of expressing one's mind puts forward that "the principle of human beings lies in the heart, but it is not smooth, and things depend on it, without contending for its name." Names change because of things, words change because of reason, and cannot be divided into two. If there is nothing else, there is nothing to say, which develops the theory of "words are not full of meaning" in Zhouyi.

Four books about talents, according to Wei Zhi:

Will talk about the similarities and differences between talent and nature. Four people have the same words, different talents, combined talents and divided talents. The prime minister talks about the same, the Chinese book Li Feng talks about differences, the assistant minister Zhong will talk about unity, and the captain will talk about points. Many words are meaningless. ("Shi Shuo Literature" Liu Zhu cited "Wei Zhi")

Unfortunately, the specific remarks of various factions have not been handed down. This conference summed up these four theories and wrote four books. "Shi Shuo" also records:

Zhong Hui wrote four papers. He wanted Duke Ji to see it from beginning to end, held it in his arms, put it away, and was afraid of its difficulties. He dared not leave it in the open air and hurried back. (Reference 5)

Yin Hao, mentioned in the four books of Shi Shuo, specializes in talents:

Although Yin is thoughtful and farsighted, he is partial to talent and essence. Speaking of the Four Books, if Tang Chi Tiecheng is invincible (Literature 34)

Zhi Daolin and Yin Yuanyuan are both in phase with Wang Xu. King Xiang said to them, "Let's have a try. And talent is almost the source of letters, so be careful! " At the beginning of the branch, change it; Count it four times and you won't feel it. Wang Xiang patted him on the shoulder and said with a smile, "This is its own victory. Anke can fight for the front line! (Literature 5 1)

Yin Zhong as very don't understand these four regrets:

Yin Zhongkan's spiritualism and metaphysics, people say, must be studied. Yin Nai sighed, "I can't read the four books." (Literature 60)

3. Talk about evaluation

Chatting was naturally highly respected at that time. Just look at the brief description of political affairs in Shi Shuo and the detailed account of chatting in speech, literature and reputation appreciation. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, they advocated Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts, paid attention to inaction, and ignored officials. Wang Dao's words are very representative:

In the last few years of the prime minister, it was not easy to recover, and he was promised. With a sigh, he said, "people say I care, and future generations should think about it." (Administration 15)

Wang Yifu's thought of speaking freely is the religion of the world. Wagging his tail with his hand, Kan Kan and Kan Kan talked about it, which was what most people yearned for at that time.

However, it is not without different voices. The Political Department also described how to fill those doers who don't like to say clearly. Wang Xizhi also criticized this argument:

And Xie Taifu * * * climbed the smelting city, and Xie thought far-sighted, aiming high. The king said thank you: "Yu Xia is diligent to the king, and his hands and feet are calluses;" King Wen eats it, and he gives it every day. There are many suburban bases today, which makes people self-righteous; It is not appropriate to talk about expenses in vain, nor is it suitable for today. " Xie replied, "Qin Wei Shang Yang died the next year. Is it clear that words are guilty? " (Speech 70)

Later generations generally hold a critical attitude, saying that "it is wrong to talk about the country" is a bit overkill. In all fairness, although nonsense leads to superficial words and neglect of practice, we can't put all the responsibility for the rise and fall on nonsense.

When the country was in crisis, Qingtan was attacked more violently. For example, after the Song Dynasty, Du Nan, the poet Lu You and the poet Xin Qiji all wrote complaints and confided works:

Yves's bones have become dust, and the Huang family is still patrolling in the East. There is nothing we can do about it, and the new building needs someone. Thin wine does not fall to the chest, and it is strong and empty. Dangerous buildings in the mountains and moons, leaning on Long song to worship God! (Lu You's "Climbing Thousand Peaks at Night")

Crossing the river from the south, several people are really skilled. Chang 'an elders, the scenery of the new pavilion, are as poor as ever. Fu Yiren, in Lu Shen, China, has looked back several times. Wan Li's reputation is based on the fact that he is a real Confucian scholar, as you know. There are articles and mountains. The shadow and the court are very clear. When I fell to the ground, now I try, and the situation is running. The wind and smoke in the green fields, the vegetation in Pingquan and the wine singing in Dongshan. I will rectify Kun's work and celebrate her husband's birthday next year. (Xin Qiji's "Shui Long Yin")

But here, more is to borrow the ancient to satirize the present and implicitly express dissatisfaction with the organizational system and the status quo.

In the view of scholars who advocate practical application, speaking clearly is also under attack:

Where there is national subjugation, there is national subjugation. Debate between national subjugation and national subjugation? Yue: Changing the surname and number is called national subjugation. Benevolence is an obstacle. As for attracting animals to eat people, people will kill each other, which is called the death of the world. Why did the talk of Wei Jin people ruin the world? It's what Mencius called Yang Mo's words. As for those who make the world fatherless and become animals. (Rizhilu (volume 13) "The Beginning of Social Morality")

Mr. Wang agrees with Gu that his book Notes on Shi Shuo Xin Yu was written during the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and it was more necessary to discuss the national justice at that time.

But everything has two sides, and it can't be erased just because it hurts clearly. At that time, the wind of talking clearly prevailed, which was conducive to political stability and contradiction reconciliation. The Eastern Jin Dynasty remained relatively stable in the situation of constant war in the north, so speaking clearly should play a certain role.

Speaking clearly has its own aesthetic value. Wei Jin people's elegant demeanor, gentle waving and chatting, beautiful argument and rhetorical tone still make people yearn for it after thousands of years.

The greatest contribution to us is in the history of philosophy, as Mr. Feng Youlan pointed out:

Metaphysics is an abstract thinking. In this respect, metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties was a revolution of philosophy in Han Dynasty. People who study the history of China's philosophy, from the Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, find it refreshing, because the mental outlook of metaphysics is completely new compared with the philosophy of the Han Dynasty. ..... In the history of China's philosophy, metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties was an unprecedented development of abstract thinking of the Chinese nation. (The History of New China Philosophy, Volume IV)

Metaphysics is the main content of conversation, and conversation is a means to promote the development of metaphysics.