(1) Pre-Qin health preserving theory
The historical period before Qin Shihuang unified China in 22 1 BC was called the pre-Qin period.
In the process of exploring the laws of nature and the mysteries of life, the pre-Qin philosophers put forward their own theoretical views on health preservation. Here is a brief introduction to the representative academic thoughts such as Zhouyi, Taoism, Confucianism and sage: ① Zhouyi's theory of health preservation.
The Book of Changes is also called the Book of Changes. Yi has three meanings: change, simplicity and difficulty. Zhouyi is a theory that expounds the natural changes of everything in the universe. Everything in the universe is moving and changing all the time, such as the movement of celestial bodies, the change of the earth's crust, the changes of the four seasons, the twilight of day and night, without exception, and so are people. The Book of Changes calls this change "Yi Yi", which has certain laws, changes and cycles in both the universe and human life activities.
The Book of Changes focuses on the universe and the world, based on human beings themselves, and explores the mysteries of life in understanding the laws of the movement and change of the universe, so as to understand the causes and laws of life and death. After discussing the mechanism that the universe and life must change, change and remain unchanged, Zhouyi puts forward the life principle of knowing, adapting and changing, and takes it as the norm of human life, behavior, health preservation and disease prevention.
② Sage health preserving theory
The pre-Qin schools of thought appeared a little later, about the Warring States period, with a collection of 160 volumes, including about 50 health books, which are rich in content. The main health-preserving viewpoints are: "Never fail to complete the task, but care about eliminating the harm", "seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, and conform to nature".
(3) The theory of tube curing.
The author of Guanzi inherited Laozi's thought that Tao is the origin of the universe, but also clearly put forward the view that Tao is the essence. Guan Zi believes that "essence" is the material basis of life, and advocates preserving essence for health, and vain desire to preserve essence. Guan Zi not only put forward his own views on daily life, diet and adaptation to the four seasons, but also emphasized spiritual optimism that "everyone was born in Pierer". Being optimistic is very necessary for a healthy life.
④ The birth of Taoist health preserving theory.
Taoism in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was represented by Laozi and Zhuangzi.
The Tao Te Ching says, "People practice the earth, practice the sky slowly, practice the Tao in the sky, and the Tao is natural." "Tao" originates from the laws of nature, that is, Taoism can naturally lead to longevity. This is the fundamental view of Taoist health preserving thought. Taoist ideas of "quietness", "returning to simplicity" and "harmony is precious" also have great influence on health preservation.
"Double cultivation of form and spirit", Lao Tzu advocates to get rid of material desires and cultivate shape, and to be quiet and recuperate. Zhuangzi believes that "moral integrity is formal, physical integrity is spiritual integrity" and "physical integrity is refined and complex, and it is integrated with heaven". In the aspect of shape modification, it is advocated to achieve depression by shape.
⑤ The birth of Confucian health preserving theory.
Confucianism was founded in the late Spring and Autumn Period with Confucius as its founder. The Confucian concept of health preservation first emphasizes spiritual adjustment. Mencius believed that "nourishing the heart is not good at lust". Desire in life is normal, but it can be realized under the condition of social permission. Don't overdo it, but follow the principle of "courtesy".
At the same time, the Confucian idea of health preservation emphasizes the importance of physical health care and food hygiene.
(2) Health preserving theory in Qin, Han, Sui and Tang Dynasties.
In 22 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang unified China. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, health preservation technology has made great progress. The immortal dreams of Qin Shihuang, Han Wudi and others have promoted people's exploration of health preservation technology. Hua Tuo, Ji Kang, Ge Hong, Sun Simiao and other health experts appeared, as well as absurd health preserving techniques such as taking pills and taking stones.
(1) Suggestions on conservation and feeding.
Health preserving and bait therapy were put forward by Sun Simiao, a famous health preserving scientist in Han and Tang Dynasties. Sun Shi's famous medical works "Don't be impatient" and "Golden Wings" contain a lot of health-preserving contents. One of the important ways to keep healthy is to keep fit. He believes that human nature is like oil in an oil lamp, and life activities are like bright lights. Everyone has the same amount of oil. If you don't pay attention to saving, just like an oil lamp with a big wick, the oil will soon run out and its life will be short. If you can pay attention to saving, it is like using a small wick. When the oil is used up, the light will go out slowly, and the life will naturally be extended.
The essentials of health preservation mainly lie in: avoiding excessive damage to essence. Specifically, it is to pay attention to abstinence, peace of mind, no delusions in the heart, listening without delusion during sexual intercourse. We should "think less, read less, desire less, talk less, laugh less, worry less, be happy less, be good less, and be evil less", regardless of fame and fortune and non-fame, and minimize the loss of essence.
"Feeding" is a method to reduce grain consumption and prolong life by taking drugs orally for a long time, and it is also recorded in Sun Simiao's "Thousand Women to the Square".
The bait is divided into three steps, one is to kill three worms, the other is to avoid food, and the third is to feed. Three worms refer to long worms, red worms and pinworms, which are very harmful to human body. If it is not removed, the tonic is ineffective and must be killed by "going to the third punch". The so-called "no food" means no food, which comes from Taoism. The saying that "three pests and monsters" feed on grains holds that avoiding grains can eliminate three pests and achieve immortality. Sun Shi uses poria cocos, pine and cypress seeds, etc. Tried to replace cereal food, but failed. Eating means long-term use of drugs. There are 32 kinds of "recipes" recorded in Qian Jin Fang Yao, such as poria cocos crisp and almond crisp, all of which have a certain effect on prolonging life.
(2) Compliance of providing for the aged
Pension is advocated by Sun Simiao. Sun Shi believes that when people get old, some changes will take place both physically and psychologically. Physiologically, the yang is gradually declining and the body is gradually weakening; Heart failure, forgetting the past and losing the future, tasteless diet; The skin loses luster, the hair turns white and withered, the limbs are heavy and lazy. With the advent of aging, there are more and more diseases. Psychologically, it is easy to have a sense of aging and loss, as well as personality variation, which affects physical health. Therefore, the elderly should pay more attention to health.
Sun Shi advocated that the elderly should know their own physiological and psychological characteristics and strengthen their support. First of all, we must be "anti-vulgar" and ideologically detached. Others speak loudly, but my voice is not high. I'm not angry when others lose their temper. I'm not paranoid, and my ears are easy to digest, so it shouldn't be complicated. We should insist on doing light physical labor and moderate exercise, such as walking and guiding breathing. The place to live should be elegant, clean and simple, and clothes and body should be washed frequently to make it clean. In this way, you can live a long life with peace of mind
③ The rise of eating Dan and taking stone.
Eating eggs began in the Qin Dynasty. Qin Shihuang desperately pursued the art of immortality and the medicine of immortality, and because of the development of metallurgical technology, a group of people specializing in the art of immortality and refining the medicine of immortality appeared, known as "alchemists." They collected some absurd fairy tales and strange magic, and extracted "elixir" from mercury, lead, cinnabar and sulfur. In the Jin Dynasty, eating Dan for longevity prevailed. In the Tang dynasty, it intensified. Emperor Taizong and others once served the "elixir".
At the same time, there is also the clothing stone popular for eating Dan. The so-called "taking stone" means using a prescription composed of mineral drugs, such as "Wushi Powder" composed of stalactite, viola, Bai Shiying, sulfur and halloysitum rubrum. It is said that it can make people "cheerful and energetic" and meet the needs of rulers and literati who are addicted to wine and color.
After taking "Dan Xian" or "Wushi Powder", it can play a temporary exciting role, such as general fever and anxiety, and enhanced sexual desire. But it is harmful to human body. For example, the famous Li Baozhen was ill-tempered and weak after taking the "elixir", and was finally killed by eunuch Chen Hongzhi and others. Emperors such as Tang Muzong and Tang Jingzong and ministers such as Du Fu suffered greatly.
Sun Simiao shouted: "I would rather eat pueraria lobata than five-stone fat."
(3) Health preserving theory in Song and Yuan Dynasties.
The Song and Yuan Dynasties lasted for more than 400 years, which was the middle stage of the development of feudal society in China. During this period, Chen Zhi, Zou Xuan, Qiu Chuji, Zhu Zhenheng and other health experts came out one after another, and published monographs, such as a letter for the elderly, a health report, a health record, and Taiding's main theory of health care. These works not only enriched the predecessors' health preserving theory, but also developed the ancient health preserving methods.
① the further development of diet regimen
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people realized the importance of food health preservation. Confucius believed that food should be exquisite, properly cooked and regularly eaten. Don't eat discolored, stale and rotten food. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Simiao devoted himself to diet health in the 26th volume of Qian Jin Fang Yao, which is the earliest extant monograph on diet health. Among them, there are 30 kinds of fruits, 63 kinds of vegetables, 24 kinds of Gu Mi and 45 kinds of birds and animals, most of which are daily foods with nourishing function. Sun Shi thinks that if you don't know about diet, it's not enough to save your life. He pointed out that food can not only maintain life, but also cure diseases, and put forward the principle of eating less and more meals, eating lightly and eating when hungry.
Special attention was paid to medicine in Song Dynasty, and diet health was further developed, among which Chen Zhi made the greatest contribution. Chen Zhi is also known as Zhen Chen. In Song and Yuan Dynasties, he was appointed as the county magistrate of Hua County (now Xinghua, Jiangsu) in Taizhou. He systematically summarized the achievements of diet health care since the Tang Dynasty in the book "Providing for the Aged", and expounded the functions and specific methods of diet conditioning.
Chen believes that diet plays an important role in ensuring human health and regulating the balance between yin and yang. If you are hungry, you will get sick. He pointed out that the diet should be less and more meals, so that the spleen and stomach are easy to digest; Food should be warm, cooked and soft, and it should not be hard to stick to the cold to avoid hurting the spleen and stomach.
Chen Dali advocates drinking milk. He believes that milk is mild in nature and taste, which can replenish blood vessels, benefit the heart, increase muscles, make people healthy and strong, and make people look smooth and aging. The application scope and eating method of raw milk are explained in detail.
When he got sick, he advocated the method of diet therapy first, and thought that diet therapy was superior to drug therapy. Because food can not only exorcise evil spirits, but also stabilize viscera, and drugs always have certain side effects. If the diet fails to heal, consider using the medicine again. ② The drug scheme is on the right track.
Taking drugs to prolong life was first seen in ancient medical books unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb, which recorded that animals' testicles, penises, pine cones and arborvitae seeds in plants were used to rejuvenate. Zhang Hua's Natural History in the Western Jin Dynasty holds that the Yellow Sutra has the function of delaying aging and prolonging life. There are 165 kinds of drugs recorded as "intelligence-improving" and "longevity-prolonging" in the pharmacological monograph of Shennong's Herbal Classic in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the trend of eating Dan and serving stone prevailed, and medical care went astray. Many people became victims of Dan and stone medicine. After the Tang dynasty, this kind of malpractice was gradually recognized by people, and they began to advocate the use of animals and plants for health preservation. By the Song Dynasty, we had a deeper understanding of the toxic and side effects of Jinshi drugs, and the health of drugs was on the right track. The Song Dynasty attached importance to the collection and research of other drugs. A large number of prescriptions for prolonging life were collected in the medical works compiled by the imperial court, such as Taipinghuifang, Taiping Huimin Mixture, Shengji Zonglu and so on. At that time, many health prescriptions, such as Huanshao Pill and Bulao Pill, were famous prescriptions for anti-aging and prolonging life.
Health-preserving prescriptions after Tang and Song Dynasties can generally be divided into tonifying kidney, strengthening spleen, nourishing yin and strengthening yang, among which Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, Fructus Lycii, Ginseng, Radix Astragali, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Rhizoma Polygonati and Radix Ophiopogonis are the most popular drugs. Song and Yuan Dynasties also advocated the use of animal medicines called flesh and blood, such as deer turtles. This had a great influence on medical training in Ming and Qing Dynasties. For example, the famous anti-aging prescription "Quanlu Pill" in Jingyue Quanshu contains keratin, velvet antler, deer kidney, fresh venison, deer tail and so on. It is compatible with Ginseng Radix, Radix Rehmanniae Preparata and Semen Cuscutae to tonify qi and blood, nourish yin and strengthen yang, and achieve the effects of tonifying yin and yang, qi and blood and prolonging life.
(3) Suggestions for dumping positions.
For the technique of dumping position, see Zhu Zhenheng's Danxi Heart Method in Yuan Dynasty. Zhenheng, also known as Xi, was born in Yiwu, Wuzhou (now Yiwu, Zhejiang). Zhu studied hard since childhood and kept a diary of 1000 words. When he was young, he devoted himself to studying the Neo-Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius and Zhu Cheng. After the age of 30, he specialized in medicine, wrote medical works such as Danxi Heart Method and Ge Zhi Yu Lun, and became a famous medical scientist in the history of China. He has worked hard all his life and lived a long life, which shows that he has a good way to keep fit.
Cang refers to the human stomach; Dumping is to dump the dregs in your stomach. Zhu believes that people tend to overeat when they encounter delicious food. These excessive foods will be entangled with phlegm and blood stasis in the body, which will damage the body and life over time, so they should be removed by "dumping the warehouse". The specific method of dumping operation is: take 5 ~ 10 kg of beef, boil it with running water, filter the residue with cloth, pour the juice into the pot and cook it until it is amber with low fire. Drink a small cup after cooking, then drink it later, intermittently, until you drink dozens of cups. You will vomit after drinking, and it is effective to vomit more in moderation. Sleep quietly for a day or two after vomiting, and drink porridge when you are hungry. After three days, you can drink some light vegetable soup and gradually return to normal diet. Zhu believes that this method has the function of bringing forth the old and bringing forth the new, helping the poor and making up the losses; It is very helpful for people to use this technique once or twice after middle age to get rid of diseases and prolong life.
(4) Health preserving theory in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Ming and Qing Dynasties were the later period of feudal society in China. In this historical stage of more than five centuries, China's health care technology has made remarkable achievements, and famous health care scientists such as Zhang Jiebin, Gao Lian and Cao Tingdong have appeared, and published health care monographs such as Shoushiqing, Four Essentials of Health Care, Essentials of Aging, Eight Notes on Respecting Life, Shouyang Series, and Lao Lao Heng Yan. At the same time, some health preserving methods, such as fitness and rejuvenation, are put forward.
① Completeness of health preserving methods for the elderly.
The way of providing for the aged began in Sun Simiao in the Tang Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, Chen Zhi wrote the book "Supporting the Aged and Caring for Relatives", which is the earliest existing monograph on health care for the elderly in China. In the book, the daily maintenance, diet adjustment and medication contraindications of the elderly are discussed in detail. In the Yuan Dynasty, Zou Xuan published a book "Supporting the Elderly and Family Pension" for many times, which was widely circulated in Japan, Korea and other countries. The summary of Sikuquanshu gave it a high evaluation.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the theory of health care for the elderly was further improved, among which the most influential works were Gao Lian's Eight Chapters of Respecting Life and Cao Tingdong's Constant Words for the Elderly. "Eight Notes on Respect for Life" has made a deep discussion on the four-season recuperation, diet regulation, daily life regulation and drug supplementation of the elderly.
Cao Tingdong, the author of The Old Man's Constant Words, was a famous health care scientist in Qing Dynasty. He followed the motto of Mencius, "I am old, and people are old", read a lot of books, and put forward simple and easy health care methods for the elderly, such as sleeping, washing, walking, lying in the daytime, sitting at night, clothing, hat, belt, shoes, bed, tent, pillow, mat, quilt and so on. Although the discussion is not surprising, it is mostly thorough and useful. For example, in Sleep in Peace, how to go to bed, what posture to take when sleeping, how to put your hands and feet, when to go to bed, and how to protect your head, stomach and neck with shoulder pads are discussed. These methods are simple and effective.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were other works about the art of providing for the aged: Shou Shi Bao Yuan, Burning Snow in a Red Furnace in Ming Dynasty, Secrets of Longevity in Qing Dynasty, Collection of Nourishing True Classics, etc. These books all discuss the health and longevity of the elderly from different angles.
(2) Advocating fitness and rejuvenation.
Zhang Jiebin was a famous physician in the late Ming Dynasty. He strongly advocated fitness and rejuvenation. Zhang was born in a famous family, read widely, and was knowledgeable. He knew astronomy, geography, history and art of war. After middle age, he devoted himself to medicine and studied health preservation methods.
Before the Ming dynasty, health experts paid more attention to the role of spirit in health and longevity, while Zhang wrote in Jing Yue Quan Shu? The theory of governing form systematically expounds the dialectical relationship between form and spirit, form and life, and holds that form depends on the material of spiritual life and the nourishment of essence and blood, and the cultivation of form mainly lies in maintaining essence and blood. Specifically, on the one hand, it is necessary to control lust and prevent jingxie from being damaged; On the other hand, we should often take drugs that warm and replenish essence and blood. Zhang's own "Quanlu Pill" is a famous prescription for warming and nourishing essence and blood.
In Jing Yue Quan Shu, Zhang proposed the method of "rejuvenation". The so-called ZTE is to strengthen health care in middle age. Zhang believes that people's aging began in middle age, but it has not been revealed for a while, and middle age is a turning point for the human body to turn from prosperity to decline and gradually weaken its vitality. If we can strengthen nursing during this period and "revitalize the foundation", it will lay a good foundation for the health of the elderly. If you don't pay attention to health in middle age, it will accelerate the arrival of aging. The key to middle-aged health preservation lies in restoring vitality. By nourishing the mind, exercising, replenishing essence and blood, we can restore weak vitality, strengthen the body and prolong life. In a word, China's theory of health preservation has a long history. Our ancestors accumulated rich theories and practices on the road of exploring ways to delay aging and prolong life, leaving many valuable legacies. We should try our best to sort out, excavate and inherit these heritages, take their essence and discard their dross, so that they can play a greater role in strengthening the physique of the Chinese nation and prolonging human life. Two, Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism's way of keeping in good health
China people's health preservation is not only directly related to the development of medicine, but also deeply influenced by religion, philosophy, ethics and customs. Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism occupy an important position in China's traditional health preserving culture. They not only laid a theoretical foundation for China's health-preserving culture, but also provided a unique health-preserving method for China's health-preserving practice, which is still loved by people today.