1, fighting?

Although Songzan Gambo could not shake the strength of the Tang Dynasty when he was alive, he laid a strong foundation for the later Tubo country.

Expansion creates conditions. After Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, Tang Fan achieved a brief peace, but this did not hinder the expansion of Tubo.

Footsteps. Songzan Gambo conquered Sun Bo and Toarey Yang during his lifetime, enabling Tubo to compete with the Tang Dynasty for the Western Regions. Zaisongzan

After Gambu's death, Daxiang Lu Dongzan came to power. As a son-in-law and in-laws, there was no obstacle between him and the Tang Dynasty.

Hegemony is inevitable. ?

In 650 AD, Songzan Gambuqi's grandson Songzan Gambuqi succeeded to the throne. Mang talks about mang praising youth, and Lu Dongzan specializes in Fuzheng.

The state power inherited the founding cause of Songzan Gambu and pushed Tubo to a more prosperous period. ?

Lu Dongzan praised this man as an epoch-making figure in Tibetan history. As mentioned above, one of Lu Dongzan's greatest achievements is

Dividing field boundaries made Tubo enter feudal society. Among the original Qiang people, Tuguhun has always accepted China culture and followed Tang Jun's example.

Field system divides field boundaries. In 653 AD, Lu Dongzan carried out land reform, which made Tuyuhun fall into Wang Da and Yanmengbojie (the fleeing party).

Prince Tuguhun, who went to Tubo, formulated the law of dividing fields. Wild Goose Mangjie demarcated the territory boundary for Tubo according to the Tugu Huntian system.

Free people who got land became farmers. In 654, Lu Dongzan held a meeting to distinguish savages from animal trainers and calculate major developments.

The number of. Tame people should refer to farmers and herders who get their fields, and the main distribution should be based on fields ... the dispute between Tang and Fan?

1, fighting?

Although Songzan Gambo could not shake the strength of the Tang Dynasty when he was alive, he laid a strong foundation for the later Tubo country.

Expansion creates conditions. After Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, Tang Fan achieved a brief peace, but this did not hinder the expansion of Tubo.

Footsteps. Songzan Gambo conquered Sun Bo and Toarey Yang during his lifetime, enabling Tubo to compete with the Tang Dynasty for the Western Regions. Zaisongzan

After Gambu's death, Daxiang Lu Dongzan came to power. As a son-in-law and in-laws, there was no obstacle between him and the Tang Dynasty.

Hegemony is inevitable. ?

In 650 AD, Songzan Gambuqi's grandson Songzan Gambuqi succeeded to the throne. Mang talks about mang praising youth, and Lu Dongzan specializes in Fuzheng.

The state power inherited the founding cause of Songzan Gambu and pushed Tubo to a more prosperous period. ?

Lu Dongzan praised this man as an epoch-making figure in Tibetan history. As mentioned above, one of Lu Dongzan's greatest achievements is

Dividing field boundaries made Tubo enter feudal society. Among the original Qiang people, Tuguhun has always accepted China culture and followed Tang Jun's example.

Field system divides field boundaries. In 653 AD, Lu Dongzan carried out land reform, which made Tuyuhun fall into Wang Da and Yanmengbojie (the fleeing party).

Prince Tuguhun, who went to Tubo, formulated the law of dividing fields. Wild Goose Mangjie demarcated the territory boundary for Tubo according to the Tugu Huntian system.

Free people who got land became farmers. In 654, Lu Dongzan held a meeting to distinguish savages from animal trainers and calculate major developments.

The number of. Tamers should refer to farmers and herdsmen who have allocated fields, and the quantity of large-scale distribution should be based on land and mu.

In 655, Lu Dongzan wrote this into law, which consolidated these implemented systems. The development of a country is inseparable.

Economic base. Military power can help a country rise and expand rapidly, while economic development can make this country prosperous.

Wang has been guaranteed for a long time. Lu Dongzan's land reform has brought Tubo's economic strength into a new stage of development, plus

With the original military strength, Tubo does have the ability to expand outward. ?

First of all, Lu Dongzan pointed the first goal of expansion to Gu Hun. Tuguhun is also a big country among Qiang people, and its geographical position

Immigration is of great significance to Tubo and Datang. When Nobin made Khan, the ministers of the DPRK were pro-Tang.

, who kiss Tubo, domestic chaos. Emperor Taizong ordered Hou Lingbing to calm down the chaos and stabilize the situation, and Tuguhun surrendered to Tang.

. However, it can be seen from the fact that the nationals killed Dou Khan, who was pro-Gan Tang, and many people in Tuyuhun fled to Tubo, because of the national blood.

Relationship, Tuguhun's pro-Tubo power is even greater. ?

In 660 AD, Lu Dongzan provoked a war, and sent his son to pay more attention to the industry and mobilize troops to attack Tuguhun. In 663, Lu Dongzan personally led the attack.

. Special envoys from these two countries went to Tang Ting to discuss the case and ask for assistance. On the surface, Tang Gaozong didn't listen to both sides, but in fact he was helping Tu Gehun. but

The change of things often depends on the inside. Su, the minister of Tuyuhun, fled to Tubo and sealed Tuyuhun to Lu Dongzan.

The situation of the Ministry describes the geography and military affairs of Tuyuhun. The Tubo sent troops to break Tuyuhun and abandoned the country with thousands of households.

Fled to Liangzhou, Tugu Hunguo died. Lu Dongzan stationed troops in Qinghai and sent a special envoy to North Korea, demanding pro-North Korea, but Tang Gaozong refused. Ludong Zanhe

The real meaning of pro is to send troops to destroy Tuyuhun, and also to let the Tang Dynasty admit that Tubo occupied Tuyuhun's land, Tang.

Of course, Emperor Gaozong would not agree. In 667 AD, Lu Dongzan died, and his son Ye Duobu succeeded Daxiang. Tubo's annexation of Tuyuhun has become

It is an established fact that Zunye Duobu is also continuing the expansion of Tubo. In 668 AD, Tubo built a castle at Qiemo and became the entrance.

A fortress that invaded the western regions. ?

Then why didn't we Datang respond at all? There were two reasons for the various situations at that time:

First of all, the main battlefield of the Tang Dynasty was in the East, that is, the Korean Peninsula. As we all know, Emperor Taizong collected a high salary in his later years.

Lee is one of his few failures. After Tang Gaozong Li Zhi succeeded to the throne, the elimination of Koguryo was put on the agenda. In 660 ad.

In the same year that Lu Dongzan sent his son Zunye to send more troops to attack Tuyuhun, the Tang Dynasty began to conquer the Korean peninsula and unite with Korea.

Silla in China attacked two other countries-Koguryo and Baekje. In 660 AD, Su, a famous Tang Dynasty soldier, was in Silla Army.

With the help of Baekje, Wang Yici and his prince were captured. Koguryo's army was led by the famous Quan Gai Su Wen.

Tang Jun won the battle. However, although Tang Jun was defeated, many famous players appeared, such as the famous Xue. public

In 666, Quan Gai Su Wen died and Koguryo was in civil strife. Su Wen, the eldest son of Quan Gai, surrendered to the Tang Dynasty under the pressure of his second brother Nan Jian. Tanggao

Zong took this opportunity to think that the chief of the Liaodong Road March was commanding various armies and dividing his troops to attack Koguryo. September 668 10

On the 2nd, Tang Jun invaded Pyongyang, captured Nanjian, and Koguryo perished. Tang Gaozong, Li Zhi, won his father's victory on the Korean battlefield.

The unprecedented record that can be achieved, such as Xue, Che Bihe and so on. , also have the opportunity to revenge for yourself. So, despite this,

At that time, Tubo invaded the western regions frequently, and the news of Lu Dongzan's death reached the Tang Dynasty, but the Tang Dynasty had no time to take care of Tubo. ?

Secondly, the management of the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty has been very difficult. In the early Tang Dynasty, Anxi was always guarded by famous generals, such as Guo Xiaoke and Qu Zhizhan.

, Pei Xingjian, etc. But even these famous soldiers failed to completely pacify the western regions. The countries in the western regions have always been rebellious and impermanent, but Tubo is

Take advantage of this. AD 6621February (the second year of Tang Gaozong Longshuo, which was also the year when the right to change Su Wen defeated Tang Jun), Xitu.

There was chaos inside Jue, and the political injustice of killing Su Hai in Tang Dynasty and killing Ashi Nami Khan led Gong Yue to lead Tubo to exclude Tang Jun and Su Hai.

Because the sergeant was tired of fighting and didn't dare to go to war, he bribed Tubo and made peace with him, so he worshipped Ashinadu and Li to take the rest.

Many people joined Tubo. The following year, Shule rebelled and led the Tubo invasion in Khotan with Gong Yue. Anxi protected Gao Xian and led troops to attack Gong Yue to save him.

Tan, the outcome is unknown, and the result is not included in the historical records. However, in some Dunhuang documents, it is repeatedly mentioned that "the Western Regions (Tang Dynasty) suffered a great defeat."

",it is possible that Gao Xian lost the battle. Perhaps because of this, in the first year of Linde (AD 664), Pei Xingjian was regarded as Anxi.

Duhu, the arrival of this famous soldier has made the Western Regions a little more stable. ?

Therefore, at that time, the main force of the Tang Dynasty was mostly on the Korean battlefield in the East (everyone sometimes swept Liuhe and annexed eight because of the Tang Dynasty)

Wild and mistakenly thought that the army in the early Tang Dynasty was a dime a dozen and had extraordinary strength. In fact, the population of the early Tang Dynasty was only 1/3 of that of the Sui Dynasty.

There are not many troops, and a war generally does not exceed100000 people. These troops are constantly mobilized in the east, west, north and south, and they are also very tired. They often take care of one end and fail to take care of the other. Secondly, the chaos in the western regions led to the Tang Dynasty's helplessness in annexing Tubo. Tubo gained the upper hand in the battle for the western regions during the Longshuo period. ? Tubo occupied Tuguhun and completed the great cause of unifying Qiang. Ge once said in the Tang Xuanzong Reading: "Su Pi (Sun Bo) is the model. Recently, in Hebei, there have been many people living in the Tubo Department. All Tubo people have strong support from all over the country, and half of them have food and horses." Since the Qin Mausoleum, the generals guarding Tuguhun have always been the sons of Daxiang, which shows the great significance of Tuguhun. After the occupation of Tuyuhun, Tubo's expansion ambition will not stop there, and the Tang Dynasty can't sit idly by, and a real war is about to break out! ?

The battle between Tang and Fan?

2. The Battle of Great Africa and Sichuan?

The Great Africa-Sichuan War, an epic battle similar to the Lord of the Rings, a hero-to-hero, a god of war-to-god, and a life-and-death battle in the glacier snow area were thus staged.

In April 670 (the first year of Emperor Xianheng of Tang Dynasty), Tubo invaded the Western Regions on a large scale, captured Baizhou and other 18 Jimi States in the Western Regions, and joined hands with Khotan to capture Qiuci to change the city (now Aksu, Xinjiang). Tang was forced to stop in Anxi four towns. ? In this way, it is impossible for Datang to send troops again. At that time, he was famous on the Korean battlefield, and was also known as the mythical figure of "Three Arrows Set Tianshan Mountain". Xue Ren, the general of the right Wei, was the general manager of the March in Luodi Road (Lhasa), while Dao Zhen, the general of the right Wei, and Guo Ren, the general of the left Wei, were the deputy generals. They led 50,000 (or 100,000) troops to crusade against Tubo and recapture the four towns in Anxi. Once the crusade was successful, they sent troops. ?

The four towns in Anxi are Qiuci, Shule, Yutian and Yanqi (now Kuqa, Kashgar, Hotan and Yanqi), all of which are in Xinjiang. So, Xue, Dao Zhen and Guo led Tang Jun to Qinghai. Since we want to recover the four towns in Xinjiang, why did we move to Qinghai? In fact, it can be understood from Xue's official seal that the final destination of this team is Rodi, the capital of Tubo. As mentioned earlier, Tubo invaded the Western Regions on a large scale, and Tang Ting judged that the Tubo country was bound to be empty. The key geographical location of the western regions is Tuguhun. As long as Xue wins Tuyuhun, he will cut off the ties between Tubo and the four towns in the western regions, and he will be able to take Rodi directly, and he will jointly take back Qiuci, Shule, Yutian and Yanqi with General Tang guarding Anxi. Zhong, a general of the Tang Dynasty, once led a great army to the Western Regions (probably the abbreviation of River March) and was rescued by Khotan. At the same time that Xue sent troops, Ashnadu, the leader of the Turkic army west of the Tang Dynasty, was appointed as the left general and governor to contain the Tubo troops in the western regions and echo Xue from a distance. It can be seen that Tang Ting has made great efforts for this movement. Xue made the method of "encircling Wei to save Zhao", and at the same time, the troops deployed in the western regions played a containment role, and the strategic deployment was also brilliant. ?

Dafeichuan is located in Qieji Kuangyuan, southwest of * * County, Qinghai Province. It is located in Hunan Province, Qinghai Province, east to Qiemo County and west to Luo Fu Chuan. From here, it can reach Khotan in the west, Chiling in the northeast, Fucheng in the northwest and Wuhai and Hekou in the south. It is indeed the key to Qinghai. Xue led the army to March all the way through Shaanxi (now Ledu, Qinghai). I saw a glacier snow area with extremely dangerous terrain. According to the geographical traffic situation in this area, Xue analyzed and judged that if the Tubo army comes from the Yellow River estuary, it must pass through Wuhai City first. The Tubo army is brave and good at fighting. Tang Jun must make a quick decision and win Wuhai as soon as possible, otherwise it is easy to lose its fighters. In this sinister environment, if the terrain is lost, even if there is no war, hunger and cold will make hundreds of thousands of troops annihilated. Wuhai (now Kara Lake in Qinghai) is far away, and the trench is inconvenient for horses and chariots to travel. Therefore, Xue Liuguo guarded the grain and grass with 20,000 people, making it build fences and fortifications on Dafeiling, making it an offensive and retreat front position. Subsequently, Xue led the main force to bypass Wuhai lightly. ? In the first battle, Tang Jun joined forces with more than 10,000 Tibetan troops at Hekou (now Maduo, Qinghai). The Tubo army was caught off guard and suffered heavy casualties, with more than 10 thousand cattle and sheep. Xue Xijin took Wuhai City as backup. At this time, Xue must remember his feat of only entering 2,000 people in Fuyu City, a major town in Koguryo. The song "Three Arrows of the General Set Tianshan Mountain, Long song Enter the Han Pass" seems to echo in the western regions. However, Guo did not follow Xue's instructions. He ventured to build a wall and fortifications on Dafeiling. Instead, he led the backward team forward without authorization and failed to get to Wuhai City to meet Xue in time. On Guo's way, 200,000 Tibetan troops fell from the sky. Guo couldn't reach the enemy, and the trench and food were lost. Xue was forced to surrender to Dafeichuan. In August, under the command of Lun Qin Mausoleum, the Tubo army fought a decisive battle with Tang Jun's 400,000 troops in Dafeichuan. Xue has no danger to rely on, and there is no food and grass to replenish military supplies. It was defeated, almost completely annihilated. Only when Xue "made peace with the Qin Mausoleum" did the Tang remnant soldiers survive, Tuyuhun was incorporated into Tubo, and his desire to escape to Khan and return to his hometown could never be realized. ? The Battle of Great Africa and Sichuan was the biggest failure in foreign operations since the founding of the Tang Dynasty. With this battle, Tubo became a powerful western country to compete with the Tang Dynasty, and Tuguhun became another department of Tubo. The Tang Dynasty was forced to cancel the establishment of four towns, and Anxi Khufu moved to Xizhou (Gaochang, now Turpan, Xinjiang). In the previous chapter, there was a brief introduction about Anxi Du Fu). It is generally believed that Xue gained the upper hand in this battle, but Guo's unauthorized action turned Tang Jun from victory to defeat. In fact, Guo's unauthorized action is an important reason for Tang Jun's failure, but not the whole reason. Even if Guo doesn't act without authorization, Tang Jun may not win. ? The leader of the Tubo army was the first general in Tubo history, and the god of war talked about the Qin Mausoleum. On the Qin Mausoleum, Daxiang respected the son of Yedobu and the grandson of Lu Dongzan, whose full name was Gar Qin Mausoleum. "Lun" is the name of Tubo for the royal family, which shows the identity of Lun Qin Mausoleum. Xue's early tactics were really unexpected. Tang Jun sent troops to Tuguhun and marched into Wuhai City. However, Qin Mausoleum was in danger and dispatched troops in time. Pay attention to a numerical problem here: there are 400,000 Tubo troops participating in the Battle of Great Africa and Sichuan. As mentioned earlier, in the heyday of Tubo, the standing army was only 460,000, most of which were in the four towns in the western regions and Tubo. So these 400,000 troops can't all be Tubo. Except Su Pi and Toarey Yang, most of them should be Tubo Huns. Most of the 200,000 generals who invited Guo to be blocked were Tuyuhun troops (which also shows that Tuyuhun's domestic pro-Tubo forces accounted for absolute power). On the Qin Mausoleum, it was definitely too late for domestic troops to rescue, and they had to go through Wuhai. Xue, already ready to go, western Henan army, clock, has also been ready to go. The theory of Qin Mausoleum determines that Xue is the main force, and when he taps Wuhai, food, grass and supplies are bound to be poor. So he quickly dispatched the Tuyuhun Army, invited Tang Jun to attack grain and supplies, and cut off the reserves in Tang Jun. The Tuyuhun Army may come from Sichuan and Fu Yuancheng, bypassing Wuhai, which Xue was guarding. In the snowy mountains, supply is the first life. If the supply is not good, Xue can only withdraw from Wuhai. On the Qin Mausoleum, calmly recover Wuhai, and then convene various ministries one after another. The last 400,000 troops assembled by Tubo have also arrived one after another (so Xue was forced to fight a decisive battle until August). In this battle, each side guided the situation, escaped from reality and attacked the weakest link of the other side. The use of tactics and troops is very clever. However, Tubo is familiar with geography, and its troops also have an absolute advantage (400,000 vs 50,000). At the same time, with the help of Tuguhun, Qin Mausoleum made the correct strategic deployment in time, so it won the final victory. It can be said that whether Tuguhun helped Tang or Tubo is the key to the victory or defeat of this war. Guo may refuse to obey Xue's control after being crowned as a self-reliant star Guo Xiaoke. But his unauthorized action may not be completely wrong, because food and munitions are life. If Guo doesn't send food and quilts to Xue, what will Xue eat and wear (south of Wuhai, it snows in midsummer, the fur of sheep is heavy in winter, and the fur of Xia Yue clothes is unbearable for Tubo people themselves)? Even if, as Xue said, a fence and fortifications were built on the Dafeiling, the Tubo only needed to cut off the supply route, and Xue could only withdraw (Tubo has 200,000 troops and is familiar with geography, so it can be done completely). Moreover, it is impossible for Xue to attack Wuhai after the Qinling Mausoleum, because it is difficult to March in the glacier snow area, and it is impossible for Xue to hit Lhasa without food and grass (this is different from Deng Ai's attack on Shu). Therefore, after Xue invaded Wuhai, it was normal for Guo to transport the trench, and it was probably even requested by Xue. Therefore, it is not the main reason for the defeat of Guo War, but the intervention of Tugu Hunbing is the key. ?

But the fighting capacity of Tubo has also been greatly weakened. On the Qin Mausoleum, all available troops have been mobilized, including the main force of the western regions, otherwise it would not be easy to make peace with Xue if the losses were not heavy. At the beginning of Xianheng Yuan Dynasty, Tubo invaded the western regions with unprecedented momentum, but no further action was seen after this war. Later, Fu Shuoxiong, the king of Khotan, even expelled Tubo with his own strength and was rewarded by Tang Ting. It can be seen that in order to concentrate on dealing with the road March led by Xue, Tubo withdrew its main force in the western regions, and its power in the western regions was weakened a lot. Of course, there were also problems with the use of troops in the western regions before the Tang Dynasty. The provocation against Tubo has been hesitant, and the effect of sending generals is not good, and even the method of sending western regions is used as a way to crowd out famous soldiers. In the third year of Longshuo (AD 663), the famous Su Gang returned from the Korean battlefield and was sent to Anxi. In fact, he was pushed out by North Korea and finally died in the army in the second year of Ganfeng (AD 667). According to Tubo history books, the prince who fled to Tubo to divide the fields was finally killed by Su. At this time, Sue is over 70 years old. He is really a famous soldier! )。 Pei Hangjian was also transferred from the capital to Anxi Shoujiang because of Wu's conferment. Fortunately, the famous soldier was still young and he was still alive. In 669, Pei Xingjian was transferred back to Kyoto. Pei Xingjian had just left, and the following year, Tubo invaded the western regions on a large scale at the beginning of this chapter. In order to conquer Tubo, Xue and Guo had to be transferred from the Korean battlefield (after Xue left, Koguryo rebelled again). Alas, the early years of the Tang Dynasty were enough for these generals.

Now Tubo is a muddy land, and the competition with Tang for the four towns in the western regions is more intense, and even it has begun to compete for the land of Tang headquarters, and at the same time it has taken the step of expanding eastward and southeast. ?

3. March into the southeast and annex the Qiang people?

With the victory of the Great Africa-Sichuan War, the Tubo gained absolute control over the Qiang in the Western Regions, and Tuguhun was actually incorporated into the territory of the Great Tubo, and the Qiang in the Western Regions was basically unified by the Tubo. However, the pace of Tubo annexation and territorial expansion did not stop there.

In the southeast of Tubo (southwest of Datang), including present-day Sichuan and Yunnan, there are still many ancient Qiang tribes (in fact, the ancestors of Tubo, namely the Six Yaks Department, entered Tibet from Sichuan, see Chapter 1 for details). For example, Sui Shu's Biography of the Western Regions recorded his attachment to the country. There is a king in the northwest of Chengdu who commands more than 20,000 households. There is Jialiangyi in the east, Tangut in the northeast and Supi in the west. In addition, there are many Qiang people scattered in the deep mountains and valleys, and their customs are similar to those of Tangut, some belong to Tuguhun, and some belong to the attached countries. Among them, it is said that there is a "country of eastern women", whose customs are similar to those of Supi, so it is called the country of eastern women because it is in Supi East. Su Pi was destroyed by Tubo in the Tang Dynasty, while the Eastern Daughter Country always existed and later moved to the Tang Dynasty. As mentioned earlier, the Journey to the West's Daughter Country may be the author's reference to Supi Country. Now think about it, Wu Cheng'en is more likely to refer to the Oriental girl country. ?

During the Sui Dynasty, Qiang people such as Guo Fu and Jia Liang all paid tribute, and Yang Di established affiliated tribes. During the Tang Dynasty and Sui Dynasty, there were 168 Qiang tribes in Jiannan Road, which were managed by Songzhou, Maozhou and Wazhou. ?

During the Songtsan Gambu era, Tubo had begun to merge with the Qiang people in the southeast. From 634 to 638 A.D., Songzan Gambu occupied the Tangut, Bailan and other Qiang departments successively, and then led the army to attack Songzhou (now Songde, Sichuan), followed by the battle of Songzhou introduced earlier, and Niu Jinda led by the Tang Dynasty won a great victory in Songzhou. When the attached country was occupied by Tubo has not been recorded, and the name of the attached country has not been seen in the Tang Dynasty. However, when Songzan Gambu led an army to attack Songzhou, he had to go through the attached country. Before the war in Songzhou, the vassal state had been annexed by Tubo. ?

In 667 AD, Lu Dongzan led an army to capture twelve states of Sheng Qiang (Sheng Qiang may refer to Qiang people who were relatively backward in education at that time).

The Qiang people belonging to Tangjian South Road were successively occupied by Tubo. ?

In Tang Suzong, except for a few Qiang people who moved in, all other Qiang people were included in Tubo. At this point, Tubo annexed Qiang successfully, and the cause of the Qiang people to establish a unified country was basically completed. ?

Besides the Qiang people, there are barbarians living in the southwest of China. ?

In 678 AD, the son of Lu Dongzan, a great man who respected many industries (that is, the father of the God of War in the Qin tombs), led troops to attack the barbarians in Erhai Lake (now Erhai Lake in Yunnan). Tang Jian 'an Rongcheng in Maozhou (now Maoxian, Sichuan) blocked Tubo's approach to barbarians. Zunye Duobu, guided by Qiang soldiers who are familiar with geography, attacked Rong 'an City and sent more troops to station, and the barbarians in Xi 'erhai Lake fell one after another. ?

In 703 AD, Qinu learned that Nong Zampa personally recruited Umans in Lijiang, Yunnan. Documenters of Tubo history books all know that Zampa "taxed the white barbarians, and the barbarians also paid for it, and the soldiers were fine and strong, which was unprecedented for the former king." Unfortunately, this unprecedented Zampa died in 704 while the army was recruiting barbarians. ?

Unlike the annexation of the Qiang nationality, the barbarians are different from the Qiang nationality. Although Tubo Zampa has been conquering for generations, it has not completely conquered the barbarians.

Later, in 75 1 year (the tenth year of Tang Tianbao), Nanzhao fell out with the Tang Dynasty and surrendered to Tubo. Nanzhao is a big country established by barbarians in southwest China. Tubo gained this big subordinate country, and the national situation finally developed to the highest point. ?

Tubo has a strong national strength, but its economy and culture are backward. To develop economy and culture, we must develop agriculture. Although Lu Dongzan's land division made Tubo progress to feudal society, the cold geographical environment on the plateau has always restricted the economic development of Tubo.

Going down to the plateau, asking for more land from the surrounding areas and invading the farming society are inevitable for the development of Tubo's national strength. Starting from Songtsan Gampo, Tubo took Lodi (Lhasa) as the center, continuously expanded its territory, and finally established the Great Tubo State. Tubo land has also increased many hills and plains from pure plateau type. The Biography of Tubo in the New Tang Dynasty says that Tubo "connects Song, Maugham and Gua in the east, Brahman (Nepal) in the south, four towns in the west and Turks in the north, with a territory of more than 10,000 miles, and Han, Wei and Zhurong have nothing". In fact, this description is only the territory of Tubo in Tang Gaozong. Later, the territory of Tubo was much larger than at that time. ?

However, there is also a phenomenon here-the pace of Tubo's continuous expansion is always eastward. Although the Brahmins in the southwest have long been vassal countries of Tubo, the expansion of Tubo to the west and south ends here. I'm afraid it's mainly caused by the difference of altitude and climate. India and Myanmar in South Asia are definitely not suitable for Tibetans' habit of cold tolerance on the plateau. Although Tubo can easily enter Tianzhu after taking possession of Brahmins, although Wang Xuance can easily wipe out Zhongtianzhu with less than 10,000 Brahmins and Tubo cavalry, although there is a huge Tang Dynasty in the East, Tubo always competes for land from the powerful Tang Dynasty, and is not interested in Tianzhu at all. ?

However, the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which was the strongest in the world at that time, was by no means easy to provoke. Perhaps Tubo really has an untimely fate, and perhaps the contest between the strong and the strong can make history more exciting. Although Tubo has won the battle of Great Africa and Sichuan, which is overwhelming in the southwest, the battle of Tang and Fan has just begun, and the counterattack of Datang is about to begin.