According to his understanding of China's philosophy, Mr. Feng Youlan once divided the realm of life into four categories, namely, a natural realm, a utilitarian realm that pays attention to practical interests, a moral realm that only serves his friends but not his interests, and a realm of heaven and earth that transcends the secular and becomes an encyclopedia.
Feng Youlan (1895.12.04 ~1990.11.26) is a native of Qiyi Town, tanghe county, Nanyang City, Henan Province. China is a famous contemporary philosopher and educator.
19 18, graduated from philosophy department of Peking University. 1924, Ph.D. from Columbia University. After returning to China, he served as Professor Tsinghua University, Head of Philosophy Department, Dean of College of Arts, Professor The National SouthWest Associated University and Dean of College of Arts. Deputy to the Fourth National People's Congress, member of the Second to Fourth CPPCC, member of the Sixth to Seventh Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Standing Committee, and awarded Princeton University, Delhi University,
Honorary Doctor of Literature, Columbia University, USA. He is the author of China's Philosophy History, A Brief History of Chinese Philosophy, A New Compilation of China's Philosophy History, Six Books of Zhenyuan, etc. It has become an important academic classic in China in the 20th century, and has a far-reaching influence on modern academic circles in China and even foreign academic circles. It is called "Modern Neo-Confucianism".
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People in nature, no matter what they do, don't follow social habits, but nephews do it according to their nature. They will never understand the meaning of doing something. At best, this is "childish", at worst, it is "muddleheaded". They don't know why they want to do it, and they don't understand the significance of doing something. It can be said that they are unconscious.
Sometimes they smile all day, but they are not consciously happy. It's like a naive baby. Although he smiled, he was not happy at all. The two situations are exactly the same. This kind of person knows nothing about "life" and "death" and has no concept of "I".
People in the utilitarian realm have a better understanding of life, and they have the concept of "I". Whatever they do, they plan for utility and their own interests. This group of people are generally insatiable and afraid of death. Sometimes they will serve the society and do something for the country, but their motivation is to get higher prices. On the surface, although they serve, their ultimate goal is for individuals.
People in the moral realm, no matter what they do, aim at serving the society. Such people are neither greedy for life nor afraid of death; They know that besides "I", there is a society and a whole. They understand that individuals are a part of society, and that individuals and society are part and whole.
As far as common sense is concerned, the existence of parts seems to precede the whole, but from a philosophical point of view, there should be the whole first, then the beginning; Personal. For example, a "column" in a house is called a "column" only after the house is built. If there is no house, the pillar is not a pillar, but a big piece of wood.
Similarly, after human beings have human relations, they have the so-called "people". Without human relations, people are not people, but just a mass of flesh and blood. It is true that before there was no social organization, everyone did have a mass of meat, but we became human because there was a social organization. People in the moral field are well aware of this.
People in the realm of heaven and earth all aim at serving the universe. Their view of life and death is neither life nor death; They believe that there is a higher whole above society-the universe.
Scientists' so-called universe refers to celestial bodies, the solar system and the Tianhe River, while philosophers' so-called universe has everything, so there will be nothing else outside the universe. Without it, I can never exist. People in the realm of heaven and earth can thoroughly understand these truths, so what they do is to serve the universe.
Judging from the phrase "know yourself" engraved on the temple of Delphi, "philosophy" is a theory about people's "self-awareness" in a sense. In Feng Youlan's view, the existence and strength of a person's "self-awareness" is precisely the key to reflect or determine the level of his life realm-"life in the natural realm does not need any understanding and self-awareness of life;
The utilitarian realm and moral realm need a little understanding and consciousness of life; The realm of heaven and earth requires the highest understanding and self-awareness of life. "
News Network of the Chinese Production Party —— From Feng Youlan's "Four Realms of Life"