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How to make chicken manure volatilize water quickly
Several common methods for treating chicken manure;

1. The main component of dehydration and drying of fresh chicken manure is water. Through dehydration and drying, the water content of chicken manure was reduced to below 65438 05%. On the one hand, it reduces the volume and weight of chicken manure and is convenient for packaging and transportation; On the other hand, it can effectively inhibit the activities of microorganisms in chicken manure and reduce the loss of nutrients (especially protein). The main methods of dehydration and drying are: high-temperature rapid drying, solar natural drying and chicken coop drying.

(1) High-temperature rapid drying The high-temperature rapid drying equipment represented by the rotary drum drying furnace can quickly dry wet chicken manure with a water content of 70% into processed chicken manure with a water content of only 10% ~15% in a short time (about10 minutes). The drying temperature used varies according to the type of machine, mainly between 300 ~ 900℃. In the process of heating and drying, it can also completely kill pathogens and eliminate odor, and the nutritional loss of chicken manure is less than 6%.

This kind of equipment generally uses coal or waste oil as fuel, and produces clean high-temperature flue gas as drying medium through high-efficiency combustion furnace. Wet chicken manure is sent to the feed inlet by conveyor or scraper, and the chicken manure is picked up by the copying board on the drum to a certain height and then falls. In the process of falling, the chicken manure is hit by the crushing device in the center of the dryer, separated and crushed, and quickly dehydrated and dried under the action of high temperature airflow. Due to the comprehensive effect of the crushing device and the drum, the thermal efficiency of the dryer is significantly improved, and the drying speed of chicken manure is accelerated. When the chicken manure moves to the end of the dryer, it has become a uniform, fine-grained and low-moisture finished product, which is discharged through the discharge port, enters the finished product warehouse, is bagged and sealed, and waits for the exit.

Auxiliary equipment of drying equipment includes dust collector and some deodorizing equipment. After the hot air comes out of the drying furnace, it enters the dust collector through the closed pipeline to remove the dust in the air. Then the gas is sent to a secondary combustion furnace for deodorization at a high temperature of 500-550℃, and finally the gas meeting the environmental protection requirements is discharged into the atmosphere.

When chicken manure is dried rapidly at high temperature, the whole set of equipment should be completely sealed and run continuously, and there is basically no odor leakage in the production workshop. In addition, when there are many impurities (feathers, dead chickens, etc. ) In chicken manure, it is best to pretreat and remove impurities first to ensure the normal treatment process and improve the quality of processed products.

Practice has proved that high-temperature rapid drying process is a practical method to treat chicken manure. The method has the advantages of high processing speed, less loss of nutrients, good sterilization and deodorization effect, and the processing process is not affected by natural climate, and can realize industrial continuous production. The dried chicken manure produced has high commercial value and can be used as high-quality feed raw materials and high-quality fertilizers. However, because fresh chicken manure does not ferment when it is directly dried, the process of "secondary fermentation" may occur after the dried chicken manure is applied to the soil as a fertilizer, and a large amount of free nitrogen may be rapidly decomposed, and the local nutrient concentration is too high, which may damage the roots of plants. Therefore, when using quick-drying chicken manure as fertilizer, we should reasonably control the amount of fertilizer, cooperate with other fertilizers, and take some field management measures to prevent problems.

(2) Solar Natural Drying Treatment This treatment method uses the "greenhouse effect" formed in the plastic greenhouse to make full use of solar energy to dry chicken manure.

The special plastic shed can reach 60 ~ 90 meters in length, with a concrete tank inside and guide rails on both sides, and a stirring device is installed on the guide rails. Wet chicken manure is put into the coagulation pool, and the stirring device repeatedly walks in the greenhouse along the guide rail, and the chicken manure is mashed, overturned and pushed by the forward and backward rotation of the stirring plate. The solar energy stored in the greenhouse is used to evaporate the water in the chicken manure, and the water in the greenhouse is removed by forced ventilation to achieve the purpose of drying the chicken manure. In summer, it only takes about 1 week to reduce the water content of chicken manure to about 10%.

When using solar energy for natural drying, some adopt the process of once drying, and some adopt the process of fermenting and then drying. In the latter process, fermentation and drying are carried out in two large tanks respectively. After the chicken manure is shoveled out of the henhouse, it is sent to the fermenter every time. The fermenter is equipped with a stirrer, which stirs back and forth regularly, and can push the chicken manure forward 2 meters at a time. After about 20 days, the fermented chicken manure was pushed forward into the decomposition tank and left standing in the tank for 10 day, so that the moisture content of chicken manure was reduced to 30% ~ 40%. Then, the fermented chicken manure is transferred to a drying tank, and the chicken manure is dried by frequent stirring and crushing, and finally the fermented and dried chicken manure product is obtained. When this product is used as fertilizer, its fertilizer efficiency is better than that of unfermented dry chicken manure, and it is not easy to cause problems when used.

This treatment method can make full use of natural energy, with less equipment investment and low operating cost, so the treatment cost is low. However, this method is greatly influenced by natural climate, and its production efficiency is low in low temperature and high humidity seasons or regions. Moreover, the treatment cycle is too long, the nutrients in chicken manure are lost more, and the treatment facilities occupy a large area.

(3) Natural drying in cages In the new cage-raising equipment recently introduced from abroad, chicken manure drying devices in cages are all equipped, which are suitable for multi-layer overlapping cages. In this feeding mode, there is a conveyor belt under each cage to receive chicken manure, and the conveyor belt is started regularly to scrape and collect chicken manure. The core of this chicken manure drying treatment method is to guide the airflow to the chicken manure on the conveyor belt, so that the chicken manure can be dried quickly after it is produced. In order to achieve this goal, there are several different treatment processes.

The most common process is to install a row of small air ducts on the side and back of each row of cages. There are many small holes in the air duct, which can directly blow the air onto the chicken manure on the conveyor belt and play a natural drying role. The small air ducts on each floor are gathered in one main air duct and connected with two fans. Usually, air is blown into the henhouse in summer and discharged from the inside to the outside in winter. Generally, chicken manure on the conveyor belt is scraped once every seven days. The water content of collected chicken manure can be reduced to 35% ~ 40%.

The second process is to lift the conveyor belt of each floor to the horizontal plane and enter the forced ventilation roadway. The fan works continuously to let the chicken manure on the conveyor belt dry naturally. The conveyor belt moves forward twice every hour, and it takes about 36 ~ 40 hours to complete the whole drying process. This method can also reduce the moisture content of chicken manure to 35% ~ 40%.

The third process is to install many plastic plates above the conveyor belt, and form local airflow through the movement of these plates to dry chicken manure. However, the drying efficiency of this method is worse than the first two methods, and the moisture content of treated chicken manure is still about 45%.

In a chicken farm in Canada, a manure drying room was built, and all the hot air discharged from the exhaust pipe of the chicken house was concentrated in the drying room. There are eight layers of conveyor belts crossing from top to bottom in the drying room, and chicken manure falls from the top conveyor belt to the bottom layer layer by layer, and chicken manure is dried. In addition, a large fan is installed in the drying room to pump away the water volatilized during the drying process, and the dried chicken manure can be directly packaged.

In some countries, deep-pit henhouses (or high-bed henhouses) are often used to raise chickens in cages or online. There are air inlets on the front and rear walls of the henhouse, and exhaust fans are installed on the walls of the pit house. The air entering the henhouse is heated by the body heat emitted by the chickens, and then pumped into the deep pit by the exhaust fan, so that a certain amount of water is evaporated from the chicken manure in the pit, and the semi-dry chicken manure is dried through bacterial decomposition activities. When the chicken manure dries slowly, you can use your teeth. The thickness of chicken manure accumulated in the pit for one year is about 30 cm, which can be accumulated for 1 ~ 3 years before being removed as fertilizer. When removing chicken manure (it is best to arrange it in the inactive period of flies in winter and spring every year), you can leave loose old chicken manure with a thickness of 15 cm, one layer of which can be used as a water absorbent and the other layer contains natural enemies who specialize in eating maggots and pupae. Try not to let the water in the water dispenser leak into the chicken manure in the pit, and don't spray pesticides on the chicken manure, because it will be harmful to the survival and reproduction of the natural enemies of flies.

There are many advantages to drying chicken manure in chicken coops. First of all, the operation is very simple, basically automatic and the cost is very low; Secondly, because the chicken manure is dried immediately after production, it can minimize the amount of ammonia escaping and improve the air environment inside and outside the chicken house. The experimental data showed that the ammonia content in the chicken coop without chicken manure drying equipment and the chicken coop with chicken manure drying equipment were 2.8 cm3/m3 and 0.5 ~1.3cm3 respectively, and the corresponding values in winter were11.0cm3 and1.6 ~ 2./kloc respectively. It can be seen that the timely drying treatment of chicken manure in chicken coop has an excellent effect on improving the air environment in chicken coop.

2. Fermentation treatment

The fermentation treatment of chicken manure is to decompose the organic components in chicken manure through the activities of various microorganisms, which can effectively improve the utilization rate of these organic substances. The special physical and chemical environment formed in the fermentation process can also basically kill pathogens in chicken manure. According to the different kinds of main microorganisms in the fermentation process, it can be divided into aerobic fermentation and anaerobic fermentation.

(1) Aerobic dynamic fermentation Under suitable conditions of temperature, humidity and sufficient oxygen supply, aerobic bacteria multiply rapidly, decompose a large amount of organic matter in feces into forms that are easy to digest and absorb, and release gases such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gas. After treatment at 45 ~ 55℃ for about 12 hours, high-quality organic fertilizer and regenerated feed can be obtained to deodorize and sterilize insects.

At present, an "aerobic dynamic fermentation tank" has been developed, which adopts the structure of "horizontal stirring tank" Before treatment, the water content of chicken manure should be reduced to about 45%, and then a small amount of auxiliary materials (grain) and fermentation bacteria should be added to chicken manure. After mixing these ingredients, put them into a fermentor, and turn the fermentor with a stirrer to keep the temperature in the fermentor at 45 ~ 55℃ all the time.

At the same time, a large amount of air is filled into the machine to meet the needs of gas and bacterial activities, and ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other waste gases and water produced by fermentation are discharged with the airflow. The advantages of aerobic dynamic fermentation are high fermentation efficiency and high speed, which can completely kill harmful bacteria in chicken manure. Due to the short treatment time, the nutrient loss in chicken manure is less and the utilization rate is improved. But this method also has some disadvantages. First of all, this treatment process has certain restrictions on the moisture content of chicken manure, and chicken manure can only be fermented after pretreatment and dehydration. Secondly, there is little dehydration in the fermentation process, and the moisture content of fermentation products is high, so it can not be stored for a long time. Thirdly, the current equipment cost and processing cost are still high, which limits its popularization and utilization.

(2) Composting Composting refers to the process that nitrogen-rich organic matter (such as chicken manure and dead chicken) and carbon-rich organic matter (such as straw) are transformed into humus, microorganisms and organic residues under the action of aerobic and thermophilic microorganisms. In the process of composting, a large amount of inorganic nitrogen is converted into organic nitrogen and fixed, forming a relatively stable, consistent and basically odorless product, that is, compost mainly composed of humus. Moreover, in the fermentation process, the high temperature of 50 ~ 70℃ can kill pathogenic microorganisms, parasites, their eggs and grass seeds. The decomposed substances are odorless, and complex organic compounds are degraded into simple compounds that can be easily absorbed and utilized by plants, forming high-quality organic fertilizers with lasting fertilizer effect, improving soil structure and maintaining soil fertility.

The main conditions of composting fermentation are as follows: ① Oxygen: In order to ensure the activity of aerobic microorganisms, it is necessary to provide enough oxygen, which generally requires 25% ~ 30% free space in composting mixture. Therefore, it is required to mix large straw raw materials with chicken manure, and often turn the fermentation products during the fermentation process. ② Suitable carbon-nitrogen ratio; Generally, the ratio is 30: 1, which can be adjusted by adding straws. (3) The humidity is controlled at 40% ~ 50%. ④ The temperature is kept at 60 ~ 70℃, which is an important index to monitor the normal progress of compost fermentation. When other conditions are suitable, aerobic microorganisms proliferate rapidly, and the heat generated during metabolism raises the internal temperature of fermentation products. At this temperature, harmful pathogens can be basically killed.

One of the composting methods for treating livestock manure is to pile the materials into strips with a width of 2-4m and a height of 1.5-2m respectively on the cement floor or the floor covered with plastic film, and the length depends on the site size and chicken manure. When the temperature is about 20℃, it will decompose for about 15 ~ 20 days, during which it must be turned over 1 ~ 2 times to provide oxygen, dissipate heat and ferment evenly, and then it must be left standing for 1 ~ 3 months before it can be completely decomposed. In order to speed up the fermentation, straw bales can be buried in the pile or ventilation pipes can be laid at the bottom of the pile. Due to frequent ventilation 20 days before stacking, there is no need to turn over the pile, the temperature can be raised to 60℃, and then it can be completely decomposed at natural temperature for 2 ~ 4 months.

Some livestock manure, such as the manure of flat chicken, was originally filled with a certain amount of sawdust, straw and chaff as padding, and no or less additives can be added when composting. In the later stage, the manure was covered with polyethylene film. After about 3 weeks of fermentation, enough heat can kill pathogenic microorganisms, parasite eggs and weed seeds, and the fertilizer efficiency will not be reduced because of excessive aerobic fermentation.

(3) Biogas treatment Biogas treatment is an anaerobic fermentation process. At present, due to the limitation of manure cleaning technology, many chicken farms use water to clean manure, so the water content of chicken manure is extremely high. Biogas method can directly treat this kind of water and fertilizer, which is its most obvious advantage. The generated biogas is a kind of combustible gas with high calorific value, which can provide energy for production and life. However, the biogas slurry formed by biogas treatment is easy to cause secondary pollution if it is not handled properly. At present, the better technical routes for biogas treatment of washed chicken manure are as follows: ① Firstly, solid-liquid separation is carried out on washed chicken manure, and the solid part is dried to make fertilizer or feed. (2) The liquid part enters the temperature regulating tank, and then enters the high-efficiency anaerobic tank to generate biogas. ③ The supernatant formed after gas production is discharged into the aquatic pond and finally enters the fish pond, so that the nutrients in the supernatant can be utilized by aquatic organisms and fish, and the problem of secondary pollution is basically solved.