① Kidney-yang deficiency: (commonly known as the failure of Ming-men fire) has clinical manifestations of yang deficiency, such as chills and cold limbs, long urination, pale complexion, decreased libido, impotence and premature ejaculation, pale tongue with white fur and heavy pulse.

② Kidney yin deficiency: Besides kidney deficiency, there are also clinical manifestations of yin deficiency, such as upset, hot flashes, night sweats, dry mouth, yellow urine, red tongue with little fur, and rapid pulse.

③ Deficiency of kidney-qi: shortness of breath, spontaneous sweating, lassitude, pallor, frequent glans urination, nocturnal emission, premature ejaculation, pale tongue coating and weak pulse.

④ Deficiency of kidney yin and yang: There are five symptoms: vexation and fever, night sweats or spontaneous sweating, cold limbs, nocturnal emission, insomnia and dreaminess, and tongue coating.