The stone of Jin Dynasty said in the preface to Tao Jing: "Its (Buddhism) is like an elephant, which is vast and quiet, continuous and silent." Shi Huian pointed out in the Theory of Ming Retribution: "Ignorance (ignorance) is the source of purity, and greed for love is the home of many people." Seng Zhao, on the other hand, preached the Buddhist nature of "an empty and ignorant person, living in a place of fame without saying anything", and advocated transcending the real world and stopping in the ontological world. Seng Zhao was influenced by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi in his early years, so he opposed the paranoia of physical exercise, and advocated that physical exercise should be the same, not useless, that is, static is moving, seeking static and moving, although static and moving. In addition, if Shi also attaches importance to meditation, he thinks that when meditation reaches a high level, "thunder can't scare him, fire can't hurt him", and at the same time, all kinds of magical changes can happen.
Buddhism attaches great importance to discipline, which is regarded as a sword to break the three evils. There are five commandments (don't kill, don't steal, don't commit adultery, don't lie, don't drink and eat meat) and ten commandments (don't kill, don't steal, don't commit adultery, don't lie, don't drink, don't draw cigarettes, don't sing and dance, don't sit in a noble and beautiful bed, don't eat out of season, and don't store gold and silver treasures). From the perspective of health care, it is obvious that many of these requirements and practices are beneficial to physical and mental cultivation.
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, due to the long-term political division, the development priorities of Buddhism in the North and the South were obviously different. The south focuses on theoretical analysis and the north focuses on meditation practice. After the unification of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the study style of Buddhism became equal to both theory and meditation. Among the various sects that appeared later, Tiantai Sect, Zen Sect and Tantric Sect have great influence on health preservation.
The highest principle of self-cultivation of Tiantai Sect is the theory of stopping watching. The founder of Kaizong was Zhikai, a monk of Sui Dynasty. Jiang Weiqiao, a modern qigong health care physician, believes in the book "The Method of Trembling Beads because of Childhood" that qigong meditators should further improve the method of "stopping watching" after learning to reconcile kung fu. He believes that "stop" means to calm your mind, don't distract your thoughts, and let your mind gradually gather. But stop and go, want to unconsciously doze off, you must use the method of "observation" to prevent it, that is, close your eyes and look back at your heart. Obviously, he inherited the Zen method of "stopping watching" of Tiantai Sect. Jiang also pointed out the "great magic": one count, two obedience, three stops, four observations, five times and six cleanness, which are also Buddhist meditation and pranayama. Jin Zhufa's translation of "Practice Tao and Earth Classics" said: "There are four things to keep one's mind (adjust one's body and mind): one is to keep one's mind interesting, the other is to follow, the third is to stop observing, and the fourth is to return to the right and clean. "Later, it was called" Six Wonderful Doors ",which means six ways of nirvana.
Zen originated in the Tang Dynasty and prevailed in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. It is a completely China-based Buddhist sect, with the greatest and widest influence in China. Meditation emphasizes five principles, five desires, abandoning five covers, adjusting five things and practicing five methods. The first three generations of Zen were all dressed in a bowl, living with the fate, and did not gather in one place to settle down. The fourth generation of Daoxin began to settle in one place and live a collective life. Ren Xian, the fifth generation, believed that learning Taoism should live in the mountains, stay away from the noise and practice self-sufficiency. All kinds of work, such as fetching water and firewood, are meditation classes. Later, Mazu Daoyigong of Nanzong built a temple in the mountains and practiced farming and meditation. His disciple Huaihai explained the rules of the temple clearly, stipulating that "you can't eat for a day." He himself "works hard and must stay ahead of others." There is also a "total invitation" (collective work) method to work together. Zen's view of mountain residence, work and Zen is beneficial and influential to health and longevity objectively.
In the process of Buddhism spreading in China, Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism often permeate each other, thus affecting health preservation. When Buddhism first came to China, believers thought it was similar to the prevailing Huang Lao Shu at that time, and made it clear that there was nothing to do, and the immortals had changed.
Taoism does not talk about souls, but Kou of the Northern Wei Dynasty borrowed from the reincarnation of Buddhism and said, "These people are all in hell. If they are guilty, they will be reincarnated as insects and animals. "
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Lu 'an, a monk county in the Northern Wei Dynasty, felt short of life because of sudden gas illness. Tao Hongjing, a monk in the south of Mu River, learned the name of fairy magic, traveled to Maoshan in the south and visited Taojia, and got ten volumes of fairy scriptures. Although he was educated by the Bodhi School in Luoyang, he got the Sutra of Watching Endless Life and abandoned the Sutra of Immortals to specialize in pure work, but his books, such as Convinced Essentials, Prescriptions for Regulating Qi and Prescriptions for Regulating Qi, are undoubtedly a kind of qigong health books influenced by Taoism. "Continued Biography of the Monk" says that he can adjust his mind and practice qi, and is famous for his illness.
Sihui, the teacher of Zhikai, the founder of Tiantai Sect, is famous for Zen, practicing, often wearing big precepts, wearing only cotton cloth and spreading mugwort leaves in winter to ward off wind and frost, and at the same time absorbing the skills of fairy alchemists. In his vows, he declared that he wanted to be five immortals and asked for immortality in order to promote Buddhism more effectively. He said, "I practice asceticism on this mountain ... to protect the dharma, so I beg for a long life." He also said: "May the sages help me to get good herbs and pills to cure all diseases except hunger and thirst ... can I use external pills to cultivate internal pills?" Zhiyuan, who came to Shan Zong from Tiantai School in the Song Dynasty, thought that Confucianism and Buddhism had different words, but the truth was the same, and advocated "self-cultivation with thoughts". Yun Qi, a disciple of the Pure Land Sect in the late Ming Dynasty, also advocated the unity of Confucianism and Buddhism, saying that "Confucianism governs the world, and Buddhism lives, and if they are combined, they will suffer from the same disease."
Deqing, one of the four great masters in the late Ming Dynasty, advocated the integration of the three religions. He said: "There are three essentials in learning Taoism: I don't know that I can't get involved in the world in the Spring and Autumn Period, I can't forget the world without being proficient in Laozi and Zhuangzi, and I can't be born without participating in Zen." Although the idea of the integration of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and the three religions was put forward in the Song and Ming Dynasties, in terms of health preservation, the integration of the three religions started as early as Tao Hongjing and Sun Simiao, and has been multiplying.
Tantric yoga, another school of Buddhism, originated from Indian Tantric Buddhism, specializing in incantations and translations of the Three Kingdoms. When Tianzhu Shaman came to the Central Plains, he also widely used magic to cure diseases. The Tang Dynasty was the second period when this esoteric religion was introduced, and the early Northern Song Dynasty was the third period. In the second period, Tantric Sect was formally established, also known as Mantra Sect, which spread the methods of three secrets, namely chanting (secret language), handprint (secret body) and observing the heart (true secret). It is believed that the three secrets correspond at the same time and everyone becomes a Buddha.
Tantric Buddhism is actually a way of practice that combines formula, posture and Zen. After practicing the meditation method of Tiantai Sect, Jiang Weiqiao turned to practicing the tantric meditation method, the big handprint, the eighteenth order and so on. The so-called secret method of supreme yoga in the Secret Sutra is quite contrary to China's ethical thought, so it is distorted or even restricted in translation, and therefore it has little influence on China's health culture.