Ruan Ji, a teenager, was born in the 15th year of Jian 'an in Han Dynasty (2 10). He lost his father at the age of three and was brought up by his mother. After his father died, his family was poor, and Ruan Ji studied hard and made a name for himself. Genius teenagers can write articles at the age of eight and play the piano all day. In his youth, he studied tirelessly and loved to study Confucian poetry books. At the same time, he also showed interest in following the example of ancient sages who were noble, happy and poor. Ruan Ji studied martial arts as well as literature. In his love poem, he wrote: "Young people learn fencing with great skill." Ruan Ji is withdrawn and frivolous. When he was about 16 or 17 years old, he had been to Dong Jun with his uncle Ruan Xi. Wang Chang, the secretariat of Chongzhou, was "silent all day" when he met him, while Wang Chang "thought it was unpredictable".
Ruan Ji has the ambition to help the world politically. He once went to Guangwu City to see the Chu-Han battlefield and lamented that "there was no hero at that time, and Li Zi became famous!"
At that time, Cao was dead during the Zhengshi period, and Cao Shuang and Sima Yi assisted Cao Fang. The political situation is very sinister. At the beginning of three years (242), Jiang Ji, who was appointed as Qiu at that time, heard that Ruan Ji was "graceful and graceful, with lofty aspirations" and asked about Wang Mo, which was confirmed by Wang Mo. After that, Jiang Ji is going to prove that Ruan Ji is her family. Ruan Ji heard the news, wrote a "memorial" and personally sent it to the pavilion outside Luoyang, asking officials to give it to Jiang Ji. In Memories, I said that I was a poor scholar, from humble origins and embarrassed. Decline politely. At first, Jiang Ji was worried that Ruan Ji would not come back. Later, when he learned that he had arrived at the Capital Pavilion, he mistakenly thought that he had been ordered. What he said in his memory was just a verbal pleasantry, so he was very happy and sent someone to pick him up, not wanting Ruan Ji to have gone back. Jiang Ji was very angry and took it out on Wang Mo. Wang Mo was so scared that he had to write to persuade Ruan Ji. Ruan Ji's relatives in hard villages and towns also came to persuade Yu that he could not shirk his responsibility and reluctantly took office, but he died soon. This is Ruan Ji's first official career in his life, which obviously has some forced nature.
Around the eighth year of Zhengshi (247), Ruan Jihe's father was a businessman. Shortly after Ruan Ji was saved from Shang's illness, Cao Shuang recruited him to join the army, but Ruan Ji politely refused. This is Ruan Ji's second official career. (Note: There are different records about whether Ruan Ji was an army in Cao Shuang. The record in Biography of Ruan Ji in the Book of Jin is: "When he was assisted by Cao Shuang, he was called to join the army. Because of illness, the screen is on the scene. " That is, Ruan Ji did not join the army in Cao Shuang. However, The History of the Three Kingdoms Shu Wei Wang Canchuan quoted Wei Chunqiu as saying, "After Shang Shulang, Cao Shuang joined the army." Refer to the records in the Book of Jin here. )
Ten years ago (249), Cao Shuang was killed by Sima Yi, who was in charge of state affairs. Sima killed dissidents, and many people were implicated. Ruan Ji was politically inclined to the royal family of Cao Wei and was dissatisfied with Sima's group, but at the same time he felt that there was no reason in the world, so he adopted the attitude of not causing trouble and preserving his sanity, or studying behind closed doors, climbing mountains near the water, getting drunk or keeping his mouth shut.
After the beginning of the bamboo forest period, Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Dan Tao, Liu Ling, Wang Rong, Xiang Xiu and Ruan Xian were called "Bamboo Forest Tour" and were called "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" in history. Today's academic circles usually refer to the academic thought activity time of the seven sages of bamboo forest as "bamboo forest period"
In April of the 10th year (249), Yuan Jiaping was changed. Ruan Ji was just forty years old, and he became Sima Yi's career leader. Jiaping three years (
25 1) After Sima Yi's death, Ruan Ji became the betrothed lieutenant of Sima Shi, and held this position until Jiaping for six years (254). In the sixth year of Jiaping, that is, in the first year (254), after Cao Mao, an aristocratic township official, proclaimed himself emperor, Sima Shi made him a knight in order to win people's hearts, and Ruan Ji was also made a Shanhaiguan Hou and a transferred official. In the second year, in the second year of Jacky (255), Sima Shi died of an eye disease in the army while fighting Qiu Jian and Wen Qin. After Sima Shi, his brother Si Mazhao succeeded to the throne as a general, which recorded this history. May be in this year, Ruan Ji volunteered to Si Mazhao to Dongping, Si Mazhao readily agreed. However, Ruan Ji came back from Dongping only ten days ago. Ruan Ji returned to Luoyang from Dongping and immediately became the career leader of Si Mazhao. He has only been in this position for about a year. In the first year of Ganlu (256), that is, the third year of Jacky (changed to Ganlu in June), Ruan Ji requested to be an infantry captain. Although the position of infantry captain is an official of the central government, it is closely related to the emperor like a scattered rider. Although it is Wu Zhi, holding the relieving will not put pressure on Sima and arouse Sima's suspicion. Ruan Ji held this office for the longest time, so later generations usually call it "Ruan Infantry". Zhong Hui is Sima's confidant. He has repeatedly asked Ruan Ji about current affairs, but Ruan Ji was exempted on the grounds of drunkenness. Si Mazhao himself has talked with him many times to sound out his political views. He always tries to deal with the past in a profound way, which makes Si Mazhao have to say that Ruan Sizong is cautious. Si Mazhao also wanted to marry Ruan Ji, who was drunk for 60 days, making it impossible.
In October of the 4th year of Jingyuan (263), Si Mazhao was promoted to Duke Xiang of Jin, Prime Minister and Jiuxi, which was an important step for Si Mazhao to formally usurp power. According to the routine, Cao Huan, the puppet emperor of Cao Wei, wrote a letter to seal a title, and Sima Yi was humble, and then the minister or minister "dismissed". At that time, Ruan Ji was appointed as an infantry captain and ordered to write, but Ruan Ji still drank. The messenger came to urge the manuscript, so Ruan Ji had to bring wine to draft the manuscript.
Ruan Ji died in the fourth year of Jingyuan (the winter of 263), that is, one or two months after he wrote "Persuade into the Table", at the age of 54.
Character Thought Ruan Ji advocated Confucianism in his early years and was determined to use the world. Later, political turmoil occurred in Zen Buddhism in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Because of his disappointment with the reality and his deep feelings about the impermanence of the world, he took an angry attitude of despising ethics and turned to the Taoist ideological track with the purpose of seclusion. In Ruan Ji's self-reported poem "Poems on Huai River", "Fourteen or five years ago, the ambition was still good." You can see this. On the other hand, it was also influenced by the prevailing metaphysics at that time.
He was also an important figure in metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties. He once wrote two famous papers, "On the Old" and "On Zhuangzi". However, Ruan Ji is not a pure Taoist, and he does not completely reject Confucianism. For example, in the article "On Music", he fully affirmed the importance of Confucius and the system of rites and music in "changing customs and traditions", and thought that "the ceremony should set its image, calm its mind, rule its outside, control its inside, make the ceremony and music just, and make the world even". In many ways, Ruan Ji even respects some Confucian theories, such as Confucian ethical filial piety. Ruan Ji advocates that "nature" rejects the famous religion in his social and political view, and wants to build a society called "inaction" and "no monarch" by Taoism. In philosophy, Ruan Ji agrees with Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's viewpoint of "reaching" and thinks that the fundamental way or method of "reaching" is "harmony with things".
Ruan Ji in Zhengshi period emphasized the unity of heaven and man, while Ruan Ji in Bamboo Forest period was born to reject religion. The change of Ruan Ji's thought is not only manifested in the different understanding of the "relationship" between heaven and man, but also in the different provisions of his own "meaning".
The Literary Features of Poems about Huaihai Ruan Ji's Poems about Huaihai formed a poetic style of "sadness, indignation, sadness, obscurity and twists and turns" through different writing techniques, such as metaphor, symbol, sustenance, satirizing the present from the past, lyricism from the scenery and image shaping. Bixing and image-building are the most important artistic techniques in poetry.
Poetry on Huai River pays attention to the refinement of words, and the language seems unpretentious. In fact, the artistic conception is profound and the words are appropriate.
The original intention of Ruan Ji's Poem on Huai is just as midsummer said: "It's hard to find fun" (poem). The ideological content of Huai Shi is very complex and extensive, but the outstanding thing is the unforgettable sadness about the impermanence of life and reality, and a kind of sadness and anxiety caused by it.
The articles about Ruan Ji are all about his philosophical thoughts, which comprehensively reflect his thoughts, such as Lao Lun, Dazhuang, Yi Tong and Yue Lun. These essays are written in the form of "questions and answers", and the protagonist is Ruanzi, Mr. Ruan or Mr. Ruan, so readers can see the metaphysical image created by the author from these articles. The article pays attention to the logical level of structure, generally takes care of it from beginning to end, demonstrates it step by step, and is good at making abstract and essential analysis, which embodies the progress of thinking mode in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Their language style is simple and solemn, without the decoration of Shang Hua, but slightly parallel.
At the same time, Ruan Ji revealed a strong concept of immortals in his works, such as Biography of Mr. Adult. But there is no relaxed content, but full of feelings of depression, sadness and loneliness, which was forced by the form at that time.
Personal poem: "Eighty-two Ancient Poems of Chanting for the Past"
Prose: Biography of Mr. Adult, On Old Age, On Dazhuang, On Yi Tong, etc.
Fu: Qingsi Fu, shouyangshan Fu, Pigeon Fu, Monkey Fu, etc.
The influence of Wei and Jin figures on metaphysics was very popular in Wei and Jin Dynasties, forming a powerful "wind of metaphysics". It not only dominated the ideological field at that time, but also dominated the life attitude of literati at that time, forming a nihilistic social atmosphere. For Ruan Ji, it's not that he doesn't attach importance to metaphysics. For example, "On Dazhuang" and "Biography of Mr. Adult" are his painstaking metaphysical works. In addition to metaphysical theory, it is actually more and more directly reflected in the attitude towards life of binge drinking. Influenced by Ruan Ji and others, in the Jin Dynasty, especially in the Yuan Kang era, nihilistic attitude towards life or interest in life became a fashion for a while in society, and even turned into a simple pursuit of carnal desire and indulgence.
Ruan Ji is the first person who devoted himself to writing five-character poems since Jian 'an. His love poems connect 82 five-character poems into a huge poem group, and create an artistic image of a miserable poet, which is a very meaningful pioneering work and a great achievement in itself.
It laid a foundation in the development history of five-character poems, created a new realm, made great contributions, and had a great influence on later writers. For example, the poems of Zuo Si, Zhang Zai and Tao Qian in Jin Dynasty (drinking), Bao Zhao in Liu and Song Dynasties in Southern and Northern Dynasties, Yu Xin in Northern Zhou Dynasty, Chen Ziang in Tang Dynasty (feeling) and Li Bai (ancient style) are all five-character long poems with profound ideological content, which are the inheritance and development of Ruan Ji's Poem of Chanting for the Huai. Ruan Ji's Poem of Yearning for the Huai River is either implicit or straightforward, which shows the poet's deep sadness in life, full of strong sadness and life consciousness, and gives people the inspiration of "Ling Tao, thinking deeply". Ruan Ji's poems vividly show the mental journey of intellectuals in Wei and Jin Dynasties, which has profound ideological significance and cognitive value. He made an important contribution to the development of five-character poems. Ruan Ji's love poems appeared in China poetry circles with their unique artistic style and aesthetic taste, which aroused strong repercussions at that time. After Ruan Ji, poets scrambled to imitate his works, which had far-reaching influence. Later generations spoke highly of him. "Worrying about its chaos, worrying about it for no reason, and letting it go, as it comes, is enough to envy eight shortcomings and cage everything." Huaihuai Poetry is the first poem which combines Zuo Si's epic poems with Tao Yuanming's drinking poems.
Ruan Ji described by Cao Xueqin, as a typical example of "deviant" personality, has become a specific ideological and cultural form, which has had a certain influence in the history of China. For example, Jia Baoyu, the hero of A Dream of Red Mansions, as a typical literary personality, can really see the shadow of Ruan Ji in him.
Another example is that Cao Xueqin admires Ruan Ji. Cao Xueqin's word "Meng Ruan" (also known as "Meng Ruan") should refer to Ruan Ji. Mr. Zhou once pointed out that one of the nicknames of "Meng Ruan" may imply that Cao Xueqin's dream of Ruan Ji is unusual. (Biography of Cao Xueqin, Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House, 1980 edition) This paper puts forward valuable possibilities. In addition, Cao Xueqin's good friend Duncheng's poem "Infantry with Oblique Eyes" ("To Cao Xueqin") praised Cao Xueqin's arrogant attitude of refusing to go with the flow with the anecdote of Ruan Ji (known as Ruan Infantry). Birds of a feather flock together. Friends presented poems, revealing the similar talents and moods of Cao Xueqin and Ruan Ji. Secondly, Cao Shi and Ruan are related in history. Cao Xueqin was once compared to his son, and Duncheng once wrote: "Shaoling was once given to General Cao and was once called his son. When you became a general, you blocked the Peng Hao Tun in this ring. ..... I love you, and my pen has a strange spirit, catching up with the long valley broken fence fan. During the Han and Wei Dynasties, Cao Shi had a close relationship with Ruan Ji. Ruan Ji's father is a civil servant around Cao Shi and his son. After his father died, Ruan Ji was still taken care of by Cao Shi. Of course, Cao Xueqin dreamed of Ruan, not only because of a certain blood relationship, but more importantly, Ruan Ji was a knower of his mind and a model of his behavior.
Jin Yuzhong, a historical critic in Ming Dynasty, praised Ruan Ji for his noble character and called him "the great sage of life". (Excerpted from Preface to Ruan Sizong's Collected Works)
Lu Xun's evaluation: Ruan Ji's prose and poetry are very good. Although his poems are also impassioned, many meanings are obscure but not obvious. Yan Yanzhi in the Song Dynasty said that he couldn't understand it, so it was naturally more difficult for us to understand his poems. He also said immortals in his poems, but he didn't believe them.
Ruan Ji has always ranked first in the ranking of "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" in past dynasties, which shows that Ruan Ji has a high reputation among literati. For example, Ren Xinyu Dan clearly ranked Ruan Ji in the first place, Ji Kang in the second place, Dan Tao in the third place, and everyone else in the third place. The sequence of biographies of celebrities is Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Dan Tao, Xiang Xiu, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian and Wang Rong.
Historical records see:
Biography of Ruan Ji in the Book of Jin
Shi Shuo Ren Xinyu's birthday
Shi Shuo Xin Yu Qi yi
Shi Shuo Xin Yu Jian ao
The virtues of saying new words in the world
Si Mazhao wants to marry Ruan Ji to win his heart. Ruan Ji began to drink hard every day in order to escape this marriage. Drunk as a fiddler every day, in a coma for 60 days. People who are ordered to propose can't talk to him at all. Finally, he must report to Si Mazhao. Si Mazhao said helplessly, "Oh, forget it, this drunkard. (See Biography of Ruan Ji in the Book of Jin for details. )
Ruan Ji, who has blue eyes, doesn't talk much, but often uses his eyes as props to look at people with "white eyes" and "blue eyes". Treat annoying people with dirty eyes; Treat the person you like with green eyes. It is said that after Ji Kang's mother died, Ji Kang's brother Ji came to offer condolences, but because Ji was an official in the DPRK, that is, a man of etiquette in Ruan Ji's eyes, he ignored the proper etiquette during the funeral and gave Ji a dirty look. Later, Ji Kang came with wine and a piano. He was overjoyed and immediately turned from white eyes to blue eyes.
Despise etiquette and good wine, the hotel is next to his house, and the hostess is a beautiful young kannika nimtragol. Ruan Ji often goes drinking with Wang Rong. When you are drunk, you just fall asleep next to others, and you don't avoid suspicion at all. The husband of that family doesn't think he has any misconduct either. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was natural that men and women did not kiss each other, but Ruan Ji was completely ignored. Once, his sister-in-law wanted to go back to her family. Ruan Ji not only gave her a farewell dinner, but also specially sent her on her way. Facing the gossip and criticism of others, Ruan Ji said, "Is etiquette designed for our generation?"
Ruan Ji's mother passed away. Ruan Ji drank and ate meat at the banquet of King Wen of Jin (Si Mazhao) during his mourning for his mother. He Zeng, the captain of Li Si, was also present. He said to King Wen, "You govern the country with filial piety, but Ruan Ji attended your party and drank and ate meat at his mother's funeral. You should exile him to a remote place and educate him with correct customs. " Wen Wangdao: "Heizong is so sad and depressed that you can't share his sadness. Why do you say that? " Besides, if you get sick during the funeral, you can drink and eat meat, which is also in line with the funeral! "Ruan Ji is still drinking and eating meat with a smile.
Later generations commemorate Ruantai, also known as Ruan, which is the seat of Ruan Xiao in Jin Dynasty. The site is located in Xiaodong, Weishi County, Kaifeng today.
On the south gate wall, it faces the moat in the east, the East Lake in the west, and the cadre's family courtyard in the north and south. When Xiao Tai was founded, the year number was unknown, and there were many poems and some accounts about Xiao Tai in the county annals. According to records, Ruan Ji's small platform was originally "height 15, width 2, and height 3 stories", which was built in the 14th year of Jiajing (A.D. 1535), 14th year of Qingganlong (A.D. 1749) and 4th year of the Republic of China (A.D.1966).
Ruan Ji is an alcoholic and good at playing the piano. When he drinks and plays the piano, he often screams repeatedly. When he is proud, he will suddenly forget his body and even go to sleep immediately. It can be said that "I want to sleep with you today, and the Ming Dynasty intends to hold the piano."
Later generations held Ruan Ji in high esteem, and celebrities such as Su Shi also wrote poems to chant Xiao Taihou. Today, Ruan Ji Xiao Tai has become a cultural relic protection unit in Weishi County. During the period of 1985, when Shenzhen was building splendid china landscape, it sent a letter asking for photos of Ruan Ji's "Xiao Tai", which has been included in "Famous Places in China". Fujian Ruan people proposed to hold Ruan's World Friendship Association in Weishi, and 100 many celebrities from all walks of life jointly proposed to rebuild Ruan's small platform.
Ruan Ji Tomb Ruan Ji Tomb and Yi Guanzhong Ruan Ji Tomb * * have two places. One is the site of Ruan Ji's Tomb, which is located in Ruanzhuang Village, Chen Xiao Township, southeast of Weishi County, Kaifeng City, Henan Province 15km. During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, Ruan Yuan wrote a tombstone, which was 2.3 meters high, 0.65 meters wide and 0.26 meters thick. In the middle of the tombstone is engraved with 14 official script, on the left is engraved with "Tomb of Wei Changshi", and on the right is engraved with "Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Military Affairs and Governor of Henan in the 12th year of Jiaqing, Qing Dynasty" and "The prefect's military gate granted the ancient history to the governor of Zhejiang". Its brushwork is subtle and solemn, and the waves are distinct, which is the best in the inscription of Lishu in Weishi County. There used to be a shrine in the cemetery, but it was flooded by yellow water and the shrine destroyed the grave. 1986, Ruan clan raised funds to build a new tomb. A middle school located at No.43, Huabeigang 2 1 in the southwest corner of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. This is a monument. It was built in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573- 1620). Existing graves and tombstones. The monument was built in the 24th year of Guangxu (1898). After the renovation of 198 1 year, the bottom was built with blue-gray bricks and covered with mounds, with a cone height of about 1.85 m and a base diameter of about 5.3 m. 1982 was listed as a cultural relic protection unit in Nanjing. Notes on Nine Species of Zoology in Jinling: "There is a tomb of Ruan Infantry beside the mountain. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Li Zhao dug a stone tablet with the word "Jin Xian Ruan" on it. The other half is called' Tomb of Books' because people think that the infantry is buried here. He grew up in the Central Plains and buried his bones on the left side of the river. When I crossed the south, my family moved eastward and even followed him. " Gu Wenxuan's textual research on the crock site is called Ruan Shengli. Now in the campus of no.43 middle school.