First,? Personal pronouns? Personal pronouns include first personal pronouns, second personal pronouns and third personal pronouns.
The first person pronouns "I", "I", "Yu", "Yu", "I" and so on. For example:
①? I am good at cultivating my noble spirit. ("Master Qijia Qing Xiang")
②? I am sick today! Help the seedlings grow. (Same as ①)
③? Although I hold a whip for it, I admire it. (Biography of Yan Guan)
④? My emperor said, "Bo Yong". (Qu Yuan's Li Sao)
Pronouns "I", "Yu" and "Yu" can be used as subject, object and attribute. "Wu" was mostly used as subject and attribute in the pre-Qin period, and it can be used as an object in negative sentences, but it is rarely used as an object in general sentences. "I" was a common personal pronoun in the pre-Qin period, not for emperors, so Qu Yuan could call himself "I" in Example 4.
The second personal pronouns include "female (such as)", "er", "ruo", "er" and "nai". For example:
①? You call the shots and say, "Me and my daughter Vader. ("Lu Xiang Jue Qin")
②? Do you know the heart and the right hand? (Sun Tzu's Art of War)
③? I don't cheat. I'm not worried. ("Zuo zhuan? Fifteen years in Gong Xuan ")
④? The master said, "Dance for me, and I will be like a Chu song" ("Leaving Houjia")
⑤? Lv Hou is the real master. (Same as ④)
⑥? I am destined to cook, but I am lucky to have one. ("Han Shu? Biography of Xiang Yu)
Among them, "Nv (Ru)", "Er" and "Ruo" can be used as subjects, objects and attributes, while "Er" and "Nai" are generally used as attributes.
The third person pronouns include "Qi", "Jue" and "Zhi". "Qi" mainly acts as an attribute. For example:
(1) People can't have peace if they don't know what they want. ("The Battle of Chengpu")
(2) When the wife came back, she told her concubine, "I have been looking forward to my lover all my life. If this is the case now! ("Mencius? Li Lou ")
Example ① "Qi" replaces "person" and example ② "Qi" replaces wife and concubine's lover, all of which refer to person and play the role of attribute. "Qi" can also be used as the subject of the subject-predicate sentence. For example:
①? I hold a pair of white jade and want to give it to the king; Jade hits a pair and wants to be with her father. Will be angry, dare not offer, offer for me. ("Historical Records? Biography of Xiang Yu)
②? Fu Su admonished foreign generals with several words. If you are not guilty today, you will be killed by II. Many people have heard of their sages, but they don't know their death. ("Historical Records? Chen She family ")
③? Qin Bo surrounded Zheng in the Jin Dynasty because he was rude to Jin and Chu. (Candle by Candle)
④? I give back, what else will I ask! If it doesn't come back, you quit the minister and made a mistake. ("The Battle of Chengpu")
In Example ① ②, "Qi's anger", "Qi's virtue" and "Qi's death" mean that the subject-predicate phrase acts as the object, and "Qi" is the subject of the subject-predicate phrase. The "qi" in Example 3 (4) acts as the subject of the clause.
The grammatical function of "Jue" is roughly equivalent to "Qi" and acts as an attribute in a sentence. For example:
①? I also regret my heart, because Mu Zhicheng once gathered my literary masses. ("Lu Xiang Jue Qin")
The third pronoun in ancient Chinese that does not use "qi" as the object is "zhi". For example:
①? The more stones, the better the father. When Yan Zi came out, he was discredited and redeemed by Zuo Yi. (Biography of the Banquet)
②? Jia Shangyou, I won't congratulate you in the future. Wen Zi asked. ("The Battle of Chengpu")
It is also the grammatical function of "zhi" to act as a near object in double objects and a part-time language, which is similar to the function of "zhi" as an object. For example:
①? So, I regret it. ("Zheng Haihan Duan")
②? Cover the depression with a glass of water. Mustard is a boat. ("Xiaoyao Tour")
③? Liu Zhuang has ministers, not my ministers, but also the ministers of the country. Anyone who hears the news of death will go. (The Book of Rites? Tan Gongshang ")
④? Water is not a diamond of stone, but a saw of wood, which gradually becomes natural. ("To the King of Wu")
The third word "zhi" in the example 1 (2) acts as a near object in the double object; In Example 3 and Example 4, the two pronouns "zhi" act as a part-time word. "Zhi" as a part-time language is rare.
"Zhi" and "Qi" are not typical third-person pronouns, mainly because their grammatical functions are incomplete, that is, in ancient times, they could not be the subject of a single sentence except as object attributes respectively. In addition, due to the following two situations, they are not complete third-person pronouns.
One is that "ambition" and "qi" can be called people or things in addition to substitution. For example:
①? Please stay in Beijing. ("Zheng Haihan Duan")
②? Borrow according to the number of families and collect according to the number of the public. ("Qi Hou made a banquet for the baby, please follow the room")
③? The snake comes from below, hits it with its arm, and hides when it hurts. (Battle of Saddle)
④? What did Wang Zhao do? The guest's letter of appointment was reported to the minister, who knew. (Xin Lingjun Biography)
Example 1 the generation position of "Zhi"; Example 2 substitution; Example 3: the former "ambition" replaced the snake, and the later "ambition" replaced the injury; Example 4 "Zhi" substitute.
①? Yue is far away, and you know its difficulty. (Candle by Candle)
②? After the meeting, officials were introduced and Wang Sheng was drunk. He shouted at the back: "Stop when you get to the government. I hope it's white." So I asked him why. (Gong Suichuan)
(1) "qi" means "crossing the country far"; Example 2 "Qi" called (Wang Sheng) out and said, "Stop at the official's wish."
Second, the words "zhi" and "zhi" can be used not only for a third party, but also for the speaker himself or the obedient party. For example:
①? Please attend the meeting first. If you don't enter, you will be followed. ("Jin Linggong is not a gentleman")
②? "Historical Records" said: "If you don't join the remonstrance, you won't continue." (Same as ①)
③? The son of heaven was very happy and said with a smile, "You don't have to listen to the elders?" (Biography of Gong Sui)
④? Sun Yang said, "... you are so anxious about political reform that you hardly care about the discussion of the world." ("Shang Junshu"? More laws ")
Example 1 "Zhi" stands for the speaker's meeting; Example 2 "ambition" replaces the obedient party; (3) the speaker; "Zhi" refers to the obedient party. The "zhi" of the party who speaks on behalf of others can be translated into "I"; The word "zhi" of the obedient party can be translated into "you"
In ancient Chinese, personal pronouns were not singular or plural. We can only judge whether a pronoun represents simple mathematics or complexity according to the context. The ancients sometimes added words such as "friend", "genus", "Cao" and "generation" after the first and second personal pronouns, which were equivalent to "we" and "you" rather than plural.
Second,? Demonstrative pronoun? Common demonstrative pronouns are: yes, zhi, zhe, si, zi, fu, bi, qi, harmony, ran, er, Yan and Zhu.
Generally speaking, Shi, Zhi, This, Si and Zi are all near references. For example:
①? If it is a bird, shipping will migrate to Nanming. ("Xiaoyao Tour")
②? Such is the law. What is more serious is that the law does not trust the people. (Biography of Zhang Shizhi)
③? What do you know about the second worm? ("Xiaoyao Tour")
④? This car is a temple for one person and can collect things. (Battle of Saddle)
⑤? This eternal life is not easy. ("Write to Wu Wu")
⑥? If Wang knew this, there would be no hope of more people than those in neighboring countries. ("I am in the country")
⑦? So are people, but there are diseases! ("The Analects? Brave also ")
⑧? I don't eat my food, so I also. (The Book of Rites? Tan Gongxia ")
⑨? Denz building looked around, chatting and eliminating worries. ("Selected Works"? Denglou Fu ")
⑩? It can be said that once and for all, I will stay in Yongning for a while. ("Selected Works"? Feng "Mountain Ming")
When "Shi", "Zhi", "Zhe", "Si" and "Zi" are used as attributes, they can be translated into "Zhe" with corresponding quantifiers, such as1347 9; As the subject, it can be translated as "this", such as the second "yes" in example 2, and the participation in example 5; When used as an object or complement, it can be translated as "this way", "this situation" and "this situation", such as the first "yes" in Example ② and Example ⑧.
"Fu", "Bi" and "Qi" have profound meanings. For example:
①? Confucius said, "Madam, if you don't believe me, you must keep your word." ("The Analects? Advanced ")
②? Mrs. Wei can't do this. (Candle by Candle)
③? He is also a so-called hero. ("Xu Xing")
④? If you don't stop fighting, it's like putting out a fire with your salary. ("To the King of Wu")
⑤? The seashore is far away and has not been consecrated. Its people are trapped in hunger and cold, and officials are not sympathetic. That's why your majesty's son stole your soldiers in the imperial pool. (Gong Suichuan)
⑥? Those who are too poor to do so, let the book be their servant, and if it is enough, let it be their quality. (Epitaph of Liu Zihou)
The word "fu" is less indicative and is often used as an attribute, which can be translated as "that", as in Example ① ②. The word "bi" is not a third person pronoun, but an indicative pronoun, which means far-reaching. When referring to a person, it means saying "that person", as in Example 3; When referring to a place, it can be translated as "there", for example, ④. As a demonstrative pronoun, "qi" is never a subject, but an attribute, which can be translated into "there" and "those", such as ⑤ ⑤.
As demonstrative pronouns, "He", "Ran", "Er", "Yan" and "Zhu" have different usages. "He" is a demonstrative pronoun, indicating another reference. Often used as an object and attribute, it can be translated as "the other" or "other". For example:
①? If you stop thinking about me, won't someone else come to me? ("Poetry? Zheng Feng? Wanshang
②? Wang Gu talked about him. ("Mencius? Liang Xia)
③? Look at it. If he is happy, I dare not invite myself. ("Ji Zha Watch Music")
In ancient times, "He" also wrote "Tuo" or "It", for example:
①? Customize the land division, divide Qi, Zhao and Chu into several countries, and let the descendants of Wang Hui, Wang You and Wang Yuan get their ancestral land once and for all. Yan and Liang are both natural Tuoguo people. ("Han Shu? Jia Yichuan ")
②? What the poet used to stab, as recorded in Spring and Autumn Annals, refers to this, but it is hardly in it. ("Shu Han? Biography of Du Ye)
③? The use of "he" as a personal pronoun only came into being in the Middle Ages.
As demonstrative pronouns, "Ran" and "Er" are often used as predicates to refer to the above situation, which can be translated as "such" or "such". For example:
①? When Hanoi is fierce, it is said that he is in Hedong and his millet moves to Hanoi; Hedong is the same. ("I am in the country")
②? Born the same, long but different, teaching is natural. ("Xunzi Persuasion")
③? Also persecuted, so is your concubine. (Poems of Yuefu)? Jiao Zhongqing's wife ")
④? What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered. (Tao Yuanming: "Drinking")
"Yan" is a special demonstrative pronoun, which is often used as a complement and can be understood as "and+is"; "Yu" is a preposition; "Shi (zhi)" is a pronoun, which refers to a person or place. For example:
①? A threesome requires a teacher. ("The Analects? Speak of ")
②? When Chen saw Xu Xing, he was very happy. He gave up his studies and learned how to. ("Xu Xing")
③? System? Yi Ye, Uncle Bi died, but Yi obeyed. ("Zheng Haihan Duan")
Example 1 "there must be my teacher" means "there must be my teacher (three people)"; Example 2 "How to learn" means "learning from Xu Xing"; "How to die" means "die here".
The word "Zhu" is the consonant of the pronoun "Zhi" and the preposition "Yu" (or the modal particle "Hu"), which is called "double word" in some grammar works, that is, one word has the grammatical function of two words. For example:
①? Jin Hou surrounded Cao, and many people died. Cao Ren's body was found in Zhucheng. ("The Battle of Chengpu")
②? For food and meat, put chopsticks on it to match. ("Zheng Haihan Duan")
③? Although there is millet, I want to eat everything. ("The Analects? Yan Yuan ")
④? Wen Wang, Fang Qili, what can I do for you? ("Mencius? Liang Xia)
Example 1 "corpse city" means "displaying corpses on the city wall"; In both cases, the word "Zhu" means "putting food and meat in Zhu", and in both cases, the word "Zhu" is a consonant of "Yu". The "Zhu" in Examples 1 and 2 is the convention of "Hu Zhi".
Third,? interrogative pronoun
Common interrogative pronouns include who, who, he, Hu, An, Evil and Yan. Some of these interrogative pronouns refer to generations, some refer to things, some refer to the years and months of generations, and some have the functions of two or three generations.
"Who" and "Who" are mainly used to refer to people. The usage of "who" is exactly the same as that of modern Chinese, except that it should be placed before the verb when it is used as an object. For example:
①? I have a son, I don't know who it is. ("Zuo zhuan? Gong Min Two Years ")
②? Who is bullying me? Bullying the sky? ("On things? Zi Han ")
"Who" can refer to both people and things, which is mainly used in multiple-choice questions. For example:
①? Who is a saint, my son or Lutz? ("Mencius? On the ugly sun ")
②? Although zi Hou gets what he wants, he can distinguish the other. (Liu Zihou's epitaph)
When "who" is used to refer to people, there are also people who do not express their choice, which is the same as "who". For example:
①? Who is the king? It is also called Wang Wen. ("the biography of the ram"? Hidden year ")
②? Who can replace it? ("Zuo zhuan? Three years of "xianggong")
③? Who is the master? ("The Analects? Micron ")
He, Hu, Li and Xi are mainly used to refer to things, which are equivalent to what in modern Chinese. "He" is the most widely used and can be used as object, attribute and predicate. Sometimes it is also used as subject and adverbial. Meaning as adverbial is equivalent to "how" and "why". For example:
①? Take the defeat of the country as an example, what will you do? ("The Battle of Chengpu")
②? What is the transaction with Baigong one after another? ("Xu Xing")
③? What is this? (Qing Xiang of Master Ghazi)
④? There are no more people in neighboring countries, and there are no more people in my country. ("Xu Xing")
⑤? Hou Sheng said, "Are you afraid of death? Why are you crying? " ("Historical Records? Biography of Wei Gongzi)
⑥? Gong laughed and said, "I am close to the market. Do you know the price? " He said, "If it is beneficial, do you dare not know?" Gong said, "How expensive? Why? " ("Zuo zhuan? Three years ")-Gong:; Son: Yan Ying.
Example 1 "he" acts as the object of the verb predicate; Example 2 "He" acts as the object of preposition; Example 3 "He" acts as an attribute. "He" in these three situations can be translated into "What". Example 4 "He" as the predicate can be translated as "Why". "He" as an adverbial can be translated as "what". "He" acts as the subject and can be translated as "something". It is rare that "he" acts as the subject.
The use of "Hu", "Die" and "Xi" is smaller than that of "He", and they are mainly used as adverbials to express the meaning of "Why" and "How". For example:
①? Don't hunt, don't hunt, is the court of Hu Zhan going to hang? ("Poetry? Feng Wei? Cut sandalwood ")
②? The countryside will be destroyed, Hu Bugui? (Tao Qian's "Reduced Words")
③? My son is back? ("Zuo zhuan? Zhao Gongnian ")
④? Or Confucius said, "Zi Xi is not a politician?" ("The Analects? For politics ")
⑤? Since you think you are a servant, are you sad? (Tao Qian's "Reduced Words")
In these examples, "Hu", "death" and "Xi" are all adverbials. The word "death" in Example 2 means "when", not the object of "back". In The Book of Songs, "death" is often used to ask the time, which also means "when". It can be used as an attribute or an adverbial. For example:
①? Huai zai Huai or! Do you want to return the moon? ("Poetry? Feng Wang? Yang Zhishui ")
②? I am a disaster, but what can I do? ("Poetry? Xiaoya? I suffer from disasters every day. How can I say that my fate will be good?
Example1"die" acts as an attribute; "Death" as an adverbial.
"Hu", "Li" and "Xi" are objects, which often form object phrases such as "Yi Xi", "Hu Wei" and "Li Wei" with prepositions. They are adverbials in sentences, asking why and also expressing "why". For example:
①? Xi thought it was Li Jiu Wan and Nan? ("Xiaoyao Tour")
②? Already? How long will you stay in the table? What does Hu Wei want? (Tao Qian's "Reduced Words")
③? Why do people from afar come here? (Li Bai's The Hard Road)
④? Mencius didn't say anything when he met Wang Xuan three times. The master said, "Why didn't you say anything when you met the King of Qi three times?" ("Xunzi? Roughly ")
"He" and "Xi" can sometimes be called Daisuo, which is equivalent to "where" and "where". For example:
①? Jiao Wei said, "What will Xibo do? Don't bully me. " King Wu said, "If you don't bully your son, you should punish him. ("Lu Chunqiu? Yin Gui ")
②? When Yan Hui saw Zhong Ni, he asked, "Xi Zhi?" He said, "defend the generals." ("Zhuangzi? Human ")
"An", "Evil" and "Yan" are mainly used to refer to substitute places, which are used as objects or adverbials in sentences.
For example:
①? Pei Hongan is here? ("Historical Records? Biography of Xiang Yu)
②? Zi Liezi said, "In the past, saints ruled heaven and earth because of Yin and Yang. If the husband is tangible, he will be invisible, then the world will obey? " ("Liezi? Tian Rui ")
③? Living in evil? Renye; Where is path of evil? Yoshiya There is benevolence and righteousness, and everything for adults is ready. ("Mencius? Dedicated ")
④? Dongguozi asked Zhuangzi, "Is Tao evil?" Zhuangzi said, "Everywhere." ("Zhuangzi? Know the North Tour ")
⑤? Hou Wen and the danger of hunting. On this day, Wei Wenhou and all the officials drank happily, and it began to rain. When he was going out for an appointment, one of his attendants said, "I really enjoyed drinking today." It is raining again. Where are you going? " ? "("Warring States Policy? Wei Ceyi ")
⑥? His wife raised her question: "With your strength, you will never destroy the mountains of chief fathers such as Taihang and Prince Wu. And what about mud and stones? " ("Liezi? Tang Wen ")
Example 1 "yi" acts as the verb object; Example 2 "one" acts as a prepositional object. Example 3 "evil" acts as the verb object; Example 4 "evil" acts as a prepositional object. "Yan" as the verb object. 6 "Yan" as an adverbial. The above examples show that "An", "Evil" and "Yan" should be placed in front of verbs or prepositions when they are used as objects.
Fourth,? Indefinite pronouns? "Or" or "Mo" is a unique infinitive pronoun in ancient Chinese. "Or" is an affirmative infinitive, and whether "Mo" is qualitative is only the subject. "Or" sometimes refers to someone who is often the object of hypothesis and can be translated as "someone". For example:
①? Or Confucius said, "Zi Xi is not in charge?" ("The Analects? For politics ")
②? Juze said, "I don't know." If you know me, why bother? ("The Analects? Sit down ")
③? The husband doesn't plow, or suffers from hunger; Women don't knit or catch cold. ("Han Shu? Shihuozhi ")
Sometimes "or" refers to a part of people or things that have appeared (or implied) in front of it. For example:
①? Cat and Zhu Chan also greeted Duke Zhong Ni of Zhou and studied in northern China. Scholars in the north failed to rank first. ("Xu Xing")
②? Replenish drums, weapons company, abandon armor. Or stop after a hundred steps, or stop after fifty steps. Pot calling the kettle black, but? ("I am in the country")
③? Every six strokes need to benefit the market, and every six benefits. Strange or quite secret, the world can't smell it. ("Historical Records? Premier Chen family ")
④? If the husband and things are not in harmony, the feelings for things are the same, or double, or hundreds, or tens of millions. ("Xu Xing")
The OR generation in Examples ① and ②, and the OR generation in Examples ③ and ④. The "or" of several generations can still be translated into "someone"; Body double's "or" can be translated as "you".
The negative infinitive pronoun "Mo" has a subject in the sentence, which means "nobody" when referring to people and "nothing" when referring to things. For example:
①? Although a five-foot child is suitable for the fair, he should not be bullied. ("Xu Xing")
②? The guests are all Zhao carrying Wei, so I dare not persuade my son to go back. ("Historical Records? Biography of Wei Gongzi)
③? Playing with knives? And, of course, alto. ("Zhuangzi? Health Lord ")
④? So disaster is greater than common interests, sorrow is greater than sadness, ugliness is greater than humiliation, and shame is greater than castration. ("report to the post")
The word "Mo" in Examples 1 and 2 is called "Dairen"; The word "Mo" in Example ③ ④ refers to things.
(5) Special pronouns Special pronouns refer to pronouns "zhe" and "suo". They are called "pronouns" because, unlike other pronouns, they can directly serve as sentence components, but they can only serve as sentence components if they form a positively related phrase with words (or phrases) of other parts of speech, that is, the word "zhe" and the word "suo". Only in this case can the objects they produce be clear.