1. Cultivation Techniques of Spring Black Tomato in Open Field

(1) seedling raising

After the planting period is determined, sow and raise seedlings 60 ~ 70 days in advance. Seeds need to be disinfected before sowing. The seed coat of black tomato is thin, and thermal disinfection is easy to burn seeds, so chemical disinfection should be the main method. Sowing should not be too dense. It is advisable to sow 25 ~ 35g seeds per square meter and 300 ~ 450g seeds per hm2.

Black tomato is resistant to transplanting, but because of the continuity of flower bud differentiation, it is not suitable to divide seedlings many times in the process of seedling raising. It is suggested that the seedlings should be divided as early as possible, and at the latest before 2 ~ 3 true leaf flower buds begin to differentiate. It is best to divide seedlings with containers such as plastic nutrition bowls or paper tubes. After the black tomato is divided into seedlings, the temperature and ground temperature should be appropriately increased by 2 ~ 3℃ to promote the slow seedling. After delaying seedlings, the growth of seedlings gradually accelerated. In order to prevent overgrowth, the temperature of seedbed should be 2 ~ 3℃ lower than that of slow seedlings, but the temperature at night should not be lower than 65438 00℃. It is advisable to keep the bed soil dry and wet, and the light green leaves of seedling heart indicate normal water content.

Before sowing, the seedlings should be exercised to gradually reduce the temperature of the seedbed, especially at night. In the process of hardening seedlings, it is not advisable to control too much water to ensure that the seedlings will not wither obviously at noon on sunny days, otherwise the seedlings will easily age.

(2) Soil preparation and base fertilizer application

Choose deep, loose, fertile and well-drained soil to plant black tomatoes. In order to promote the deep development of black tomato root system, deep tillage must be carried out. In winter leisure plots, 25 ~ 30 cm deep ploughing can be done before freezing, and no harrowing can be done after ploughing, which is beneficial to soil weathering. Deep tillage should be combined with increasing base fertilizer, and generally 5000~7500kg organic fertilizer should be applied every 667m2. At the same time of applying base fertilizer, it is best to mix calcium superphosphate with organic fertilizer, and apply 30 ~ 40kg of calcium superphosphate every 667m2. Black tomatoes can be planted in flat land or high border. Flat border is suitable for early-maturing cultivation in arid areas or high-density cultivation in the north. The general boundary width is 1.2 ~ 1.5m, and the boundary length is 8 ~ 10m. High border cultivation should be adopted in the south and irrigated land or low-lying waterlogged land with sufficient water resources.

(3) Planting and density

The planting period of spring black tomato in the open field should be determined according to the local climate conditions. Generally, it should be planted after late frost when the daily average temperature is above 15℃ and the ground temperature is stable above 10℃.

The planting density of spring black tomato depends on many factors, such as variety, pruning method, growth period and so on. The suitable close planting density of early-maturing varieties is 2800 ~ 3000 plants /667 m2, and that of middle-late-maturing varieties is 2000 ~ 2500 plants /667 m2.

(4) Tillage, topdressing and irrigation

Black tomato should be cultivated in time after planting. Early tillage and deep tillage are beneficial to raise soil temperature, promote rapid rooting and slow down seedling growth. The intertillage should be carried out continuously for 3 ~ 4 times, and the depth of each intertillage is shallow, so it can be cultivated properly to promote adventitious roots at the base of the stem and expand the root group.

Black tomato needs a large amount of fertilizer, so besides basic fertilizer, it should also be applied with quick-acting fertilizer as needed. When the first ear of fruit begins to swell, combined with watering, topdressing 1 time is needed to promote emergence and fruiting. Apply 15 ~ 20kg urea, 20 ~ 25kg calcium superphosphate or 20 ~ 30kg diammonium phosphate every 667m2. In case of potassium deficiency, potassium sulfate 100kg, decomposed human excrement 1000kg and vegetation1000 kg can also be applied.

Ash is used instead of chemical fertilizer. Second, topdressing 1 time when the three-spike fruit begins to swell rapidly. In addition to soil topdressing, topdressing outside roots can be supplemented at full fruit stage, and foliar or multi-component compound fertilizer can be sprayed with 0.2% ~ 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.2% ~ 0.3% urea or 2% calcium superphosphate aqueous solution. You can also spray 50 ~ 100μ l/L greenhouse acid or zinc sulfate and other trace elements outside the roots.

Black tomato has a certain drought tolerance, but in order to obtain high yield, we must pay attention to the supply and regulation of water. 5 ~ 7 days after planting, 1 times slow seedling water can be poured, then intertillage and moisturize, control watering and squat seedlings properly. Mid-and late-maturing varieties bloom and set fruit late, and their nutrition grows vigorously, so water should be controlled before setting fruit. The water absorption of black tomato reached its peak in the full fruit stage, and it was irrigated 1 time for 4 ~ 6 days, so as to keep the soil relatively uniform and moist during the whole fruit-bearing stage, prevent sudden wet and dry, and reduce the occurrence of fruit cracking and top rot. Black tomatoes have strict requirements on soil ventilation conditions, and should be drained in time after rain to prevent root rot.

(5) Factory supervision

Black tomato has the characteristics of lush stems and leaves, strong branching, rapid growth and development, and easy to drop flowers and fruits. In order to adjust the balanced growth of organs and improve the light and nutrition conditions, a series of plant adjustment measures should be taken in the cultivation process, such as scaffolding, tying vines, pruning, forking, coring, flower and fruit protection, flower and fruit thinning and so on. Except for a few erect varieties, black tomatoes need scaffolding cultivation. Generally, cone-shaped frame (triangular cone-shaped frame or quadrangular cone-shaped frame) is adopted, which is relatively simple and firm.

There are many pruning methods for black tomatoes, each with its own characteristics. Common pruning methods for open field cultivation include single stem pruning, improved single stem pruning and double stem pruning. Single stem pruning, only the trunk is reserved, and all the side branches are removed. This method is suitable for close planting and can obtain higher yield per unit area under the condition of short growth period. The disadvantage is that there are many seedlings per unit area, the root system development is limited, and the plants are prone to premature aging. In order to overcome the above shortcomings, an improved single-stem pruning method can be implemented, that is, on the basis of single-stem pruning, one side branch under the first inflorescence is reserved, and one ear is left to remove the core. There are many improved single stem pruning methods, which can be applied flexibly according to the cultivation needs. Double stem pruning, except the main branch, leaves one side branch under the first inflorescence, and all other side branches are removed. The early yield of this pruning method is not as good as that of single stem pruning, and the fruit is late, so it is suitable for middle and late maturing varieties with long growth period and vigorous growth potential.

In the process of pruning, remove the redundant side branches, that is, hit the right one. Branching too late will consume too much nutrition. In the early stage of plant growth, premature branching will affect the development of root system, especially the early-maturing varieties with weak growth potential. When the lateral branches grow to 3 ~ 6 cm, they should be removed by stages.

For infinitely growing varieties, when they grow to a certain ear, it is necessary to remove the top of the plant, which is called coring or topping, to ensure that the fruits produced in the limited growth period can fully expand and mature. Picking should be based on the cultivation method. When cultivated in the south, leave 3 ~ 4 layers of ears; When cultivated in the north, leave 4 ~ 5 layers of spikes for coring.

In principle, the cultivation of black tomato does not need to pick leaves, so as to maintain a large assimilation area of the plant. Only after the fruiting period, can the diseased leaves and yellow leaves at the base be removed one after another, improve ventilation conditions and reduce respiratory consumption.

(6) flower protection and fruit protection

The phenomenon of black tomato flowering is quite common, and there are two main reasons for flowering: ① Malnutrition flowering. Due to the lack of soil nutrition and water, excessive plant damage, poor root development, untimely pruning, excessive nutrient consumption when the temperature is high at night, excessive plant growth, unbalanced nutrient supply and other reasons, flowers and fruits fall. ② Flowering due to reproductive development disorder. Too low or too high flowering temperature, too much rain or too dry will affect the elongation of pollen tubes and pollen germination, leading to abnormal flowers (such as long style flowers or short style flowers, etc.) ) and flowers fall. The main reason of early flowering of spring black tomato in open field is low temperature or plant injury; The main reason why black tomatoes bloom in summer is high temperature and high humidity.

Preventing flowering and using plant growth regulators can effectively prevent flowering and stimulate fruit development, forming seedless fruits with the same or even more size as pollinated fruits. Common growth regulators are: 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid).

, the concentration is 10 ~ 20μ l/L, which is used for dipping or painting flowers; The concentration of PCPA (p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, also known as anti-falling and black tomato essence) is 25 ~ 30μ L/L, which can be used for flower spraying treatment.

(7) Physiological diseases and their prevention and treatment

Physiological diseases of black tomato fruit development are one of the main problems in cultivation. Common physiological diseases include deformed fruit, hollow fruit, top rot, cracked fruit, tendon rot and sunburn, which have great influence on product quality.

① Deformed fruit: Deformed fruit is mainly produced in the process of flower bud differentiation and development, that is, under the conditions of low temperature, excessive fertilization (especially nitrogen fertilizer), sufficient water and light, the growing point accumulates too many nutrients, the developing flower bud cells divide too much and the carpels are too many. After flowering, due to the uneven development of carpels, multi-locular deformed fruits are formed. The top crack or transverse crack in deformed fruit is mainly due to the adverse conditions in the development of flower buds, which inhibit the transport of calcium to flower organs. In addition, because the fruit mainly grows along the longitudinal direction, and then gradually grows along the transverse direction, the fruit developed under malnutrition conditions is often a pinnacle deformed fruit. In order to prevent the occurrence of abnormal fruit, the temperature should not be controlled too low when raising seedlings, and water and nutrition must be properly adjusted.

② Hollow fruit: that is, the fruit pulp is not full, the placenta tissue is not full, and the seed cavity becomes hollow, which seriously affects the weight and quality of the fruit. Improper fertilization, high concentration of growth regulators, etc. It is easy to bear empty fruit. In addition, during the fruit growth period, the temperature is too high, the sunshine is insufficient, or there is too much nitrogen fertilizer, too much nutrient growth, and less carbohydrate accumulation in the fruit. , will also form a hollow fruit. In cultivation, we should strengthen management, improve environmental control technology, create suitable conditions for fruit growth and avoid empty fruit.

(3) Top rot: also known as navel rot and hip rot, dark brown spots appear on the top of the fruit, which rot in rainy weather or when the air humidity is high. It is a physiological disease caused by calcium deficiency in fruits. The reasons for calcium deficiency in fruits are as follows: first, calcium deficiency in soil; Second, the soil is dry, and the concentration of soil solution is too high, especially potassium, magnesium and ammonium nitrogen, which affects the absorption of calcium by plants; Thirdly, the movement speed of calcium in plants is slow under high temperature and drought conditions.

In order to prevent top rot, more organic fertilizer can be applied, and lime should be applied to the acidic soil for adjustment, so as to maintain the appropriate concentration of soil solution and properly control the amount of ammonia nitrogen. Try to avoid excessive soil temperature and drastic changes in soil temperature. Water supply should be uniform to prevent dryness and wetness. At the fruiting stage, 0.5% calcium chloride can be sprayed on new leaves and newly grown inflorescences to supplement the calcium content.

(4) Fruit cracking: Fruit cracking is easy to occur in the later stage of fruit development. Fruit cracking includes ring cracking and radial cracking. The main reasons for fruit cracking are: the soil is dry in the early stage of fruit growth, and the fruit grows slowly. When it is raining or flooded, the pulp tissue expands rapidly and the peel can't adapt to the growth, resulting in fruit cracking. In order to prevent fruit cracking, in addition to choosing varieties that are not easy to crack, we should also pay attention to increasing the application of organic fertilizer, watering rationally, supplying water evenly and avoiding direct sunlight on fruits in cultivation management.

⑤ Tendon rot: It is a physiological disease during fruit expansion. According to the symptoms, it can be divided into two types, browning type and albinism type. The vascular bundles and their surrounding tissues in the former fruit turn brown, while the peel or fruit wall of the latter becomes hard and white. The onset conditions of the two types are similar, and they are all diseases induced by various unfavorable conditions. In order to prevent the occurrence of tendon rot, we should pay special attention to the use of fertilizers, appropriately increase potassium fertilizer, and take nitrate nitrogen as the main nitrogen fertilizer.

⑥ Sunburn: In the hot summer season, due to direct sunlight, the temperature of the fruit shoulder part rises, and some tissues are burned and withered, resulting in sunburn. The harm of sunburn varies from species to species. Varieties with small leaf area, exposed fruit or thin peel are prone to disease. In order to prevent sunburn, it is best to use cone-shaped frame or herringbone frame to prevent sunburn in fruit bearing period, and the ear of fruit should be arranged in the shade of leaves in the frame when planting seedlings. Appropriate application of potassium fertilizer can enhance its resistance.

2. Conservation tillage

(1) Black Tomato in Spring in Solar Greenhouse

① Selection of suitable varieties: Early-maturing or middle-maturing, low-light and cold-resistant varieties or hybrids should be selected for black tomatoes in greenhouse in spring.

② Early planting: The time of early planting is determined according to the lowest temperature in the greenhouse. When the soil temperature at the depth of 10cm in the morning reaches above 5℃ and the lowest temperature no longer appears at 0℃, early planting should be carried out as soon as possible. Seedlings should be planted in the morning when the cold weather has just passed and the sunshine and warm weather have begun. Generally, the density of early-maturing varieties is 3500 ~ 4000 plants per 667m2; The density of middle and late maturing varieties is 2800 ~ 3100 plants per 667m2.

③ Temperature change management: After planting black tomatoes, the daily temperature should be managed by "four-stage temperature change". That is, the temperature of a day is divided into four sections for management. After seeing the light before noon, the temperature should be quickly raised to 25 ~ 28℃ to promote the photosynthesis of plants; In the afternoon, with the gradual weakening of photosynthesis, the temperature was reduced to 25 ~ 20℃ by ventilation. The temperature should be kept at 17 ~ 14℃ in the first half of the night to promote the transportation of photosynthetic products from leaves to their organs. In order to avoid respiratory consumption in the second half of the night as much as possible, the temperature should be reduced to 12 ~ 10℃ and not lower than 6℃. Due to the low outdoor temperature in the early stage of planting, various insulation and covering measures should be taken (covering grass curtains, paper quilts, hanging awnings, setting small arches, etc.). ) improve the air and ground temperature in the reserve, promote rooting and delay the normal growth and development of seedlings and plants.

(4) Increase the illumination: When the temperature permits, uncover and cover the multi-layer thermal insulation covering layer as soon as possible, and often remove the pollutants on the transparent covering material. Reflective curtains (films) can be hung on the back walls and gables on both sides of the solar greenhouse to increase the illuminance in the greenhouse. In the later stage, the diseased leaves, old leaves and yellow leaves in the lower part should be knocked out in time to increase the ventilation and transparency of the population and promote the fruit to turn color and ripen as soon as possible.

⑤ Rational fertilization and irrigation: When the first ear of fruit grows to the size of walnut, fertilization and irrigation will be started. Urea 12 ~ 15 kg, 20kg of superphosphate or 20kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0/0 kg of potassium sulfate can be topdressed once every 667m2, but urea alone is not allowed. Ternary compound fertilizer 15 ~ 20kg is also acceptable. After the first ear fruit is harvested, it can be topdressed according to the above amount 1 time. Every topdressing should be combined with irrigation. The frequency and amount of irrigation should be determined according to plant growth and weather conditions, with disease prevention as the premise. You should choose to water in the sunny morning and irrigate under the film to prevent the air humidity from being too high.

6. Erecting vines and tying vines: After planting black tomatoes for about 2 weeks, the vines will be erected. In order to facilitate ventilation and light transmission, it is best to hang vines with nylon wires.

⑦ Pruning and raking: for the limited growth type of black tomato, the main method is to improve single stem pruning; For the infinite growth type of black tomato, single stem pruning is the main method, and some people use continuous pruning or multiple head-changing pruning for pruning.

8. Fruit ripening: In order to promote fruit ripening and early listing, ethephon can be used for ripening. 40% ethephon is mixed into 400 ~ 800 times aqueous solution (500 ~ 1000μ L/L), and then the solution is coated on green ripe fruits with soft brush or coarse brush, which can be put on the market 6 ~ 7 days in advance. You can also ripen the fruit after picking, dilute 40% ethephon with water to 200 times (2000μl/L), soak the black tomato in the solution for 65438±0min, take it out and ripen it in a closed condition at about 25℃, and it will turn red in 4 ~ 6 days.

(2) Black tomato in greenhouse in autumn

The key of autumn cultivation technology of black tomato in greenhouse is to prevent virus disease. We should choose middle and late maturing varieties with strong disease resistance (especially antiviral disease), heat tolerance, vigorous growth potential, large fruit and unlimited growth types.

To determine the seedling raising period, it is appropriate to have a seedling age of 25 ~ 30 days. The physiological seedling age should be 15 ~ 20 cm with 3 ~ 4 leaves.

When raising seedlings, prepare a seedbed that can prevent high temperature and rain, and build a shade shed on it. When sowing, it is best to directly sow seeds in nutrient clods such as plastic bowls, paper bags and plastic bags or seedling containers, with 3-4 seeds in each bowl (bag), and remove weak seedlings after emergence, leaving 1 plant in each bowl. In order to prevent overgrowth, 0.05% ~ 0. 1% chlormequat chloride or 0. 15% ~ 0.20% B9 can be sprayed for 2 ~ 3 times when 2 ~ 3 true leaves of seedlings are unfolded.

At seedling stage, aphids should be prevented, and plant quarantine or virus A should be sprayed to prevent virus diseases.

When planting, it is still in the season of strong sunshine, high temperature and rainy, so it is necessary to prepare for shade and rain. The roof of the greenhouse is rainproof and sunshade, and the surrounding area is ventilated. In the later stage of growth, with the decrease of temperature, the light is weakened, so we should give priority to warming, moisturizing and brightening, gradually reduce the outdoor air, strengthen the thermal insulation coverage, remove the shade from the plastic film, wipe it clean and increase the light transmittance.

In autumn, black tomatoes are pruned with one stem, leaving 3-4 ears to remove the core, with 4-5 ears per ear. It is necessary to dip or spray flowers with auxin during flowering. When the fruit grows to the size of walnut, 20 kilograms of diammonium phosphate should be topdressing every 667m2, followed by irrigation. After each irrigation, intertillage and ridging should be done in time. As the temperature drops, the irrigation frequency should be reduced. In the later stage, the lower leaves of the plant can be knocked off, and attention should be paid to avoid the excessive relative humidity of the air and the water on the film dripping on the plant.

(3) Black tomato in solar greenhouse in winter

In winter, the black tomato in solar greenhouse should choose infinite growth variety, and the planting density can be slightly sparse from early August to early September, and the management measures are similar to the above stubble. But we should do a good job of uncovering the straw curtain,

Manage temperature, light and water, hang vines and vines in time, and pay attention to protecting flowers and fruits and ripening. The management of this crop in 65438+ 10 is very important. Ventilation, irrigation and fertilization should be properly strengthened after spring, and special attention should be paid to disease prevention when the temperature is high.