Secondly, A Dream of Red Mansions has a preliminary democratic thought. He deeply criticized the real society, including the darkness of the court and officialdom, the decay of feudal nobles and their families, the feudal imperial examination system, marriage system, handmaiden system and hierarchy system, and the corresponding social ruling thoughts, namely Confucianism, Confucianism and social morality, and put forward vague ideals and propositions with preliminary democratic nature. These ideals and concepts are the tortuous reflection of the budding factors of the growing capitalist economy at that time.
Finally, A Dream of Red Mansions is a great work with high ideological and artistic quality, which represents one of the highest achievements of classical novel art..
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Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and The Journey to the West's Dream of Red Mansions: Why are they called the four classical novels in ancient China?
I don't know who put forward the term "four classical novels" for the first time. It is estimated that it was after the fifties. After careful study, we can find that all four books are famous, half of them are "praised" and the other half are cursed, especially "Water Margin" and "Dream of Red Mansions". Not only is it degrading, but the four classic novels were once banned. Tian Rucheng was an early representative of "Scolding School" in the middle of Ming Dynasty. His Travel Notes on the West Lake said: "(Luo Guanzhong) has compiled dozens of novels, but Shuihu has described Song Jiang and other things in detail, but the result is full of tricks." This view was widely circulated in the next hundred years, and appeared repeatedly in many works such as A General Examination of Continued Documents and Preface to the Romance of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the 18th and 19th year of Qing Qianlong, outlawed the Water Margin, saying, "The Water Margin takes fierceness as a hero, rebellion as a surprise, and jumps over the net to punish and create contempt. It is really a book that teaches temptation to break the law. " Romance of the Three Kingdoms has also been severely criticized by famous artists. By the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, influenced by western literary concepts, people paid unprecedented attention to novels and even pinned their hopes on them. So there is an unprecedented evaluation of the old novels, such as "Water Margin is pure socialism" and "advocating democracy and civil rights". In the preface of The Romance of Three Kingdoms, Li Yu first put forward four wonderful books: The Romance of Three Kingdoms, The Journey to the West, The Water Margin and Jin Ping Mei. Later, people replaced it with A Dream of Red Mansions, and Jin Ping Mei became four classical novels. Lu Xun affirmed Four Great Classical Novels's position in the history of China's novels. The establishment of Four Great Classical Novels's position in the history of China literature is certainly due to the unique charm of these masterpieces, but it is also closely related to the strong criticism and comments made by a large number of novel critics after the publication of these novels. Li Zhuowu's comments on Ben The Journey to the West, Jin Shengtan's comments on The Water Margin, Mao Zonggang's comments on The Romance of The Three Kingdoms and Zhi Yanzhai's comments on A Dream of Red Mansions have closely linked their names with the four classical literary masterpieces in people's minds. They not only created a new situation in the history of China's classical novel criticism, but also enabled more readers to have a deeper understanding of the essence and charm of these classical novels through their criticism.
Browse 200720 18- 12-23.
What are the literary works known as "China's Four Classical Novels"?
The literary works called "China's Four Classical Novels" are Water Margin, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Journey to the West and A Dream of Red Mansions. "Water Margin" tells the grand story of Liangshan heroes' resistance to oppression, the growth of Liangshan in Shui Bo and their surrender to the imperial court, and the suppression of political forces such as tian hu, Wang Qing and Fang La who resisted the Song government after their surrender to the imperial court, which eventually led to tragic failure. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes the history of nearly a hundred years from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty, mainly describing the war, telling the story of the warlord melee in the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the political and military struggle between Wei, Shu and Wu, and finally Sima Yan unified the three countries and established the Jin Dynasty. With the historical event of "Tang Priest's Learning from the Scriptures" as the background, The Journey to the West profoundly described the social reality at that time through the author's artistic processing. The book mainly describes the story of the Monkey King's encounter with Tang Priest, Pig Bajie, Friar Sand after his birth, and his disturbance to the Heaven Palace. He went west to learn from the scriptures, demonized all the way, and after eighty-one difficulties, he finally arrived in the Western Heaven to meet the Tathagata Buddha, and finally the Five Saints died. The novel A Dream of Red Mansions, with the rise and fall of Jia, Shi, Wang and Xue as the background and Jia Baoyu, a rich son, as the perspective, describes the lives of a group of boudoir beauties whose manners and knowledge are beyond men's needs, showing the true beauty and tragic beauty of human nature. Extended data:
Who is the author of Water Margin is controversial. At present, the most widely accepted view is that the author is Shi Naian. There are several other viewpoints in history, including Luo Guanzhong's theory, Shi Hui's theory, Guo Xun's theory of using another name, and Song Dynasty's theory. Luo Guanzhong, the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, is famous for his books. Writers and dramatists in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. Luo Guanzhong was born in the social unrest at the end of Yuan Dynasty. He had his own political ideals, did not agree with the secular, and took part in the anti-Yuan uprising. There are some controversies about the author of The Journey to the West, but it is generally believed that the author is Wu Cheng'en. He was born in poverty, from a scholar to a businessman. Wu Cheng'en was brilliant since childhood, and Huai 'an County Records recorded that he was "sensitive, wise and knowledgeable, which made him a writer." However, his scientific examination was unfavorable, and he didn't make up for the "year-old tribute student" until middle age, and then he lived in Nanjing for a long time and subsidized his family by selling literature. In his later years, due to his poor family, he became a county magistrate in Changxing. Because he didn't like the darkness of officialdom, he quickly resigned angrily and died of poverty. Cao Xueqin, the author of A Dream of Red Mansions, is famous for her dreams. Novelist, poet and painter in Qing Dynasty. Cao Xueqin experienced a luxurious and romantic life in Nanjing Jiangning Weaving Institute in his early years. In the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), the Cao family was robbed of their property because of a deficit, and Cao Xueqin moved back to his former residence in Beijing with his family. Later, he moved to the western suburbs of Beijing and made a living by selling calligraphy and painting and helping his friends. From the fifty-sixth year of Qianlong (179 1) to the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong (1792), Gao E was invited by his good friend Cheng Weiyuan to assist in editing, sorting out and publishing Cheng Jiaben and Cheng Yiben of A Dream of Red Mansions. Since Hu Shi's textual research, Redology has long believed that the last forty chapters of A Dream of Red Mansions are Gao E's sequels. References:
Baidu Encyclopedia Four Classic Novels Baidu Encyclopedia Dream of Red Mansions Baidu Encyclopedia Journey to the West Baidu Encyclopedia Romance of the Three Kingdoms Baidu Encyclopedia Water Margin
Browse 952020 19-08-22.
Why is A Dream of Red Mansions listed as one of the four classical novels?
Speaking of A Dream of Red Mansions, it is necessary to talk about her position and role in the history of China literature. As we all know, every period in China's literary history has its own specific literary form, which means that this aspect can better reflect people's thoughts, life, social outlook and so on. I generally concluded that the ancient Three Emperors and Five Emperors were legends, and poems were sung in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In addition, Chu ci spread all over the south of the Yangtze River, and Qin and Han Fu rose. Sui and Tang Dynasties are better because of poetry. There are poems and words in Song Dynasty, singing Chinese songs in Yuan Dynasty, novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and modern literature is in name only. It can be seen that novels of Ming and Qing Dynasties have a relatively high position in the history of China literature. Before the Ming and Qing Dynasties, novels basically did not appear, at least there was no stipulation that they were novels. It developed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, because the Ming and Qing Dynasties was the period when China feudal society turned from prosperity to decline, and it was also the period when capitalism began to sprout. People want to overthrow the feudal society more and more, so they express the social state at that time through novels. A Dream of Red Mansions is soon the first of China's four classical novels in ancient times, and it is also the pinnacle of his novels, and its status is self-evident. Professor Zhou, a contemporary redology expert, once said that if you want to understand the ancient literature of China, you must read A Dream of Red Mansions, so that you can understand the ancient literature of China. Speaking of a dream of red mansions, we must first understand her characteristics-her personality is different from western literature. Western literature says personality, you have distinctive personality, liveliness and so on. It expresses the character's personality through some physical features and descriptions. For example, the French writer Mo Bosang is a typical representative. Readers who have seen his works should know that he shows his character through his appearance description, which is typical. He Cao Xueqin recently grasped one aspect, that is, the description of spirit, spirit and spirit, which is what people now call the description of mental outlook. Maybe you don't even know what that person is wearing or what he looks like after watching a dream of red mansions. But you must know the characteristics of this role. As soon as you saw it, you knew it was the man who came out and was very energetic there. The personality of A Dream of Red Mansions also lies in that it poeticizes the characters' personalities, which are better expressed through some poems, many of which are the author's own thoughts or opinions on such people. In fact, the other three masterpieces had stories before, and they were circulated in the form of storytelling, but they were only circulated to them, and then they were processed by words and art. Therefore, looking at this aspect alone, A Dream of Red Mansions can better express the author's thoughts and personality. Lu Xun was the first literary master in China in the 20th century. In Chapter 24 of A Brief History of China Ancient Literature, he had a special and only research work on A Dream of Red Mansions. Lu Xun simply raised a question in his article, called foreshadowing and introduction, which was much more brilliant than Cai Yuanpei and Hu Shi who studied Redology in the early 20th century. He deserves to be the first person in contemporary China literature. He has his unique views and admirable points. A Dream of Red Mansions is not the first work that uses foreshadowing. It was used in many essays before, but Cao Xueqin took it to the extreme. Speaking of A Dream of Red Mansions, it was written around Jia Fu, who wrote it in Yi Chun Yuan. Only three people really entered Yichun Garden, one of whom was a quack. He was called in to see Qingwen. Although he went in, he didn't really go in. The other two are Mrs Liu and Mrs Jia Yun. Mrs. Liu was drunk when she first entered Yichun Hospital. She stumbled into Jia Baoyu's room and fell asleep in his bed. I think people should not just think that the author wrote it like this, just to make people angry! An old woman in the country can also sleep here. Then why can they come in? It turned out that they all found one person, Mrs. Jia Erfu (forgive me for forgetting the name). It was with her help that they were able to enter Yichun compound and see its splendor, which laid the foundation for their second and third visits. At this time, Mrs. Jia Erfu is a typical Mrs. Liu and Jia Baoyu is a typical Jia Yun. Their children look down on ordinary people, some are spoiled and like flattery. When Mrs. Liu and Jia Yun entered Jia Fu for the third time, the situation was completely different. Everything around them, the characters' language, all show the decline of the Jia family, and their situation is bleak. Reveals the process of feudal society from prosperity to decline. Mrs. Liu and Mrs. Jia Yun are the witnesses of this process, which is the foreshadowing of the article, which is why these two people only came out in the first few times and the last few times. Later, when people study whether the last forty chapters of Gao E conform to the spirit of the original work, they mainly look at whether this foreshadowing is the foreshadowing of the original work. Different from the other three masterpieces, the other three novels all have a heroic momentum, which is not found in A Dream of Red Mansions. They are all human beings, and people from all walks of life only live in their own specific living environment, so they reveal the essence of feudal society more thoroughly, and people can only do what they should do under their management. For example, the love between derailed Jia Baoyu and Lin Yuyu was also strangled by feudal society. Therefore, in the end, the author uses the decline of Jiafu to illustrate that feudal society is bound to perish. Zhao Yi of A Qing Dynasty put it well: "For hundreds of years, talents have come forth in large numbers." In an era, there is literature of an era, and there are also the most representative works and writers of an era. We usually say that Qin and Han Dynasties were the golden age of Ci and Fu, Tang and Song Dynasties were the mature years of poetry, Yuan Dynasty was the harvest season of opera, and Ming and Qing Dynasties were the prosperous years of novels. The prosperity of novels in Ming and Qing dynasties is first manifested in quantity, but also in quality, and quality is reflected in masterpieces. When we often talk about the four classical novels, we refer to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Journey to the West and Dream of Red Mansions. If we broaden our horizons a little, in addition to the four classic novels, we can also have six masterpieces, namely Jin Ping Mei and The Scholars. If we broaden our horizons, we can also absorb more works into the ranks of masterpieces. Masterpieces are masterpieces because they all have very rich and complex cultural connotations and can stand repeated chewing and aftertaste. Every masterpiece contains different cultural connotations and spiritual characteristics. For example, the cultural characteristics of Romance of the Three Kingdoms can be summarized by the word "loyalty", which is mainly reflected in the relationship between Liu Bei Group and Han Dynasty, Liu Bei and Kong Ming, and "righteousness" is mainly reflected in the relationship between Liu Bei Group and other brothers with different surnames; "Loyalty" and "righteousness" finally focused on Guan Yu. With the constant apotheosis of Guan Yu, the concept of "loyalty and righteousness" in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms has been constantly propagated. The cultural characteristics of the Water Margin are mainly "chivalrous culture", or "Jianghu culture", which can be summed up in four sentences in the Water Margin: forcing the Liangshan Mountains to do justice for heaven, taking talents as talents and eclecticism, which is almost the common feature of all chivalrous people gathered in the roaring forest. The Journey to the West mainly embodies the characteristics of "ghost culture", which is embodied in the confrontation and transformation of ghosts and gods, and its cultural metaphor still exists today. Jin Ping Mei is the representative of China's ancient love story. Writing about men's and women's sexual life with a lot of pen and ink can be said to be the epitome of China's ancient sexual description, and its cultural characteristics may be summarized as "sexual culture". The Scholars is the representative of the "scholar culture" in which the feudal imperial examination system in ancient China went to the opposite side, which concentrated on the distortion of the literati's human nature and inner pain under the feudal imperial examination system. So, what is the cultural spirit of A Dream of Red Mansions? What two words should we use to summarize its cultural essence? Personally, the main cultural spirit of A Dream of Red Mansions is "emotional culture" or "emotional-based thinking". Of course, this "love" first includes what we usually call "love between men and women", otherwise a dream of red mansions is not a dream of red mansions. But it is far more than "love between men and women", but contains far richer and more complicated connotations. It is not only inconsistent with the reality of the novel, but also fails to live up to the author's painstaking efforts in understanding A Dream of Red Mansions as a love novel and "love" in A Dream of Red Mansions as "love between men and women". What are the rich connotations of "emotion culture" or "emotion-based thought" in A Dream of Red Mansions? 1. "Love" in A Dream of Red Mansions refers to the love between men and women, and in this respect, it puts forward the transcendental concept of "psychosexuality" and a new concept of love based on the consistency of ideological interests. Secondly, "love" in A Dream of Red Mansions has also escaped from the narrow understanding of "love between men and women", which contains a precious equality spirit centered on respecting and caring for women. Thirdly, the "emotion" in A Dream of Red Mansions transcends the emotional communication between people, refers to the relationship between man and nature in a broader sense, and contains the broad feeling that human beings must be considerate and kind to all things in nature. Fourthly, from Tang Xianzu, Feng Menglong to Cao Xueqin: the origin of the "emotion-based thought" in A Dream of Red Mansions. A Dream of Red Mansions is a rare masterpiece of satirical art in ancient times. It focuses on the imagination of the two governments of Rongning from prosperity to decline, in which human feelings are the mainstay. In its heyday, Yuan Chun was elected as the imperial concubine, and she chose a day to visit her relatives in the province. Jia spent millions of taels of silver to build a farewell home for her relatives in the province. How spectacular and lively! Jia Baoyu, Lin Daiyu, Xue Baochai, Shi Xiangyun etc. Gathered in the Grand View Garden, I married the Haitang Society, which is poetic and picturesque, so I don't need to elaborate. He declined, and Jia Baoyu lost his treasure and went crazy; Lin Daiyu died of lovesickness when Baoyu got married. Yuan Fei died of illness; Jia Fu was copied for committing a felony, and Jia She and Jia Zheng were sent to the frontier. Yingchun died of illness because she married a wicked husband; Grandmother Jia died of grief when she saw the situation at home. Wang Xifeng's qigong was exhausted, and she died soon. Cherish spring's idea of becoming a monk is undecided, and the family is ruined; Whoever goes home will go home and ask for leave. Since then, Jia's family has fallen apart, with fewer and fewer people and four walls, and its decline is unbearable ... Golden Gate Yuhu Fairy House, Gui Dian Lan Palace Concubine House. Green willows at the front door and green hills at the back door. Today is already: after the third spring, the fragrance is exhausted, and each has its own door. In the past two years, Jia Jia deeply felt that peony was good, but it had to be supported by green leaves. After Baoyu and Jia Lan took charge, the Jia family seemed to have signs of turning around, but the general trend was gone and irreversible. As we all know, I don't need to elaborate on the specific reasons. A Dream of Red Mansions mainly attacks feudal ethics. To cite just a few examples, Yuan Fei, Jia Zheng's daughter, was lucky enough to kneel on the ground, even on her knees. The ancients advocated filial piety, so what is the explanation? What is even more ridiculous is that Jia Zheng's father and daughter feel at ease about this. In that society, parents always like to interfere in their children's love and marriage, which leads to the tragic deaths of Daiyu and Yingchun. Tanchun is far away from home, Shi Xiangyun is widowed, but Baoyu is in the world of mortals. Broken peach blossoms are everywhere red, and it is difficult to help Yushan fall. The literary value and social value of A Dream of Red Mansions are beyond the reach of ordinary ancient works. As we all know, I won't go into details here. What I want to say is that A Dream of Red Mansions contains the author's painstaking efforts all his life. Cao Xueqin laid a good framework for this work with his own life, injecting blood and soul. Some people say that Jia Baoyu is Cao Xueqin's own incarnation. I don't object to this view. At least it is closely related to Cao Xueqin's life, so the feelings that are integrated into the novel are sincere. The detailed description of the plot endows the novel with true feelings, vitality and life. A close look at this book reveals that Mr. Cao's heart is very delicate. No matter how you write about people, landscapes and poems, there is always something extraordinary. The works of Shi Tiesheng, a contemporary writer, have a profound feeling in his heart, probably because the pain created his unparalleled inner world after his foot was disabled, and he wrote his own inner heart that has been imperceptibly imprinted in his bones for many years. So should Mr. Cao Lao, who observes the society carefully all the year round and absorbs excellent culture all the year round, so that his inner cultivation is constantly mentioned, thus making a blockbuster. What a dream of red mansions left me is that to write good things, we must first enrich our inner world.
4 Browse1132019-09-16
Why is A Dream of Red Mansions called a Chinese masterpiece?
A Dream of Red Mansions, as the pinnacle of China's novel history, swept the world in the form of manuscript at the beginning of its publication. Because of its rich and complex cultural connotation, the atmosphere of judging A Dream of Red Mansions is becoming more and more prosperous in later generations. People in different times have different interpretations of A Dream of Red Mansions, and the study of A Dream of Red Mansions has become an outstanding school-redology, with many schools and different viewpoints. There is no unification so far, and the debate will continue. A Dream of Red Mansions has become one of the literary and cultural history of China. A Dream of Red Mansions, with its profound thoughts and ingenious artistic techniques, has become a blurred dream in the history of China literature and culture. The defects in the second half, like Venus' broken arm, have made a qualitative leap in A Dream of Red Mansions, from 1 million to 10,000, from finite to infinite, thus giving it an infinite "flavor" without rhyme. "Dou Yun's author is stupid, who can understand the taste?"
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A Dream of Red Mansions is called the first of the four classical novels. Why?
A Dream of Red Mansions has pushed China's novels to a peak, which is of great significance across the times. Let's take a look at Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which is a story with the history of the Three Kingdoms as the background. For us, it is to remember historical stories and remember that so many heroes are documentary novels. The Journey to the West is a mythical novel, and what stands out is nothing more than perseverance, which shows a certain spirit. He introduced the peasants' uprising and rebellion under the pressure of the imperial court, but they still could not break through the shackles. In the end, they will be hurt by the imperial confidant. A Dream of Red Mansions is to show Baochai's love story, and to reflect the social situation at that time, the cold world and the intrigue of the imperial court, which is profound and revealing. Cao Xueqin created a pioneer thought that writers dared not write and could not think of at that time. Therefore, it is well-deserved to put the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and Journey to the West in the four classic novels. Strong artistic color, unprecedented perfect scene. A Dream of Red Mansions is the best novel in the history of China's classical novels, which is both ideological and artistic. His artistic achievements are beyond the reach of the other three novels. It reveals the historical background of the inevitable decline of the feudal family, and praises the pure and beautiful feelings between men and women under the confinement of feudal ethics. Among the four classical novels, A Dream of Red Mansions is the gentlest, which is equivalent to a woman's biography. The other three are extremely masculine. A Dream of Red Mansions is a book about women as well as a book for women. Just like The Water Margin, Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Journey to the West are all books written for men, and they are also books written for men. Therefore, compared with it, A Dream of Red Mansions undoubtedly has the largest number of female readers. This is "female literature" written by male writers. Female readers are not only interested in the emotional content of being in love with each other, but also curious: they want to see what men think of women, how men love women and how men write about women. When they read the women in the book, they understand men and look at themselves with men's eyes. After reading it, I will be amazed: men like Cao Xueqin love women more than women and know themselves better than women themselves. A dream of red mansions is a mirror that looks at a woman as well as herself. A woman who looks in the mirror will find herself so beautiful that she is the most beautiful in men's eyes. Only in this way can they know who they are beautiful for.