According to the principle of hand diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine, the white crescent at the root of the nail is called half moon mark. It is a measure of whether the human body is full of energy. The greater the energy, the whiter and larger the half-moon mark. Generally, the half-moon mark on the thumb of young people is 1/5 of the nail, with a clear edge. As long as eight out of ten fingers have a half-moon mark, it means energy. For example, the half-moon mark on the little finger indicates that they are quite energetic. For example, such as black rice, black fungus and so on. Try to maintain vigorous physical strength and exercise properly. How to measure a person's health with nails is not ideal. A person must be well nourished before his nails can grow normally, otherwise there will be some abnormal phenomena, which doctors can often use to diagnose important diseases. Here are some nail anomalies: 1. Puzzle-like swelling: nails are obviously arched upwards and bent around fingers. Clubbed fingers may mean emphysema, tuberculosis, cardiovascular disease, ulcerative colitis or cirrhosis. 2. Blue crescent: If there is a layer of blue halo on the crescent-shaped white mark at the root of the nail, it means that you may have any of the following diseases: blocked blood circulation, heart disease, Raynaud's sign, vasospasm of fingers and toes, usually due to freezing. But sometimes it is also related to rheumatoid arthritis or autoimmune disease lupus erythematosus. 3. Spoon nails: the middle of the nails sinks, and the whole nails become flat or spoon-shaped. This kind of nail is related to iron deficiency anemia, syphilis, thyroid disease, rheumatic fever and so on. 4. Lindsay's nails: half of the nails near the tip of the nails are pink or brown, and half of the nails near the nail shape are white. This kind of nail is also called two nails, which may be a sign of chronic renal failure. 5. Bo's line: the horizontal groove on the nail indicates malnutrition or some serious disease that will temporarily affect the growth of the nail, such as measles, costalitis, heart disease, etc. 6. Terry's nails: Most of the skin under the nails turns white, and only a small part near the nail tip is still normal pink. This may indicate cirrhosis. 7. yellow nail comprehensive collection group: the growth rate of nails is slow, thicker and harder; It is yellow or green, and the causes include chronic respiratory diseases, thyroid diseases or lymphatic diseases. 8. Bleeding: If these vertical red lines appear on the nails, it means microvascular bleeding. If there are multiple such blood lines, it may indicate chronic hypertension, psoriasis or a fatal infection called subacute bacterial endocarditis. 9. Irregular pits: Many patients with psoriasis have this phenomenon. 10. Rows of pits: The nail surface becomes the bronze surface hammered out by the coppersmith, sometimes because of tufting baldness. This is an immune disease that is not well understood by the medical community, which will lead to partial or total hair loss. 1 1. Brown spots or dark spots: This kind of spots, especially those where nails extend to the surrounding finger tissues, may indicate melanoma. They may be a single big block or a bunch of small spots, and the most common places are the thumb and big toe. There are usually two kinds of vertical stripes on nails: the nail crest deck is thin and brittle, with longitudinal ridges, and the distal end is often broken and bifurcated due to malnutrition, which can also be seen in patients with lichen planus, alopecia areata and other diseases. The longitudinal sulcus of nail is generally the longitudinal ridge in the center of deck, and the ridge top is shallow, or it can be a significant sulcus without ridge. It is often caused by the damage of nail matrix and can also be seen in patients with lichen planus and other diseases, which is the expression of allergic reaction. In order to find your disease in time, please always observe your hand, which may warn you about the prediction of nails and diseases. The analysis of nails began in ancient times. Doctors in his school advocate nail analysis, which has been used to this day, but most people don't know that small nails can truly reflect human health. The back of the nail is high upward, and the periphery of the nail is bent downward. Nails of this shape may indicate emphysema, tuberculosis, cardiovascular diseases, ulcerative colitis and cirrhosis. The crescent-shaped place at the base of the nail is blue, which indicates that it may suffer from one of the following diseases: blood circulation disorder, heart disease, Lei Nuode's syndrome-finger and toe arterial spasm, usually caused by extreme cold, and sometimes associated with rheumatoid arthritis or autoimmune disease lupus erythematosus. Nails are sunken, flat or spoon-shaped. This is related to iron deficiency anemia, syphilis, thyroid diseases and rheumatic fever. Lindsay manicure (also known as two-color manicure). The half near the nail tip is pink or brown, and the half near the protective film is white. This kind of nail may be a sign of chronic renal failure. There are parallel deep grooves on the nails. This is caused by malnutrition or any serious disease that temporarily prevents nail growth, such as measles, epidemic costaitis, heart disease and carpal tunnel syndrome. Most of the skin under the nails is white, and the normal pink area of the fingertips is reduced and banded. This kind of nail may indicate cirrhosis. The production speed of nails slows down, and the nails become thick, hard, yellow or yellow-green. Etiology includes chronic respiratory system, thyroid or lymph gland diseases. This vertical blood bar indicates capillary bleeding. Many blood stains may be signs of chronic hypertension, psoriasis and subacute bacterial endocarditis that may be life-threatening. Most patients with psoriasis have this kind of irregular and deep nails. The deep depression of nails is very similar to brass products hammered out by a hammer, and its reason is tufted alopecia, an autoimmune disease that causes partial and total alopecia. These two colors of nails, especially from nails to surrounding tissues, are brown or black, which may be related to malignant melanoma. They may be a big point or a small point. Thumb and big toe are the most likely symptoms. Abnormal nails and nails of people with normal symptoms are half of the third phalanx of fingers. They are neither wide nor narrow, elastic, not easy to break, and have a certain hardness. The edge is parallel to the meat, which is reddish, shiny, without spots and protrusions. If the nail is less than half of the third phalanx, it is mostly weak and emaciated, and the digestive system is dysfunctional, but it has strong disease resistance. People with soft nails have poor energy, are prone to fatigue, like to sleep, have poor disease resistance and are often listless. People with hard and brittle nails often suffer from anemia and loss of appetite. There are white spots or mica nails, indicating that there are trace elements and parasites such as calcium and silicon deficiency. Such people are prone to nervousness, irritability and habitual constipation. The light arc circle at the root of the nail is called the half-moon arc, commonly known as the healthy circle. Is the normal health circle about the area of nails? -1/5, no shadow. The width and size of the health circle vary from person to person and from race to race. Usually, men's health circle is about 3 mm, and women are slightly smaller. The widths of index finger, middle finger and ring finger decrease in turn, while the little finger is mostly absent. Old people are narrow-minded, and malnourished people often disappear. The change of health circle can best show the nutritional status of the body and is a lamp to indicate the nutritional status of the human body. Nails-a barometer of health nails are a barometer of human health. Normal nails are ruddy and delicate, tough and arc-shaped, smooth and shiny, and the nail roots are gray. If the shape and color of nails change, it means that the human body may be suffering from some kind of disease. Here are some common knowledge of observing nails: from the shape of nails, nails are flat, concave, spoon-shaped, brittle and dull, which is a sign of liver water deficiency or iron deficiency anemia, hypochromic anemia and light-colored small cell anemia. Nails are parrot-shaped and fingertips are drumstick-shaped, which are more common in congenital heart disease cyanosis, rheumatic heart disease with chronic heart failure and lung abscess, emphysema, silicosis, chronic fibrocavitary tuberculosis and chronic ulcerative colitis. The appearance of horizontal stripes on nails is a precursor to nephropathy or myocardial infarction; The appearance of longitudinal stripes and lack of vitamin A are the precursors of liver disease. The appearance of pit lines is poor respiratory function. From the color of nails: nails turn white, and hemorrhagic shock is an emergency; Chronic diseases can be seen in anemia, hookworm complicated with gastrointestinal bleeding, advanced tuberculosis, pulmonary heart disease and so on. As white as ground glass, it is a characteristic of cirrhosis; Whitening, thinning and softening of nails are common in chronic consumptive diseases, such as yellow nails and lack of vitamin E. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that it is mostly caused by damp-heat fumigation, which can be seen in hypothyroidism, carrot disease and nephrotic syndrome. When nails turn gray, they are suffering from onychomycosis. At first, it was itchy next to the nails, and then the nails were deformed, tarnished and grayish white. Blue nails with small red thorns are caused by lack of oxygen, indicating that the heart and lungs have glassy nails, half red and half white (commonly known as yin and yang nails), which is a bad renal function. White spots or flocculent white spots appear on nails, which may be zinc deficiency or gastrointestinal diseases or anemia; Black spots or green spots are signs of poisoning; Erythema appears around nails, which is more common in patients with lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis. One and a half months is blue, but the peripheral circulation is poor; Obvious redness is a sign of heart failure; It is obvious for one and a half months, and the intestinal absorption is good; No or narrow, indigestion. Nail is really a window to observe human health, so we should always pay attention to its changes, especially for long-term manicurists. Don't forget to take a vacation every once in a while to show its true colors. If you find multiple nail variations, you should see a doctor in time. If only one or two nails have changed, don't panic, it may be caused by trauma. Nails are pink, shiny, moderate in thickness, moderate in hardness, not easy to break and smooth in surface. A healthy circle (half-moon at the bottom of the nail) accounts for one-fifth of the length of the nail (preferably all five nails) as a sign of health. If the color is light yellow, cyan, black, dull, too thick or too thin, too soft or too hard, easy to break, rough and dull surface with concave grooves, vertical stripes, white spots and abnormal proportion of healthy circles, it is a sign of poor physical fitness. Pale fingers indicate deficiency of both qi and blood, and purple indicates blood stasis. Fingers are prone to lithiasis. Spoon refers to the constitution of yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity, which is prone to stroke, chest obstruction, thirst and other diseases. When some hypertensive patients reach out their fingers, their fingers tilt to the thumb side. Nails should be healthy, mallet nails are incompetent, white nails are deficient in both qi and blood, black nails are serious, and yellow nails are fumigated with damp heat. According to the basic color, it is blood stasis and hands are relaxed, but its color will not accumulate into blood deficiency and qi stagnation for a long time. Patients with leukoplakia often have parasites, fatigue or long-term constipation. Most people with large health circle are hyperactivity of liver yang and stroke; Too young are mostly gout, cough and asthma, gastroenteritis, digestive tract ulcer and encephalomalacia (which can become obscure after stroke); Those who have no healthy circle are mostly deficient in both qi and blood; There are many scars and grooves on the nail surface, which are parasites, spleen deficiency, and if it happens in the thumb, it is exhausted; Skin diseases that occur on the index finger are prone to occur; Most of what happens in the middle finger is flaccid; Those that happen on the ring finger are prone to cough and eye diseases; Those who happen in the little finger are prone to throat diseases, wind arthralgia, damp-heat yellowing. Too weak nails are yin deficiency and fire flourishing; Thin and soft is liver blood deficiency; Atrophy is mostly due to deficiency of both heart and spleen; The longitudinal stripes are weak; Easy-to-break people are depressed; A flat nail is weak and sickly, and a warped nail is deficient in both qi and blood; Triceratops is prone to stroke; Most people with talons or irregularities are qi stagnation and blood stasis, chest obstruction and wind obstruction, and twinning of tendons and veins; Cylindrical people often have carbuncle and furuncle, which is prone to some kind of tumor; Long claw nails are weak; Nail pits are mostly kidney deficiency. Fan-shaped embedded Donphan is prone to stroke because of liver transverse deficiency, yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity; If the side of the nail drops sharply, it is easy to have heart blood stasis; There is a deep ditch on the nail body, which indicates that he was seriously ill or suffered a mental shock not long ago; Most people who eat nails have a weak temper; Nails are obviously narrow and easy to get dirty and dry; People with long and narrow nails are prone to rheumatism; Most patients with sharp, broad and bluish colors are qi deficiency and blood stasis; People with dull nails and obvious longitudinal stripes mostly cough and gasp; Shortness of nails is mostly due to guilty conscience and chest pain (especially without a healthy circle); Most of them are gynecological diseases and joint pain (if they lack luster, they are mostly infertility); Very short people cough and wheeze easily. Nail baby health barometer can see health from nails, right What do healthy nails look like? Nails are also called decks, with fingertips in front, nail roots behind and under the skin. The tissue under the nail root is called nail mother, which is where nails grow. The skin around the deck is called the armor profile, and the semi-circular light-colored area in front of the armor profile is half moon, which can be regarded as a sign of health. Normal baby's nails are pink, very smooth and resilient, and the color of half moon is slightly lighter. Judging whether a baby's nails are healthy depends on its surface shape, color, texture, thickness and nail bed relationship. Abnormal white nails and white spots on the baby's deck are called' lucky spots' by superstition and' spotted white nails' by medicine; If white lines or spots appear, or even the whole nail turns white, they are called linear white nails, partial white nails and full white nails respectively. In fact, punctate white nails and linear white nails are more common in normal children, or temporary injuries. Nail yellowing is the whole nail yellowing, mainly because of eating carotene food, fungal infection will also lead to nail yellowing, but most of them are accompanied by morphological changes of nails. There is also a kind of yellow nail syndrome, which is hereditary and familial, often accompanied by edema of face and limbs. Others such as green nails and black nails are relatively rare. If the baby's half-month color is abnormal, it is mostly heart disease when it is red, and it is reddish when it is anemia. Abnormal morphology If the child has a horizontal groove in his nails, it may be that he has acute fever (such as measles, lung fever, scarlet fever, etc. ), and his metabolism is abnormal. If there are several vertical shallow ditches in the center of the deck, it can be seen in the damage of nail matrix and lichen planus. Deck becomes thin and brittle, the edge protrudes vertically, and the nail tip is easy to tear and delaminate, which is a manifestation of nail malnutrition and can also be seen in skin diseases such as lichen planus. Small pits appear on the surface of the deck, which can be seen by normal children or children with psoriasis, eczema and other skin diseases. Nail fracture occurs in the longitudinal direction, which can be seen in hypothyroidism and abnormal function of anterior pituitary. When the hardness of hard armor is abnormal, and the deck is thickened to the fingertips, it can be caused by congenital reasons or long-term stimulation. The middle deck of soft armor is thin and soft, easy to bend and turn white, and the nail tip is easy to crack, which is found in congenital abnormality, vitamin B deficiency, syphilis, etc. Flat nail, spoon nail, hooked nail, giant nail, small nail and nail wilting are mostly caused by congenital abnormalities, while clubbed nail has both congenital factors and acquired heart disease. Principles of nail diagnosis for graduate students in China Academy of Medical Sciences and Institute of Dermatology, Union Medical College. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that claws are not only tendons, but also symptoms outside the liver and gallbladder. The liver stores blood, which governs the drainage. Therefore, Wang Jia can measure the ups and downs of qi and blood and its circulation in the internal organs. The nail bed under the deck is covered with peripheral capillaries and nerve endings. By observing the morphological changes and blood flow state of capillary in nail bed, we can get the blood circulation of the body. According to modern microcirculation theory, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases can be diagnosed from the changes of tiny blood vessels on nails. People's nails can reflect information about health or disease. Our ancestors found in long-term in-depth and meticulous observation and repeated verification that the diseases reflected by fingernails of both hands have similarities, differences and certain rules. Generally speaking, thumb nails mostly reflect head and neck lesions; The index finger nail reflects the lesions below the head and above the diaphragm (including upper lesions, chest, heart, lungs, etc.). ); The middle nail reflects the lesions from the diaphragm to the umbilicus (middle jiao, liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, etc.). ); Anonymous nail reflects lesions (lower coke, kidney, bladder, intestine, etc.). ) Umbilical to the second yin area; Small nails reflect the lesions below the second yin and lower limbs (second yin, lower limbs, etc. ) nails represent the whole body, and some people call them nail embryos ("holograms"). When shaking hands, the body parts represented by five fingernails add up, just like an embryonic baby. Besides different nails representing different body parts and organs, people also find that different parts of each nail also reflect the situation of different parts of the human body. Each nail is divided into five areas, representing different parts of the body. Limited to space, I won't elaborate here. The method of nail diagnosis is that the examinee should wash his nails, and those with nail stains should remove the stains. Under the natural light, make the examinee reach out naturally, palm down and lie flat on the table. Inspectors carefully check the deck, half-moon arc, nail bed, nail fold, etc. And pay attention to the changes of nail color, thickness, unevenness, patches, lines and other shapes. Deck: Pay attention to its transparency, color, luster, size, thickness, flatness, unevenness, softness, hardness, brittleness, smoothness or rough texture. Half Moon Arc: Observe its size and color. Nail bed: press the deck and check the shape, markings, petechiae, color and collateral dynamics of the nail bed through the nail layer. Nailfold: Pay attention to its shape, color, dynamic collaterals, whether the combination with the deck is regular and whether there are defects. Nail color is white: the nail bed is pale, suggesting insufficient blood. White moist is mild, white withered is dull and rough, and it is seriously ill. Pale nails are seen in anemia, malnutrition, liver cirrhosis, chronic colitis, nail biting, Raynaud's disease, pulseless disease and so on. Part of leukonychia can be seen in tuberculosis, nephritis, lymphosarcoma and cancer. Spotted white nails (one or several white spots or white clouds or white sheep of different sizes appear on the deck), which are manifested as digestive system diseases, malnutrition, zinc deficiency, syphilis and so on. Red: the nail bed is red, indicating qi-blood heat syndrome. Those who are ruddy are slightly ill, and those who are red and withered are seriously ill. Bleeding of nail bed also belongs to red nails. If there is spindle-shaped longitudinal linear bleeding on the free edge of the nail, it can be seen in coagulation dysfunction, drug allergy, subacute endocarditis and so on. Yellow: the color of nail bed is yellow, suggesting damp-heat fumigation. Huang Liang suggested that the illness was mild and the course of disease was short. Dark yellow indicates a serious illness and a long course of disease. Yellow nails can be seen in hepatobiliary diseases, hemolysis, hypothyroidism, chronic adrenal insufficiency, nephrotic syndrome and carotene anemia. Cyan: blue nail bed, suggesting cold syndrome, blood stasis, pain syndrome and convulsion. Found in hypoxia or using adipine and phenolphthalein. Long-term cyanosis and withering indicate that liver qi will fail and the prognosis is poor. Black: The nail bed is black, indicating cold syndrome, blood stasis and pain syndrome. After a long illness, black nails appear and wither, suggesting that kidney qi will be exhausted and the disease is dangerous. One or several thin black vertical lines appear on the nail surface, suggesting endocrine disorders, which can be seen in menstrual disorders, dysmenorrhea, malignant tumors, radiation sickness and so on. After receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy for cancer, each course of treatment can form a black mark on the nail, and each course of treatment has a circle record. Blue: indicates that the liver is affected by pathogenic factors and blocked by blood stasis. Modern research has found that oral chloroquine, hexadiazepine, hemochromatosis, hepatolenticular degeneration, nitrite poisoning and hypoxia can lead to cyanosis. Brown nail: common in acanthosis nigricans, adrenal hypofunction, or oral phenolphthalein, antimalarial drugs, etc. Red and white nail: the distal nail is reddish brown, and the proximal deck is glassy white with clear boundaries, which is common in azotemia of liver cirrhosis. Distinguish atrophic nail shape: People with this nail shape are too sensitive to nerves, react strongly to various stimuli, and often have clinical manifestations of malnutrition. Hypertrophy: People with this type of nails often feel dull, prone to quadriplegia, easy to catch cold, and have a history of low back and leg pain. Length: People with long nails are prone to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, such as tracheitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis and myocarditis. Short stature: people with short nails are prone to coronary heart disease, diabetes, neurasthenia and other diseases. Triangle: the nail root is narrow and the head is wide. People with these nails have a history of headaches. Narrow shape: People with nails of this shape have poor physique, but strong disease resistance and tolerance. Olive shape: People with this type of nails often suffer from atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, cerebral thrombosis, brain tumor and myelopathy. Fan-shaped: people with this kind of nails are prone to stroke, and it is also common in patients with hepatitis and gallstones. Concave horizontal line: people with nails of this shape may have parasitic diseases. Bend and bend: the middle part of the nail is weak, and there are horizontal stripes on the nail. People with this kind of nails often suffer from hookworm disease, indicating that the body is calcium deficient, anemia or malnutrition. The middle height of the index finger: it looks like a claw nail, which is a sign of tuberculosis. Semicircle: People with this kind of nails often have renal insufficiency. Tubular: visible in patients with advanced cancer. Flat shape: People with nails in this shape are prone to scrofula and throat diseases, such as pharyngitis, laryngitis and acute suppurative tonsillitis. Vertical lines: There are vertical lines on nails, which are easy to break. Most people with this type of nails have poor heart function or weakened intestinal peristalsis. There are many vertical stripes on the thumb nail, which may be caused by partial eclipse. Groove shape: There are deep grooves on the nails, indicating that there are many parasites of this shape of nails in the human body, or there is intestinal paralysis. There are grooves in the thumb nails, which often lead to listlessness; Eating nails has grooves, and the skin is prone to rash; There is a groove in the middle nail, suggesting myasthenia gravis; Nameless nails have grooves, which are easy to get eye diseases; Small nails have grooves, which are easy to get hepatobiliary diseases, pharyngitis and neuralgia.