Grain yield per mu in Han dynasty
Typical materials about the average yield per mu in Han Dynasty mainly include the following items:
There are two typical materials for grain yield per mu in Han dynasty: one is general yield per mu, and the other is extra high yield.
1, average yield per mu
Typical materials about the average yield per mu in Han Dynasty mainly include the following items:
(1) the former Han Dynasty in Xun Yue? In the second year of Emperor Wendi, Chao Cuo said: "Today, there are only two writers in a family of five, and their cultivators are only a hundred acres. 100 mu of harvest is only 300 stones. " 100 mu yields 300 stones of millet and 3 stones of millet per mu. The small mu in the Han Dynasty was slightly smaller than that in Zhou Mu during the Warring States Period, that is, 0.228 mu today, equivalent to 28 1 kg per mu, which was higher than 247 kg at the end of the Warring States Period and 205.8 kg at the beginning of the Warring States Period.
(2) Hanshu? Chao Cuo's words are contained in "Food": "Today, a family of five farmers has no less than two servants, and their cultivators are only a hundred acres, and the harvest of a hundred acres is only a hundred stones." Wu Hui thinks that the stone mentioned by Chao Cuo is a big stone, and this stone refers to "rice" instead of raw grain. Xun Yue said that three pebbles and millet, together with the big stone millet, are 1.08 stone, and 1.08 stone is1.08 stone when rice is 40% off, that is, one stone is given to Mi Yue. Some researchers believe that Chao Cuo's statement that "there are only 100 stones in a hundred mu of harvest" is a mistake of "there are only 300 stones". This can also be consistent with Xun Yue's "Three Hundred Stones" theory. We also list this statement here for your reference.
(3) "pipe? "Governing the country" said: "To the east of Changshan, between the river and the secluded place, fleas are born and killed late, and the land where the grain is ripe is also harvested. Middle-aged acres of two stones, one husband is two hundred stones of millet. " "Changshan", or "Hengshan", was changed to avoid the taboo of Emperor Liu Heng. Therefore, this material can be regarded as the data of yield per mu in Han Dynasty. Wu Hui believes that the "stone" mentioned here refers to the big stone in the Han Dynasty, and the "second stone" is 3.333 stone, which is higher than the "three stones" mentioned by Xun Yue. The yield per mu mentioned here is "four kinds and five harvests", that is, the yield of multiple cropping.
(4) "Huainanzi? Master Xun said, "One person plows with his feet, but only ten acres. Nakata's harvest was only forty stones. "In the early Warring States period, two laborers in a family could cultivate 100 mu, and one laborer cultivated 50 mu on average. This city is probably 15 mu. It may include some fields plowed by cattle and cultivated by hand, which may not reach 15 mu. So it says "but ten acres" here. Wu Hui believes that the mu and stone mentioned here refer to large mu and big stone. Large mu 10 mu, with an annual output of 40 stones, and 4 stones per mu under medium conditions. A big stone valley and a small stone valley are 2.77 stones. This is the yield per mu of rice in South China.
(5) Zhong Changtong in "Long Yan? Profit and loss "said:" It is not an exaggeration for a fat man to reap three hooves and take a bucket from an acre. "During the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was also 3 stones of millet per mu, which was similar to that of the Western Han Dynasty. This yield level is the "fertilizer ratio", which is the result of the average calculation of fertilizer shortage.
The five materials listed above show that: (1) the yield of 3 stone millet per mu is recognized by the Han Dynasty literature; (2) Considering multiple cropping factors, it is also possible to yield 3.33 stones per mu; (3) Extensive cultivation in the south, with rice yield of 2.77 stones per mu, is also reasonable.
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Donghu Chunqiutu 52, with high yield.
In addition to the average yield per mu, there were irrigated fields and "substitute fields" in the Han Dynasty, especially "district fields" with particularly high yield. Related materials are described as follows:
(1) History? "The Book of River Channels" contains the statement of Pan Shou in Hedong: "Crossing the canal to divert Fen and irrigate Fenyin, and diverting the river to irrigate Fenyin and Puban, you can get 5,000 hectares. 5000 hectares, so it is necessary to abandon the river and the people graze. Today, if you irrigate the fields, you can get more than two million stones in the valley. " In other words, the average yield of irrigated land is 4 stones per mu. Wu Hui believes that the mu mentioned here is a small mu and the stone is a big stone. Pebbles yield 6.666 stones per mu, which is more than twice as high as 3 stones per mu in ordinary fields.
(2) historical records? There is also Zhuang Xiongbi's words in Hequ Jing: "Linjin people are willing to cross Luoyang to irrigate more than 10,000 hectares of old brine land east of Chongquan, and ten stones can be made per mu." Wu Hui believes that the mu here is also a small mu, the stone is a big stone, and the output of broken small stones is per mu 16.6 stone.
(3) historical records? According to Jia Rang's words in Gully Records, "There is canal irrigation, salt and brine are wet, silt is filled with fertilizer, and wheat and rice are planted more heavily. Five times in Takada and ten times in Shimoda. " Wu Hui believes that the increase from two big stones to 10 big stones is the so-called "five times that of Takada"; Shimoda has increased from the original 1 stone to1stone, which is "ten times that of Shimoda".
(4) historical records? "Biography of Huo Zhi" has the saying that "a thousand acres of land in Zhong Kui", which means that in the fertile fields near the suburbs of the city, the yield per mu can reach 10 stone. Wu Hui thinks that the mu mentioned here is a small mu, and one mu is 10 pebbles, which is more than three times that of a field with an average of 3 pebbles per mu.
(5) Ji Kang, who is not far from the Han Dynasty, said in "On Health": "Those who plow fields are called fertile fields, and this world also knows them." Good "fertile land" yields 10 stone per mu, which is recognized as a high-yield level in the world. Wu Hui believes that the yield per mu of millet 10 cobblestone is equivalent to 937 kg per mu on the market now, which is close to the yield per mu 1000 kg.
(6) Hanshu? "Shihuozhi" contains the content of Zhao Guo, a captain who searched for the Soviet Union in the last years of the Han Dynasty, promoting "Dai Tianfa" in the northwest. It is said that "the income of one year old often exceeds the field and is twice as good." Wu Hui believes that the "mu" mentioned here is a large mu, and "Hu" refers to a big stone. Small mu 1 pebble, 7 buckets or even 1.4 pebbles more than the field, that is, the yield per small mu is 3.7 ~ 4.4 pebbles.
(7) Bi Shengshu contains the so-called "district field method". Adopting comprehensive high-yield cultivation techniques such as deep ploughing area, increasing fertilizer and irrigation, reasonable close planting and strengthening management are effective measures to obtain high yield. The book says, "When you grow crops in the area, you often irrigate them in times of drought, and you often get a hundred hugs per mu", "When you grow crops in the mountainous area, you irrigate them in times of drought, and you get more than 100 stones per mu", "When you grow crops in the mountainous area, you get 1000 stones per mu, and you eat 36 stones a year for 26 years." According to Wu Hui, the term "stone" here refers to small stones, which is equivalent to 28.92 stones per mu of millet (wheat) and 3,904 kilograms per mu on the market today. Some people doubt whether the regional field method can achieve such a high yield, which is a problem that needs to be studied and controlled.
In a word, the yield per mu of millet in Han Dynasty is 3 stones, which is equivalent to 28 1 kg under today's market system, which is higher than that in the Warring States period and equivalent to 247 kg under today's market system. The average yield of millet beans in Han Dynasty was 2.82 stones per mu, which was equivalent to 264 Jin per mu under the current system and 232 Jin higher than that of the Warring States and the current system.
High-yield fields in the Han Dynasty can generally be "ten stones per mu" or "one acre of rice and one field". As for regional fields, the yield is higher.
Grain yield per mu in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
1, rice yield per mu in South China
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, rice cultivation in southern China was still extensive and the yield per mu was not high. Its main basis is:
(1) History of the Three Kingdoms? Wu Shu? The Biography of Li Zhongmu records that when Li Zhongmu was young (at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms), he cultivated "more than 20 mu of rice" and "took 60 hectares of rice in a mortar". The average yield per mu of rice is less than 3 stones. The yield of rice is about 46.7%, which is equivalent to 6.4 stones per mu of rice. Wu Hui believes that the "mu" mentioned here is a large mu with 240 steps, so the yield per mu is only 2.68 stones.
2 Jin Shu? According to the Records of Foodstuffs, the Emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty "after five years of salt and peace, ... began to cultivate people's fields, taking one tenth at the rate of three liters of tax rice per mu". Wu Hui agrees with He Changqun that "three liters" is the mistake of "three fights", that is to say, according to one tenth, it is three stones per mu. The yield per mu of rice is 1.36 1 stone, and then 46.7% of rice is converted into 2.9 1 stone. It is 4.9% higher than the 2.77 stone mentioned in Huainanzi.
There were also special records of high yield in Wei and Jin Dynasties. For example, Fu Xuan said that in Wei Chu, "more than ten welcome trees have been planted in white fields (dry land) and dozens of welcome trees have been planted in paddy fields". Du Yu Yan Yu "fills the silt field and collects acres in minutes." These are fertile fields and water conservancy fields, with a large number of acres. An acre of land ranges from a few hectares to more than ten hectares, or an average of ten hectares, which is in line with Ji Kang's statement that "an acre of ten hectares is fertile land, which is well known in the world". "Huayang Guozhi" said: "Mian and Luogu produce rice crops, with a yield of 32 Liang per mu and a maximum of 15 Liang." This is a high-yield field in western Sichuan. In the Southern Dynasties after the Eastern Jin Dynasty, fertile land was also 10 stone per mu. Liang Shu? The Biography of Xiahou Kui records that "more than 1,000 hectares of farmland were irrigated and more than one million hectares were harvested", which is also equivalent to the "field of wooden bells" in the Han Dynasty.
2. The yield per mu in northern dryland
The yield per mu information of dryland in northern China mainly includes the following items:
Shu Wei? "Biography of Li Biao" contains Li Biao's suggestion: "Take one-tenth of the households in the county and think that the villagers are the land of one husband and one wife, and be responsible for it for 60 years." The rent rate of reclamation is five ten thousandths, and the yield of reclamation in Kazuo should be 120. The land cultivated by husband is 50 mu in Northern Wei Dynasty, and the stone of Han Dynasty is 2.926. Still maintain the level of 3 stones per mu.
② Shu Wei? According to food records, the Northern Wei Dynasty implemented the system of equal land, "the husband exposed more than 15 mu, and the woman exposed 20 mu. A husband and a woman rent millet stones. " Wuhui produces 2.92 stones per mu, which also maintains the level of 3 stones per mu. Therefore, Wu Hui agrees with the statement that "the average yield per mu in Northern Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasties is equivalent".