Superstition prevailed in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the scientific knowledge against superstition showed brilliant achievements. Ji has an article, "No Good or Bad Houses" (I don't know who the author is), which states the reasons for superstition thoroughly. It says that people who don't understand sericulture have taboos when exporting. No, the more silk, the more taboos, and you complain that you have made taboos. When someone teaches him how to raise silkworms, master mulberry leaves and heat, and have rules for cold, hot, dry and wet, then all taboos will be lost and the profit will be ten times. This is because I didn't know why before, so I was annoyed by taboos. I didn't know why until later, so the method was right. Therefore, taboos are born of ignorance. If we can understand the nature of all kinds of things like silkworms, taboos will naturally lose their foothold. This correct view is the continuation of Wang Chong's thought, and it is natural that Ji Kang, the leader of metaphysics, resolutely opposes it. That is to say, in a society ruled by the exploiting classes, idealism is always advocated and carried forward, and scientific knowledge representing people's wisdom is always hindered and opposed in various forms. Superstition prevailed in the Eastern Han Dynasty, so scientists could only seek truth and fight against it. Although their scientific achievements will not be too great, their contribution to culture is of great progressive significance. Astronomy-the sky is the main source of superstition. It is said that Heaven condemned the emperor (the son of heaven) court for verbally admitting some mistakes or mobilizing several senior officials (the three public officials). Even if there is an explanation for the bad government, on the other hand, people believe that the sudden change of weather and disaster arrival are the blessing of the court, otherwise there is no need to show condemnation. In many articles in Lun Heng, Wang Chong has repeatedly demonstrated that there is no inductive relationship between man and nature, such as "Being Empty", "Feeling Empty", "Talking about Heaven", "Talking about Japan" and "Nature". He pointed out that the essence of heaven is inaction, which is of great scientific significance. Shu Wei is full of lies, but there are also occasional scientific discoveries. Shang Shu Kao Ling Yao said: "Four tours on land, north of Wan Li on the winter solstice, west of Wan Li, south of Wan Li on the summer solstice. The land keeps moving, but people don't know it. For example, people sit on a big ship and swim unconsciously. " Jingyi Chunqiu said that "the sun sinks and the flood is covered by the moon" (Lun Heng Shuo Ripian quoted Confucian scholars as saying that the solar eclipse was covered by the moon, and immediately became a Confucian work such as Jingyi). Weekly Water Mirror says that there are four rounds of celestial bodies (the bisector is the four poles of celestial movement) and that "the sun shines on the moon" (moonlight is born in the sun). Ling Yao, the Kao of Flowers, made a groundbreaking lobbying, saying that the sun and the moon swam up and down, thus inferring that the sun was above, the moon was below, and the moon covered the sun, which became an eclipse. Compared with Neijing, the theory of sun and moon's self-deficiency has made progress. During the reign of Emperor Han 'an, Zhang Heng wrote a letter to take charge of astronomy. Zhang Heng made an armillary sphere out of pure copper, and turned it with a copper leak (an ancient timer) to make the stars come into close contact with the sky. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Hongzao's Dry Elephant Calendar had an algorithm for calculating solar and lunar eclipses. Every progress in astronomy has an impact on superstition and gradually proves the correctness of the theory of "natural inaction".

Zhang Heng was born in 78 AD and died in 139. According to the Records of Five Elements, since 1992, earthquakes have occurred almost continuously, and the earthquake areas sometimes reach dozens of counties. In some areas, ground fissures, land subsidence, landslides and water inrush have appeared. In addition, there are often strong winds, and more than 30,000 trees are pulled up at a time. Superstitious people have different opinions, and disasters have become strong evidence of divination. Zhang Heng studied these natural phenomena. 132, he made a meteorometer and seismograph. The method of making the meteorological instrument is not recorded, and it may be an instrument for forecasting strong winds. According to the Records of Five Elements in the Book of Jin, there was a waiting bird in the west of Luoyang in Wei Dynasty, which was destroyed by Lei Zhen, or Zhang Heng's meteorological instrument. The seismograph is made of pure copper, with a circular diameter of eight feet, which looks like a wine bottle. The interior is equipped with organs and eight faucets according to eight aspects. When the earth moves in that direction, dragons in the same direction spit out copper balls. Since then, historians have recorded the direction of earthquakes. Wang Chong's works are beneficial to scientific thinking. Zhang Heng's invention promoted scientific knowledge. Lun Heng and Seismograph are two great creations in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Wang Chong and Zhang Heng are two great men in the cultural circle of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Mathematics-China Confucianism talks about Zhouyi with mathematics, and Shu Wei also talks about astronomy and calendar mathematics, so mathematics becomes a part of Confucianism. Yang Xiong imitated the Book of Changes and wrote Xuan Jing, which is actually Yang Xiong's mathematical work. Liu Xin is also a famous mathematician. Confucianists in the Eastern Han Dynasty paid more attention to mathematics, and Zhang Heng wrote "The Theory of Calculating the Net", which matched the theory of the immortal (the principle of Zhang Heng's theory of Huntian). Zheng Xuan, Wang Shen and others are proficient in nine chapters of arithmetic. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Liu Hui summarized various academic theories and annotated Nine Chapters Arithmetic, and his mathematical achievements surpassed Zhou Pian Shu Jing.

Medicine-"Huainanzi" said that Shennong tasted a hundred herbs and poisoned it 70 times a day, and the medical prescription rose from then on. Generally speaking, there was a myth that Shennong tasted a hundred herbs in ancient times, so the drug knowledge accumulated by the people in past dynasties was called Shennong. Materia Medica is the main medicine (Zheng Xuan notes Zhou Li's five medicines: grass, wood, insect, stone and grain), so it is called Materia Medica or Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica. From the beginning of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the imperial court began to recruit alchemists, and several of them needed to be summoned for herbal medicine. Lou Hu's family has been a doctor for generations, and Lou Hu has memorized hundreds of thousands of words of medical classics, materia medica and prescriptions. When Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty was Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, he was very famous for his access to powerful families in Beijing. In 5 AD, Wang Mang called people who were proficient in Chinese herbal medicine to Beijing to test their skills. There is no record of Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica in History of Literature and Art of Han Dynasty, but there was a drug book named Materia Medica in the Western Han Dynasty. Place names in the Eastern Han Dynasty are common in books, and doctors in the Eastern Han Dynasty have many supplements and explanations.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, epidemics occurred frequently. Zhang Ji, a native of Nanyang, studied medicine profoundly, and wrote sixteen volumes of Treatise on Febrile Diseases (ten volumes of Treatise on Febrile Diseases, ten volumes of Prescription Studies, and three volumes of Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, which were immediately published as Treatise on Miscellaneous Diseases). In Preface to Treatise on Febrile Diseases, he said: Throughout today's physicians, they refuse to discuss medical classics (Su Wen, Difficult Classics, etc. ), deductive new knowledge, handed down from family to family, and always conservative. The key to asking questions is that the tongue and tongue should be quick, and the pulse should be distinguished by pressing the inch instead of the foot, and by pressing the hand instead of the foot (foot pulse). A hasty prescription can hardly cure a serious disease. Contrary to these doctors, he took the disease very seriously, and basically ruled out the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements in his works. There is a reason why later doctors called Zhang Ji a medical sage and called Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber as medical classics, because he broke free from the shackles of Yin and Yang and promoted the scientific development of medicine.

The acupuncture treatment method in Lingshu Jing made remarkable progress in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Fu Weng, a recluse in Guanghan, wrote Acupuncture and Pulse Diagnosis and passed it on to his disciples. Guo Yu, disciple of Cheng Gaochuan. During the Han Dynasty and Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty, Guo Yu became too many doctors, which had many effects in treating diseases and taught acupuncture more widely. Guo Yuxi did his best to treat the poor and humble people and was rewarded. Treating aristocratic diseases often cannot be cured. When Emperor Han and Emperor asked Guo Yu, Guo Yu replied that the nobles were too powerful to make their own decisions and refused to listen to the doctor's testimony. The joint is weak, so you can't use the medicine after using the needle. Sometimes it is inevitable that some blood will come out with a needle. I was so frightened that I didn't care to treat the disease there.

Hua Tuo, a native of Qiao County, is good at acupuncture, especially surgery. The operation will be performed. First, the patient will lose consciousness after drinking Mafengsan, cut the abdomen and sew the wound on the back, stick a plaster, and then close the mouth after four or five days. Hua Tuo also taught people to play wuqin opera (imitating the movements of tigers, deer, bears, apes and birds) to make their bodies light, circulate blood, prevent diseases and prolong life. Cao Cao suffers from head wind disease, so Hua Tuo is invited to treat the root of the disease. Hua tuo said, we can only slow down the years, not cut off the roots. Cao Cao was furious and killed Hua Tuo. Hua Tuo's two disciples are good at surgery and Fan is good at acupuncture. Guan Yu's left arm was poisoned by arrow poison, the doctor scraped the bone to heal, and Guan Yu laughed heartily; Master Sima had a tumor on his eye and asked the doctor to cut it off. This kind of local excision is probably also treated with anesthetic.

Medicine was a period of development in the Warring States Period and made new progress in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Its characteristic is that the colors of Yin-Yang and Five Elements are much less than those in the Warring States Period.

There were also outstanding scientific research figures in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, among which Zu Chongzhi's achievements were particularly great.

In ancient times, there were three theories about celestial bodies: Huntian, Gaitian and Michelle Ye. Huntian thinks that the sky is yellow like an egg and the world is round. Gai Tianjia thinks that the sky is like a hat, the ground is like a cover plate, and the sky is round (Zhou Kuai Shu Jing). Most astronomers hold the theory of Huntian. Xuan Yejia thinks that the sky is invisible, and the sun, the moon and the stars naturally run in the void. These original ideas were lost because they were not taken seriously. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Yu wrote "On An Tian" based on the theory that the sky does not move, and opposed the theory that the sky is round, especially the theory that "a square is square, a circle is round, and it is no different". His great achievement was the first discovery of precession. Before Yu, several calendar scientists believed that the solar cycle from this winter to next winter was always the same. At the beginning of measuring the sun from this winter to next winter, it is not at the origin, but less. This deficiency is called precession, also known as the eastward movement of stars or the westward retreat of solar terms. It is not accurate to determine the time when the winter solstice retreats every 50 years, but the discovery of precession is a great progress in calendar mathematics.

He Chengtian-Song He Chengtian inherited his mother's uncle Guangxu's record of observing celestial phenomena for more than 40 years, and observed them for another 40 years, creating a new calendar. Song Wendi adopted his new calendar called Li Yuanjia. "Yuan Jiali" created the new moon method, which made the solar eclipse close at hand. He also created a method to adjust Japan, which was adopted by many historians in the Tang and Song Dynasties.

Zu Chongzhi-Qi Zu Chongzhi was a famous great scientist in ancient times. His grandfather Zuchang was a great craftsman in the Song Dynasty. The master is the highest official in the management and construction of the imperial court. I want to see Zuchang as an architect. Zu Chongzhi was famous for his erudition in his early years and was highly valued by Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty. He is good at mathematics, and his most outstanding contribution is to get pi. Zhou Bi suan Jing defines pi as three, that is, the circumference is three times the diameter. Through the exploration of mathematicians, the calculation of pi is gradually improved. Liu Xinde in the Western Han Dynasty scored 3. 1547, Zhang Hengde in the Eastern Han Dynasty scored 3. 16, Liu Hui in Cao Wei scored 3. 14, and Song Chengtian scored 3. 1428. It was not until Zu Chongzhi that pi was calculated to be between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. Zu Chongzhi annotated "Calculation in Nine Chapters" and wrote "Composition". In the Tang Dynasty, when Chinese studies taught mathematics, seal script was used as the teaching material, and the study year was limited to four years. The importance of this book can be imagined.

He Chengtian's Yuan Jiali Calendar is more accurate than the ancient eleven calendars, but Zu Chongzhi thought it was too rough, so he created a new calendar called Daming Calendar. The number of days in a tropical year (from the solstice of this winter to the solstice of next winter) is 365.2428 148 1, which is only about 50 seconds different from the number of days obtained by modern science. It is also determined that the number of days of the moon's revolution is 29.2 1222 days, which is less than 1 second from the number of days obtained by modern science. The ancients called Jupiter the age star, and in the Spring and Autumn Period, the year (age star) was used to mark the year of a certain time (twelve times), because it was thought that the age star was exactly twelve years. Liu Xin's "San Li" knew that the ancient method was wrong, and created the 144-year super-old method. Zu Chongzhi corrected Liu Xin's carelessness and decided to "turn around the star seven times (sound zā) for one week. Seven turns, eighty-four), once "("Three Calendars "is twelve turns of the year-old star, once). Jupiter's revolution once is 1 186 years, and seven times is 18302 years, which is quite close to the 84 years measured by Zu Chongzhi. Yu's precession method began to be used in Daming Calendar. Since then, many historians have studied precession degrees and gradually become more accurate. There are many original ideas in Da Ming Li. Emperor Xiaowu of Song ordered the courtiers to discuss with each other. Some people oppose the adoption of Da Ming Li on the grounds of "false reciting of heavenly books". It was not until Liang Wudi that Da Liming was used to replace Li Yuanjia.

Zu Chongzhi can do machinery again. He once built a compass car for Emperor Gaudi of Qi, which was equipped with a bronze machine, and the car could turn around at will without losing its direction. And build a ship of thousands of miles, which can walk more than 100 miles a day. "Southern History" also said that Zhuge Liang's legacy in Zu Chongzhi was to build a land vehicle, and the machinery itself could move without manpower. This may be a kind of locomotive with low labor intensity, or it may be a fiction of historians, because there were human ships similar to thousands of miles away in the Tang and Song Dynasties, but no locomotive was ever seen in later records.

Zu Chongzhi's son, Xuan xuān, studied at an early age. When he is absorbed, he won't hear the thunderbolt. Once when I was walking on the road, my head met a senior official, Xu Mian, and Xu Mian called him and was shocked. He used a method in solid geometry to calculate the volume of a sphere, and made a copper sunflower (used to measure the shadow of the sun) and a leaky pot (dripping timer), both of which were extremely precise. His son Zuhao is also a family heirloom, and he is good at calendar calculation. Hou Jing insurrection, ZuHao was killed. After Zuchang was destroyed by Hou Jing, what a great loss it was for the scientific family to be passed down from generation to generation!

Eight drugs

During the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, the gentry had many good medicines. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Yin Haomiao felt the pulse and treated the illness of a hundred-year-old woman. Yin Zhong can personally prescribe the pulse for the patient as a gesture of goodwill. Song Kongxi is good at treating diseases first and also good at pulse diagnosis. Yang Xin has a good medical skill and has written dozens of prescriptions. The best of these doctors are Taoist Ge Hong and Tao Hongjing. Ge Hong said that Taoist priests should also learn medical skills to avoid various diseases. Ge Hong collected more than 500 volumes such as Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, Huang Sufang and Hundreds of Miscellaneous Prescriptions collected by Badai and Hua Tuo, and also collected hundreds of prescriptions written by Gan Hu and Lv Fu, and made them into Yuhanfang 100 volume, which classified the diseases according to their names and prescribed drugs according to their types. It is very convenient to check. He also published three volumes of "Sudden Prescription after Saving Elbow". He said that with this "rescue prescription" at home, there is no need for a doctor. Doctors are mostly handed down from generation to generation, but they exist in name only. They fabricated pseudonyms for economic gain. Prescribers like to use dozens of expensive drugs, which the poor can't afford, harming others and themselves. It is better to know the prescription yourself than to ask an ignorant doctor. Ge Hong's "rescue prescription" is a proven prescription, and the medicine is easily available vegetation, not expensive products. Tao Hongjing annotated the Classic of Materia Medica, wrote General Cases of Medicine, and supplemented Gehong's Emergency Prescription after Elbow as Hundred Prescriptions after Elbow. Both Ge Hong and Tao Hongjing said that doctors and medicines are mostly in the capital, and there are not many cities outside Beijing, and there is a shortage of medicines in rural areas. They are behind the scenes and have kindness to the poor. Medicine develops in cities. As for the medical books of the Southern Dynasties contained in the Annals of Sui Shu Classics, there are books on pulse science, pathology, medicinal properties, pharmacy, acupuncture, acupoint making, pill making, powder making, ointment making, prescription making, and secret recipes handed down from generation to generation. There are pediatrics, obstetrics, gynecology, gangrene, otology, traumatology, malaria, tuberculosis, boils, claudication, diet, health care, handover between men and women, body chart, veterinary department (horses, cows, camels, mules), Indian medical prescriptions, etc. Most of the screenwriters are noble gentry, and the subject matter is divided very carefully.

Jiu art

Calligraphy-Calligraphy has become an important art since the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhong Wei has created a real book and a new territory, so he is called the only person since Qin and Han Dynasties. Wang Xizhi, a master of calligraphy in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was famous as a calligrapher. Wang Xizhi not only absorbed the essence of Han and Wei calligraphers, but also broke away from the realm of Zhong You's authentic books and created a new realm. In other words, Zhong You's real book still has traces of official script, while Wang Xizhi's real book can stand on its own feet. Some people think that "the right army was written (Wang Xizhi was the right general), the wind of the Han, Wei and Western Jin Dynasties was exhausted, and the right army was novel and gratifying, but the abolition of the past actually began in the right army", which is what it means. Wang Xianzhi, the son of Wang Xizhi, is not inferior to Wang Xizhi in calligraphy. People call him Xiao Sheng. Father and son are collectively called two kings. Wang Sengqian of Qi said: "Only the correct army and leaders (two kings) can change the past and enter the present. No, it's still the same as the French clock (middle) and Zhang (middle). "Liang Wudi commented on Wang Xizhi's book and said," If the dragon jumps into the sky, the tiger will lie in the phoenix pavilion, so it will always be a lesson to collect it in the past. " The original calligraphy of the two kings is authentic in the south and follows the old calligraphy of Wei and Jin Dynasties (Western Jin Dynasty) in the north, so the calligraphy in the north and south is different. After the reunification of the north and the south, with the promotion of Emperor Taizong, the authentic works of the two kings became the national authentic works.

Painting-Zhang Tang and Yan Yuan said in "A Record of Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties" that "the image should be shaped, and the shape should be full of backbone. The shape of the bone is based on the meaning and the pen, so the painter is better at writing. " The gentry in the Southern Dynasties attached great importance to calligraphy, so their paintings developed at the same time. Eastern Jin Dynasty, such as, Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi, Gu Kaizhi, Dai Kui, Dai Kui, Song Dynasty, such as,, Xie Zhuang, Qi Ru Sheikh, Liu Xuan, Mao Hui Yuan, Liang Ru Liang Yuandi, Tao Hongjing, Zhang Sengzhou, Chen Chaoru, such as Gu Wangye, are all the most famous painters. Gu Kaizhi is particularly prominent. Xie An said that Gu Kaizhi's paintings were unprecedented since he was born. At that time, people also said that Gu Kaizhi had three unique skills, and painting was one of the three unique skills (the other two were talents and idiots), which indicated that his painting reached an unprecedented level at that time. He changed the painting style of Gu Zhuo since the Han and Wei Dynasties, paying special attention to conveying the expressions of the characters in the paintings, and making the finishing point became an important means to convey the spirit. He often said, "vivid portrayal is being blocked (which means the finishing touch)". The monks in the crock temple set up a bureau to invite officials to give alms, and the officials gave up to 100,000 yuan, and Gu Kaizhi alone gave one million yuan. In order to prepare a new wall for the monks, Gu Kaizhi closed the door for more than a month, drew a body like Vimola, and told the monks that the audience could ask for 100,000 on the first day, 50,000 on the second day and give it to them for free on the third day. After painting the temple, Vimalakīrti's portrait is dazzling, and it is said that there is a saying that "the body shows illness, but a few words are forgotten". Millions of dollars in a few days. There is also a picture of women's history, which is said to be Gu Kaizhi's original work. Other painters, for example, are good at painting landscapes, while Gu is good at painting insects and birds. Xie Heshan's portrait is called the first in the Southern Dynasties. Liu Xuan was good at drawing beautiful women, and Mao Huiyuan was good at drawing horses, both of which were unparalleled at that time. Emperor Liang Yuan is good at painting foreign figures, while Zhang Sengyou is good at painting temple walls. The woodcut of the abbot made by Xie Zhuang depicts the mountains and rivers of China, which are divided into one state and one county, and the collection is a national map. Drawing a map is not art, but it also shows his intelligence.

Since the Han and Wei Dynasties, calligraphers have often discussed calligraphy and expounded its mystery. Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, painters have also painted. For example, Gu Kaizhi has "On Painting" and Xie He has "On Six Laws" (first, the charm is vivid; Second, the bone brush; Third, the pictogram of the object should be; Fourth, follow the class color; 5. Place of business; Six, transfer the model to write), Wang Weiyou's painting. After the Tang Dynasty, no one can surpass the scope of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties in calligraphy and painting.

Sculpture-Dai Kuigong's paintings and calligraphy, and the landscape of the characters were all wonderful at that time. Dai Kui is also good at casting Buddha statues and carving. He once made a wooden statue of the Buddha with infinite life, six feet high, and served two great bodhisattvas beside him. Because the old carving skills are simple and clumsy, people can't respect each other. Dai Kui plunged into the curtain, listened to the audience's criticism, and gave them different opinions. He made a serious study and created a new image for three consecutive years, which surprised everyone. Dai Kui's son Dai Kui inherited his father's business. Prince Song cast six golden statues in the crock temple, which looked like Cheng Jue's head was too small for craftsmen to modify. Please check with Dai Qing. Dai Qing said that this is not a thin face, but a fat shoulder blade. Cut off the shoulder blades and the shape will become magnificent. Other sculptures, such as Liang Shi's monk helping to build the Tunxi stone statue, and casting a nine-gold statue by interpretation, use 43,000 Jin of copper, and the technology is also considerable. However, the development of Buddhism in the south focuses on justice and pays little attention to religious characteristics. Therefore, sculpture is far less thick and skilled than Buddhism in the north.

Imitation and extension —— Wang Xizhi's calligraphy studies benefited from Cai Yong's The Book of Songs, Zhang Zhi's Huashan Monument and Zhong You's calligraphy (mainly Zen Monument). These monuments are all in the north, and it is suspected that there was rubbing technology at that time. Gu Kaizhi has a wonderful method of copying and spreading, waxing with good paper according to law, and spreading famous paintings without losing their spirit, which is much more exquisite than spreading inscriptions. Once this rubbing method is applied to woodcut, it becomes printing.

In the south, dignitaries build palaces and monks build pagodas. Although the scale is not as large as that in the north, considerable achievements have been made in building technology. Most southern gentry are good at music and create new sounds. There is also Weiqi, which pays equal attention to calligraphy and painting, and is called hand talk or seclusion. All cultural undertakings that can satisfy spiritual enjoyment have been highly developed in the Southern Dynasties. Gao Huan said that there was an old man named Xiao Yan in Jiangdong, who specialized in clothing, rites and music. Scholars in the Central Plains admire him, saying that it is the new moon. It was a happy event that the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty said, "This is China." The north recognizes that the southern culture is China's orthodoxy, not just one end of music, so the northern dynasty defeated the southern dynasty militarily and the southern dynasty defeated the northern dynasty culturally.