1. Wei China10k/trad/history/index As for culture, Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are all very talented in literature and are called "Three Caos". During the reign of Cao Cao and Cao Pi, literature was also vigorously developed, so Cao Wei had excellent literary achievements. In addition, talking about metaphysics became increasingly popular in the late Cao Wei period, which had a far-reaching impact on China's philosophy. All countries attach great importance to culture, education and science and technology. Famous scholars such as Yu Fan and Lu Ji are all celebrities in Wu Dong. Among them, Yu Fan's "Yi Zhu" has been handed down to this day, providing important information for future generations to govern foreigners. Legend has it that Zhuge Liang invented the "wooden ox and flowing horse", which was a very advanced means of transportation at that time, but unfortunately it has been lost. In medicine, Hua Tuo's medical skill is still praised by later generations. In the fourth year of Wei Ganlu (259), Huangfu Mi, a medical scientist, wrote The Classic of Acupuncture in China, which played an important role in the development of acupuncture in China. 2. China 10K/TRAD/History/INDEX The cultural customs of the Jin Dynasty, from establishment to extinction, can be said to be a mess. However, the culture of the Jin Dynasty made great achievements. In terms of science and technology, the mechanical manufacturing technology of the Jin Dynasty has made remarkable progress compared with the previous generation. Advanced grain processing machines, such as rotary mills and grinding cars, have been invented and used one after another. Astronomers in the Jin Dynasty wrote "On An Tian" in 335-342 AD, and put forward outstanding astronomical theoretical viewpoints. Ge Hong's medical works The Elbow and alchemy also contributed to medical and chemical research. In terms of literature, the Jin Dynasty was full of talented people. Lu Ji, Pan Yue, Zuo Si, Tao Qian and Xie Lingyun were all writers in the Jin Dynasty, among which Zuo Si and his achievements were the greatest. Zuo Si's masterpiece Sandu Fu made scholars at that time scramble to read and write, resulting in "Luoyang paper is expensive". Tao Qian is a master of landscape pastoral poetry, and his works have been handed down to future generations for a long time. In terms of art, sculpture, painting and calligraphy in the Jin Dynasty flourished. Gu Kaizhi and Dai Kui were the most representative great painters and sculptors at that time. Calligrapher Wang Xizhi is also known as the "book saint". According to legend, his calligraphy is extremely powerful and can be "incisive". In historiography, the History of the Three Kingdoms written by Chen Shou, a historian in the Western Jin Dynasty, has made great contributions to later historiography and novels. Later generations Luo Guanzhong wrote Romance of the Three Kingdoms based on the History of the Three Kingdoms, which still has great influence all over the world. In terms of social customs, the Jin dynasty was dominated by the political power of aristocratic families, and there was a situation of "no poverty in the upper class and no family in the lower class" in the officialdom, and the class division was extremely strict. Because the rich and powerful people control most of the economic resources, the gap between the rich and the poor is very large, and most people live in poverty, which is in stark contrast to the rich and powerful people who spent more than 10 thousand during the eclipse. In addition, due to the increasing popularity of Buddhism and Taoism in the Jin Dynasty, many customs and festivals have been influenced by it and have been passed down to this day. For example, July 7th is the night when the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl get together, which is called "Begging for Cleverness Festival". In a word, the culture of Jin Dynasty is colorful. If there is a very wide gap between the rich and the poor in the Jin Dynasty, there is also a strong and wide gap between the cultural achievements of the Jin Dynasty and the incompetence, incompetence and cruelty of the rulers. 3. China's literature and art in the Southern and Northern Dynasties10k/trad/history/3/33/33i/33i0101Northern and Southern Dynasties is brilliant. There were many literary achievements in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In terms of poetry, since the Song and Qi Dynasties, there have been landscape poems mainly describing scenery, with Xie Lingyun as the ancestor and maturing in Xie Tiao. During the reign of Qi Yongming, Xie Tiao and others summed up the characteristics of poetic rhythm, applied the four tones of "Ping, Shang, Qu and Ru" to poetry, and put forward the so-called "eight diseases" that should be avoided in poetic rhythm. The poems with eternal style created by them are the beginning of China's metrical poetry and the bridge from classical poetry to modern poetry. However, by the time of Liang and Chen, the palace poems were already very rich, and the content was limited to the luxurious life of the court. In addition to literati poems, there were many Yuefu folk songs in the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, mainly about love. The existing Yuefu folk songs in the Northern Dynasties are not as weighty as those in the Southern Dynasties, but their status is very important. Its authors are not only * * *, but also Xianbei people and other ethnic minorities. These Yuefu folk songs have a wide range of themes, simple, bright and vigorous styles, and the well-known Mulan Ci is one of them. In prose, the style that emphasizes rhetoric, allusion and format once prevailed in the Southern Dynasties and was called "Parallel Prose". Xu Ling and Yu Xin of the Southern Liang Dynasty are the masters of parallel prose. Yu Xin's Jiangnan Fu is a parallel epic. As far as novels are concerned, they mainly describe anecdotes of characters, the most representative of which is Shi Shuo Xin Yu written by Liu Yiqing in the Southern Song Dynasty. Mystery novels were also very popular in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, among which Gan Bao's Search for the Gods in the Eastern Jin Dynasty had the greatest influence on the mystery novels in the Southern Dynasties. Due to the popularity of literature, some special literary criticism books appeared in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Qi's Wen Xin Diao Long is a literary criticism and theoretical work with strong thoughts. Zhong Rong in Liang Dynasty also wrote a poem "Poetry", which had a great influence on later poetry criticism. The rich accumulation of literary works and the development of literary criticism have contributed to the emergence of literary works anthology. The editor of Selected Works is Prince Xiao Tong of Liang Zhaoming. Later, Xu Ling of the Chen Dynasty also compiled a collection of poems from the Han Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties. 20 12-05-08 22:59:22 Supplement: During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, other arts also developed greatly. Famous artists such as painting, sculpture and calligraphy come forth in large numbers. With the prevalence of Buddhism, the art of sculpture and painting has reached its peak, especially Dunhuang, Yungang and Longmen in the Northern Dynasty. The statues and murals in Dunhuang Grottoes are even a miracle in the history of human art, and even in modern times, a special research category called Dunhuang studies has been formed. On the other hand, due to the contact and integration of various ethnic groups, music and dance in the Southern and Northern Dynasties gained new impetus, which had an important impact on the future development of China music and dance and even traditional Chinese opera.

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During the Jin Dynasty, the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the frontier nationalities entered the Central Plains, and after the ethnic convergence, they assimilated into the Xia nationality, and the grassland culture brought by nomadic nationalities also merged into the Central Plains culture. The southward migration of the Central Plains has promoted the great development of the south, especially the south of the Yangtze River. During the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, great ethnic migration and cultural blending led to the cultural division between the north and the south, and the Yellow River basin was reduced from the original Central Plains to the north, which was called the South with Jiangnan as the center of gravity. At that time, the world was in chaos, and most scholars did not attach importance to morality, so Confucianism declined. Broad-minded people, seeing the decline and chaos, don't want to hide it, so they trust and let go, and then open the wind of talking. The prosperity of the Jin Dynasty, the chaos of the world is not over yet, and the followers of Xiang embroidery are beneficial to Feng Xuan. With the intersection of metaphysics and Indian Buddhism, China culture gradually formed the fusion of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and Taoism and Buddhism gradually extended to the lives of ordinary people during this period. Although China's culture declined in the Jin Dynasty since the end of the Han Dynasty, there were also new developments in philosophy, literature, art, history and science and technology, such as Wang Xizhi's calligraphy and Wang Xianzhi's and Gu Kaizhi's paintings. The social problems in the Jin Dynasty mainly revolved around the clan, which constituted the upper class of society and had a profound impact on this period. At that time, the official school was sluggish, and the academic prosperity of aristocratic families, especially those in the south, became the most important form of cultural inheritance and development. [Editor] The academic thought "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest and Prosperity" is a brick painting of the Southern Dynasties' tomb. From top to bottom, from left to right are hermits and seven sages of bamboo forest in the Spring and Autumn Period, namely Ruan Xian, Liu Ling, Xiang Embroidery, Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Dan Tao and Wang Rong. The academic thought of Jin Dynasty experienced the transformation from Confucian classics to metaphysics. Speaking freely is popular among scholars and officials. At the turn of Wei and Jin Dynasties, Sima family attempted to seize the throne, which led to political repression and social unrest. He said, "During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were many reasons in the world, but the integrity of celebrities was few", and the etiquette of respect and inferiority was hypocritical or contemptuous. At this time, the people were worried about stealing security, so they changed to make it clear, put aside reality and focus on reason. Confucianism has been broken and trivial in the end, emphasizing textual research and neglecting righteousness, which makes the thought in an empty window. For these reasons, metaphysics developed and prevailed in 240 -249. As early as the Cao Wei period, Yan He and Wang Bi put forward the theory that "Ming Jiao comes from nature". The representatives of metaphysics in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty were the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest. Their thoughts were different, but they were mainly represented by Ji Kang and Ruan Ji. They advocate the attitude of "governing by doing nothing" and "teaching more and letting nature take its course". Expose Sima Group's hypocritical "bright coke" coat and spurn the so-called "bright coke" etiquette. However, due to the extreme development of the concept of "letting nature take its course", it presents a bohemian and dissolute life. In the late Western Jin Dynasty, the representatives of metaphysics were Fei Li and Guo Xiang. Fei Li put forward a revision of "let nature take its course" and advocated "advocating ontology" to correct "the disadvantages of false birth". Guo Xiang further proved that "famous religion" is "nature", and the development of metaphysics came to an end. At this time, the wind of gossip also spread to the political arena, and dignitaries also talked about Hyunri, showing a group of dignitaries who were alive and about to be born. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, dissolute behavior was somewhat restrained, but due to the advocacy of court dignitaries, the wind of speaking freely prevailed. After the chaos in China, people believed in Taoism one after another because of the war and the oppression of the noble family. Taoism's folk believers have increased greatly, mostly in the inland and southeast coast of Sanwu. Overseas Chinese and Wu clan also believe in it in succession, such as Wang Xizhi, who is a family of five dou mi Dao [20]. Later, Sun En and Lu Xun called on followers of Wudou Midao to rebel, and Jin Tingjing used it for decades. [Editor] The image of Tao Yuanming, an idyllic poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, originated from "Zhujian Painting Biography of Xiao Tang" published in 192 1. Jin Dynasty literature got rid of the shackles of Confucian classics and moved towards free and pluralistic development. This is because: the spirit of Confucianism in Wei and Jin Dynasties declined, and only morality was valued, and the scholar-officials were empty and absurd; Politics is dark and literati are oppressed; Metaphysics, Buddhism and Taoism are popular, and the translated classics are developed. In this context, the works of this period are realistic in content and attach importance to skills. Due to the influence of Han Fu, parallel prose appeared, with a number of four to six words, paying attention to gorgeous rhetoric, carving words, rhythm and ornamentation, and using antithesis and allusions. The main articles are fu and bamboo slips, which reached their peak in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Parallel prose brought the study of phonology, and the last four tones were recognized by Nan Liang Shen. Novels, such as Zhang Hua's Natural History, Gan Bao's Searching for the Gods, and Ge Hong's Biography of Immortals. Most of the historical books in this period are folk works, or there are several versions, such as the History of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty by Ye Fan [2 1]. After Yongjia disaster, Liu Kun's poems with the characteristics of national subjugation and perseverance were rare in Jin Dynasty. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, bamboo slips and other articles were famous for their superb style, such as Wang Xizhi's Book with Xie An. Among them, The Preface to Lanting Collection mentions that life is accompanied by sadness and joy, which can quite represent the values of literati at that time. Metaphysical Fu is the most popular, which is mostly related to the content of discussion, such as Sun's "Tiantai Mourning Fu" and Guo Pu's "Jiangshang Fu". Guo Pu annotated Er Ya, Shan Hai Jing and Mu Chuan. His poems about immortals are representative of the literature about immortals in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and have a unique poetic style. The content of the poem describes the sense of drifting away from the world, which is actually a reflection of dissatisfaction with reality. In the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, Tao Yuanming was very distinctive. He is good at describing rural life, and his style is fresh and simple, which enhances the connotation of classical poetry and shows lofty and pure sentiment. His work Peach Blossom Spring symbolizes the pursuit of a harmonious world that can escape from troubled times and is full of philosophy. His poems, essays and ci fu have widely influenced later famous artists, such as Wang Wei, Li Bai, Du Fu, Su Shi, Xin Qiji and Lu You. In addition, the story background of Liang Zhu, one of the four great folklore stories in China, also happened in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Throughout the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to the break of the unification of Confucianism and the rise of Taoism and Buddhism, academic research showed diversification. In order to survive or struggle, countries have taken some reform measures to ensure the development of agriculture and handicrafts in some areas. All these have greatly improved science and technology. Taoism has also contributed to the history of science and technology in China, and its practice of "outside Dan and inside Dan" contains many sciences. External alchemy includes yellow and white, which is alchemy. Burn lead-mercury alchemy medicine in a furnace pot. Some pills are poisonous, but others are effective. Neidan takes the human body as the furnace, the essence of human beings as the material, and God as the use to create the "holy fetus". Its cultivation method covers health preservation and qigong.

Reference: ME^^