Rape (also known as Brassica napus) is a herbaceous cruciferous crop, one of the main oil crops and honey crops in China, and its seeds are one of the main varieties of oil-pressing raw materials. Cultivated all over the country, it is a long-day crop and likes cold or warm climate. Mainly divided into winter rape and spring rape. The fruit is a pod, which consists of three parts: peck, fruit body and fruit handle.

morphological character

Rape, also known as Brassica napus, is a herbaceous cruciferous crop, which is one of the main oil crops and honey crops in China, and its seeds are one of the main varieties of oil-making raw materials. It is cultivated all over the country, divided into winter rape and spring rape. Its planting area accounts for more than 40% of the total area of oil crops in China, and its output accounts for more than 30% of the total oil production in China, ranking first in the world.

The fruit of rape is pod, which consists of pod, pod and pod. When the pod matures, it will automatically crack due to dehydration and contraction of the pod. The seed is spherical or ovoid and consists of seed coat, embryo and endosperm. The chemical composition of seeds generally contains 3.9%-5.2% nitrogen, 24.6%-32.4% protein, 5.7%-9.6% cellulose, 4. 1%-5.3% ash and 37.5%-46.3% oil.

Rapeseed contains a certain amount of erucic acid, which will affect the quality of rapeseed and rapeseed oil. Rapeseed also contains a certain amount of sinapine, tannin and other chemicals, which have certain toxicity, so rapeseed cake can only be used as feed after detoxification.

Growth habit

Rapeseed is a crop with long sunshine time, and likes cold or warm climate. The whole growth period of rape is completed below the daily average temperature of 22℃. When the temperature is high and rape is harvested mechanically at 3℃, rape can germinate and emerge. Because of the different climate between regions and different planting seasons, rape can be divided into winter rape and spring rape. When the lower limit of average temperature is 10℃ and the lowest average temperature in Leng Yue is -5℃, rape can still overwinter safely, and winter rape can be planted under such climatic conditions. The provinces in the Yangtze River valley in southern China are cool in winter and warm and humid in spring, which is suitable for planting winter rape. After the emergence of mid-late maturity varieties with strong winterness, they need to go through a low temperature of 65438+ of about 0 ~ 5℃. The average temperature in winter is 0 ~ 10℃, and the average temperature in the warmest day is below 20℃. Spring rape varieties are not very strict with low temperature, and can be sown in autumn and harvested in summer, or sown in spring and summer. China's northern Europe, North America, Canada, Northeast China, Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have dry winters, cool and humid summers, long sunshine hours and large temperature difference between day and night. Rape is not very strict with the soil. In sandy soil, clay, red and yellow loam soil, as long as the correct farming methods and reasonable cultivation techniques are adopted, high yield can be obtained. Rapeseed can grow and develop in the range of soil pH 5 ~ 9.8, and the cultivation yield is the highest in the soil with pH 7. Mustard rape has developed root system and strong drought tolerance, and can be cultivated in places with poor soil fertility and dry climate. Rape is extremely sensitive to boron. Boron deficiency in soil will lead to dead seedlings, dead buds or flowers without fruit.