2 explants dedifferentiate in vitro to form callus (here, high concentrations of auxin and cytokinin are needed to strongly promote the formation of callus, and at the same time, they should be cultured in the dark to prevent differentiation into other tissues)

Callus differentiates into plants (buds will be formed when the ratio of cytokinin to auxin is high, and roots will be formed when it is low).

Conditions: the whole process must be sterile, and there must be nutrients needed for plant growth: inorganic salts, sugars, etc. , especially hormones)

Principle: Cell totipotency

Plant cell culture: the purpose is different from plant tissue culture, the former needs to obtain plants, while cell culture needs to obtain secondary metabolites of cells.

12 is the same as tissue culture.

Callus forms suspension cells in liquid medium, and metabolites are obtained in the process (suspension cells are characterized by rich cytoplasm, small vacuoles and large nuclei).

Plant somatic hybridization: 1 remove the cell wall, and decompose the cell wall under the action of 0.5-0.6mol/l mannitol solution, cellulase and pectinase to obtain protoplasts (generally using cellulase).

Use physical methods: centrifugation, shaking, etc. Chemical method: polyethylene glycol (usually this) is used to obtain hybrid cells.

3 Induce cells, form plants, and regenerate cell walls (a sign of new plant formation). Note that we need to screen AA BB AB cells here, and we need AB cells!

Conditions: same as above

Principle: fluidity of cell membrane

Advantages: overcoming the obstacle of distant hybridization incompatibility (this sentence appears frequently)

Pure hands! Don't understand private letters