I've been asking this question recently, but I'm too lazy to type more than 3 thousand words.

One hundred years ago, under the leadership of the great Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended more than 2,000 years of feudal autocracy, opened a new era of national republic, and left a glorious chapter in the revolutionary history of China. Comrade Hu Jintao said in his important speech on 1 July: "The Revolution of 1911 led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen ended the autocratic monarchy that ruled China for thousands of years, which is of great significance to promoting social progress in China."

What prompted the Revolution of 1911?

1. The national crisis deepened and social contradictions intensified.

2. The "New Deal" in the late Qing Dynasty and its bankruptcy

3. The formation of bourgeois revolutionaries

4. The widespread dissemination of national revolutionary ideas.

Short stories of the Revolution of 1911:

19 13 In July, the Kuomintang launched the second war against Yuan Shikai's dictatorship. This is Li visiting his parents. At home, he received a telegram from his friend, urging him to go to Changsha to launch Hunan independence, and said to his parents, "The child is determined to kill thieves and defend the Republic, otherwise he can't live." On July 25th, Hunan was announced to be established, and he was appointed as Hubei-Henan hospitality ambassador and sent to Yueyang for deployment. Tan Yan, the governor of Hunan Province, joined the Kuomintang, but he didn't really oppose Yuan Shikai. Although independence was declared, there was no active military preparation. Jiangsu, Jiangxi and other places suffered from the defeat of Yuan Jun, Hunan announced the abolition of independence on August 65438+ in 2002, and Jiang Yiwu returned to Changsha. Things were irreparable, so he had to flee Hunan with other revolutionaries. Everyone else takes a boat to extend Jiangdong through Hankou. Jiang Yiwu thought Hankou was too dangerous and there were too many people who knew him there, so he decided to divert to Guangxi and go to Hong Kong.

Jiang Yiwu arrived in Tangjiachong, Anxian County, which belongs to Quanzhou, Guangxi. He was arrested by Qin Buqu, who was in charge of the garrison, and was escorted to Guilin by Quanzhou. Qin Buqu was very excited when he learned that the arrested person was Jiang Yiwu, a criminal wanted by Yuan Shikai. On the one hand, he kept a close eye on Jiang Yiwu and telegraphed Yuan Shikai for credit. Jiang Yiwu's friend heard the news and immediately pleaded with Guijun's teacher Chen Bing. He was said to be a wanted man, but he couldn't go to bending the law, so he was allowed to live in another room, and Liu was appointed to take care of him. Soon, Yuan Shikai ordered Gui Department to shoot Jiang Yiwu on the spot. Ordered Liu to show Yuan Shikai's telegram and told him to carry it out the next day. Jiang Yiwu joined in and discussed with Liu that Yuan Shikai must be attacked by force. He thought it would be bad for the Republic of China if he didn't get rid of this person, so he asked Liu for paper and pen, wrote down his will and named his posthumous son.

The next day, it was very hot and he said to Liu, "It's too hot to fast. Can you change it to night to avoid sudden death at noon? " Liu agreed. At 4 o'clock in the afternoon, Liu is preparing dinner and entertaining it with brandy. Jiang Yiwu didn't take the impending death to heart. He ate and drank happily, so that he was a little drunk. After dinner, he was taken to Li Zemen in Guilin and executed. The executioner is the battalion adjutant Huang, and the executioner is the battalion adjutant Lu. The soldiers stood around and there were countless onlookers. Wearing a silk shirt and trousers, Jiang Yiwu sat quietly on the red carpet and told the audience the revolutionary truth. He was impassioned, the audience was moved, and some people were in tears. The executed soldiers listened attentively and refused to shoot. The leading platoon leader, worried that things would change, suddenly took out his pistol and shot Jiang Yiwu from behind, and Jiang Yiwu died.

Before being executed, Jiang Yiwu wrote four desperate poems, two of which read: "Where was the heroism at that time?" ? So angry! Well, my silence is over, and I am free to scream with my sword tip. ""in late autumn, the dust roots are broken, and the Central Plains has no owner to worry about! Who can support the country? Only mourning for water. "

Xu Xilin: 1904 joined the Guangfu Association. The following year, he founded Datong school with Tao to cultivate the backbone of the party, so as to cultivate? Accumulate revolutionary forces. /kloc-in the winter of 0/906, in order to cover revolutionary activities, he donated officials, gained access to Daoyuan Street, and paid Anqing. After entering Anhui, he was trusted by the governor Enming, and served as the military conference office and police school inspector successively. Propagandize the revolution in a legal capacity, and prepare to launch the Anhui-Zhejiang Uprising with Qiu Jin and others. Later, it was discovered that on the occasion of the graduation ceremony, he rebelled in advance, shot and killed Enming, and fought fiercely with the Qing army for several hours. Because he was alone and outnumbered, he was finally arrested. The next morning, he was tortured by laparotomy and died heroically.

Qiu Jin: 1904 Summer, went to study in Japan. The following year, he joined the Guangfu Association and the League, and was promoted to be a member of the League and the president of the Zhejiang Branch of the League. At the beginning of 1907, he took over the Datong Sect, went to the East Zhejiang Liaison Party, organized the Guangfu Army, and prepared for the simultaneous uprising in Anhui and Zhejiang. On May 26th, Anqing Uprising, Xu Xilin failed, and Shaoxing Action was exposed. At four o'clock in the afternoon on the fourth day of June, more than 300 Qing soldiers surrounded Datong School, and Qiu Jin was unfortunately arrested. On the morning of the sixth day, he died in Xuantingkou, Shaoxing. It has been ten years since he was 33.

Song: 1903 entered Wuchang general literature school; 1904 founded Huaxing Hui in Changsha with Huang Xing and others; In August, he organized a science tutorial school with Liu Jing 'an and others in Wuchang. 1 1 Yuehua Xinghui secret merchant uprising, in which he left Japan and entered Tokyo Hosei University. 1905 In May, he and Huang Xing founded the 20th century Zina and advocated revolution. In August, he joined the China League as a general affairs officer and writer. 19 10, Tan Renfeng and others wanted to shift the revolutionary focus to the middle generation of the Yangtze River, and suggested organizing the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League to be the lead writer of the People's Daily. 19 1 1 In July, the Youth League Central Committee was established in Shanghai and was elected as the director of the General Affairs Department. After Wuchang Uprising, he and Huang Xing went to Hubei to lead, and the Nanjing Provisional Government was established as the legal director. Succeeding as Beijing's chief minister of agriculture and forestry. After the League was reorganized into the Kuomintang, it was promoted to director, with Sun Yat-sen as acting chairman, and advocated the responsibility cabinet system. 19 13 In February, the Kuomintang won a great victory and was about to become the Prime Minister of the Cabinet, which led to the murder. On March 20th, Yuan Shikai sent someone to assassinate him in Shanghai at the age of 32.

When the Revolution of 1911 broke out, Yuan Shikai was living in seclusion in Huanshang Village outside the north gate of Zhangdecheng, Henan Province, because he failed in the power struggle with the Manchu nobles.

Under the banner of carrying out the New Deal, Yuan Shikai controlled the imperial court together with Beiyang, which posed a great threat to the rule of the Manchu aristocratic ruling group. In the thirty-third year of Guangxu, (1907), Yuan Shikai was awarded the title of Gao Zhenzhu, and was removed from the post of governor and foreign minister of Zhili by the Qing government, and relieved of the military power. In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi died one after another, and Puyi, the son of Prince Zai Feng of Alcohol, succeeded to the throne. On the day before Cixi's death, she declared King Chun Qing as Regent, supervising the country and presiding over state affairs. Zai Feng hated Yuan Shikai for betraying Emperor Guangxu, and more importantly, he was afraid of his own power, so he decided to punish Yuan Shikai. However, when seeking the opinions of the Minister of Military Affairs, Yi Kuang raised an objection: "It is not difficult to kill Yuan Shikai, but who will be responsible for the rebellion of Beiyang Army?" Zhang Zhidong also disapproved of killing Yuan Shikai, saying: "Now the situation is turbulent, the emperor is young, and it is not easy to shake the minister. Can you consider driving it out of Beijing? " Most military ministers agreed with Yi Kuang and Zhang Zhidong, and asked Yuan Shikai to "vacate a position and return to his hometown to provide for the aged".

In the health garden of Huanshang Village, Yuan Shikai spends his days at ease, walking with his brother's crutches, playing chess and chatting, swimming in the lake, drinking and writing poems with literati, or sharing family happiness with his wife and children. He also compiled the poems sung by Huanshang Village into Poems Singing in Guitang, which is the name of the bridge around the water. Among them, there is a poem "Climbing the Building", which reflects his deep ambition and the essence of "seclusion" in Huanshang Village:

The building is knee-small, the eaves are high and the old trees are neat.

Open the porch and level the Beidou. It feels too low.

Yuan Shikai's life as a wild crane in the clouds was seen by Yuan Deliang, who was ordered by Qin Jun to guard the court, but he was stupid, ignorant of literature and ink, and greedy for money. Yuan Shikai took good care of him, gave him a lot of gold and silver, and had clan relations with him. Finally, Yuan Deliang not only sent Yuan Shikai's aides the Monthly Report of the March Commanders, but also truthfully reported the news that Prince Xiao sent spies to Henan. In order to show that he was ready to die of old age, Yuan Shikai specially invited a photo studio from Tianjin to take photos of himself in Huanshang Village and sent them to Shanghai Oriental Magazine for publication. In the photo, Yuan Shikai is sitting with the bow, while his younger brother Yuan Shilian is standing at the stern with a pole, which is called "Dai Li Fishing Map". On the surface, Yuan Shikai wants to give people the impression of forgetting the world, but in fact, he hides his strength and bides his time. He has a telegraph room in Yang Shouyuan, and often communicates with confidants in Beijing and other places. From Beijing to local governments, "regardless of the size of the government, Yuan Shikai's intention is foresight." According to his daughter's memory, he received letters and telegrams from all over the world every day. In order to deal with these letters and telegrams, he spends an hour or two dealing with these "official duties" every morning. Although he lives in the countryside, people often visit him and ask him how he is doing. At the same time, he also tightly controlled the Beiyang Army. Yuan Shikai stretched out his tentacles in all aspects, waiting for the period of a comeback. Wuchang Uprising gave him this opportunity.

19110 June 14, the Qing court appointed Yuan Shikai as the governor of Huguang and asked him to lead the Beiyang army to suppress the revolution. However, Yuan Shikai was not satisfied with all this, and deliberately delayed under the pretext of "his foot was not healed". Since then, the revolutionary situation has developed faster and faster, but the front-line Qing army in Hubei has stagnated and the Qing court is in a panic. On the 27th, Yin Chang was transferred back, and Yuan Shikai was appointed as an imperial envoy, in charge of Hubei Waterway Army and Yangtze River Navy. This time, Yuan Shikai's "foot disease is not healed" and "miracle" are just as good, and he took the oath in Hubei on the 30 th. 1 65438+1October1day, Feng headquarters invaded Hankou. On the same day, the Qing court appointed Yuan Shikai as Prime Minister of the Cabinet. At that time, Yuan Shikai was so important because: at that time, China's most elite army, Beiyang Six Towns, was trained by Yuan Shikai, and the officers in each town were all promoted by Yuan Shikai. They only know that "only Yuan has no Qing Dynasty". Although Yuan Shikai was deposed and returned to his hometown, his influence remained undiminished. Two: Yuan Shikai served as governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang for many years, and then transferred to foreign minister. He mastered the foreign affairs of the Qing Dynasty for a long time and had close ties with western powers. His diplomatic attitude and shrewdness were also highly praised by western powers, calling him a "formidable figure". After the Wuchang Uprising broke out, in order to safeguard the rights and interests of invading China, the powers urgently needed to find a person who could not only put out the revolution, but also replace the Qing government. Yuan Shikai is the most suitable candidate. Three: Yuan Shikai also had many relations with the Constitutionalists, which largely benefited from the New Deal he implemented during his tenure as governor of Zhili. He has a close relationship with Zhang Jian, the leader of the Constitutionalism School.