Living in the 2 1 century full of opportunities and challenges, contemporary college students have a long way to go as future builders and successors of the country. The country, society, schools and families have all given them high expectations, but many social phenomena have to be alarming. The present situation of many college students cannot but be worrying: the lack of humanistic spirit, the vacuum of spiritual civilization, the weak sense of citizenship, the indifference of life dignity, the lack of sense of responsibility, and the decline of social morality ... all these have sounded the alarm for higher education. Introducing China's traditional philosophy into the ideological and political education of contemporary college students is not a retrogression, but a hope to shock the hearts of contemporary college students with the consistent parts of excellent ideas and concepts in traditional philosophy and guide them to the correct life path.
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Understanding China's ancient philosophy and accepting the influence of the essence of China's ancient philosophy will have an important influence and function on contemporary college students' personality shaping, moral cultivation and life.
(1) China's ancient philosophy attaches great importance to personal cultivation and the cultivation of ideal personality, which is of great significance to shaping the sentiments of contemporary college students with noble character.
Nowadays, many college students relax themselves after entering colleges and universities.
Feeling very slim, I focused on surfing the internet and falling in love, wasting precious time; Some college students do whatever it takes to get scholarships and honors ... As we all know, college is a time for a person to strengthen his self-cultivation and cultivate his ideal personality. How to go in the future and where to position yourself are inseparable from personal cultivation and the improvement of ideological understanding.
All schools of China's ancient philosophy attached great importance to the enrichment of personal accomplishment. Confucianism believes that only when people have a complete knowledge structure can they have a perfect ideal personality, so they should strive to enrich their knowledge and cultivation. Confucius regarded learning as a pleasure: "It's not bad to study from time to time! How happy we are, to meet friends from afar! People don't know, but they don't care, not a gentleman! " Mencius believed that at any time, people should be "rich and dirty, poor and humble, powerful and unyielding", maintain their own integrity, and don't damage personal character because of fame and fortune. Taoist philosophy believes that a false name will bring harm to people. Zhuangzi believes: "The name is limited to reality, and the righteousness is in the right place, which means that the article is good and there is a blessing." As long as reputation is in line with reality and good deeds are in line with ability, that's all. Mohism also attaches great importance to "self-cultivation", emphasizing "observing color and self-cultivation" and "wearing body".
In a word, contemporary college students should pay attention to the improvement of their self-cultivation, perfect their personality, establish correct ideals and beliefs, study in a down-to-earth manner, be honest, and become builders and successors of all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique and beauty, which is exactly what the ancients advocated. Today, "self-cultivation, governing the country and calming the world" has been endowed with profound meaning by the times.
(2) China's ancient philosophy advocates the correct treatment of the relationship between righteousness and benefit, which is of great significance for contemporary college students to make correct choices when facing the contradiction between righteousness and benefit.
The relationship between righteousness and benefit has always been the focus of debate in China's ancient philosophy. On the issue of justice and benefit, each family has its own views. How should contemporary college students choose on the issue of justice and benefit? At present, in order to make money, some college students go into pyramid schemes by mistake and are used by criminals to harm others and themselves; Some college students sell some "three noes" products to their classmates in order to get petty profits; In order to gain benefits, some college students violate the relevant regulations of the school and take risks. ...
Ancient philosophers in China made many different choices on the issue of justice and benefit. Confucianism believes that pursuing material interests and praying for happiness are people's common pursuit. Confucius said, "People who are rich and expensive want what they want." Mencius also said: "Those who want to be expensive are also harmonious." However, Confucian philosophers believe: "A gentleman seeks Tao but not food." In their view, material benefits are only a basic and low-level need of life, and there is a higher-level need, that is, the pursuit of morality. In front of Taoist philosophers, fame and fortune are all smoke clouds. "Saints go to great lengths to enter Thailand in luxury." They think that excessive pursuit, excessive desire and excessive expectation should be removed. Zhuangzi is against making profits, especially against obtaining benefits by improper means.
In today's socialist society, everyone should correctly handle the relationship between national interests, collective interests and individual interests. First of all, we must affirm everyone's legitimate interests. However, in real life, personal interests and collective interests will inevitably conflict. When such conflicts occur, we should adhere to the principle that collective interests are higher than individual interests, and individuals should focus on the overall situation and make sacrifices for collective interests when necessary. It is understandable that contemporary college students earn their living needs through legal channels. Colleges and universities often encourage students to work-study programs, but it should be noted that the result of seeking benefits by unscrupulous means can only be "drawing water with a sieve."
(3) China's ancient philosophy advocates the principle of "benevolence" and pursues the harmony of interpersonal relationships, which is of great significance for contemporary college students to deal with interpersonal relationships.
Nowadays, college students are often "little emperors" and "little princesses" at home, and they are the objects that parents and elders care about, which also causes some college students to be self-centered. But after entering the university, away from their parents, college students began a collective life. If we continue to maintain a "self-centered" mentality and only consider ourselves in everything, it will be difficult for such college students to adapt to college life.
China's traditional philosophy advocates the principle of "benevolence" and emphasizes "putting yourself in others' shoes" and caring for others. He believes that when people get along with each other, they should put themselves in their own shoes, and "don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you". Mencius emphasized: "Old people are old, young people are young, and young people are young. Xunzi emphasized: "The benevolent loves others." Mozi put forward the idea of "mutual love and mutual benefit" from the perspective of mutual respect and utilitarian principle between people. Starting from the spirit of benevolence, the ancient Chinese advocated "harmony is the most important", emphasized social harmony, harmonious coexistence, advocated unity and mutual assistance, pursued harmony between man and nature, interpersonal harmony and physical and mental harmony, and always insisted on being kind to others.
Today's college students should also pursue such a kind of "benevolence" spirit in their collective life, strive to get on well with their classmates and teachers, put themselves in their own shoes, treat others equally and establish good interpersonal relationships.
(4) China's ancient philosophy pays attention to moral practice, and advocates the consistency of words and deeds, which is of great significance to the improvement of contemporary college students' ideological and moral cultivation.
At present, China is in the primary stage of socialism, and the development of socialist market economy has also brought some negative phenomena, such as hedonism, money worship and extreme individualism, which is not conducive to socialist moral construction. Some college students also have such performances, such as violating the examination discipline during the examination, being dishonest with others, bossing around their parents and elders ... This can't help but draw a big question mark in their hearts: "Are college students so immoral now?"
In the history of China, Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, Buddhism and other schools all believe that the most important thing is to pay attention to moral practice in the process of shaping ideal personality. The fine moral traditions of the Chinese nation, such as honesty and self-discipline, generosity, hard work and simplicity, diligence and thrift, filial piety to parents, respect for the elderly and love for the young, respect for teachers and dedication, dedication, dedication, courage to take responsibility, anger and perseverance, have been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people in the long historical years.
Today's contemporary college students should still practice these moral traditions formed on the basis of China's ancient philosophy, and match words with deeds, instead of saying one thing and doing another. I believe that under the example of contemporary college students, our society will be more harmonious and beautiful.
China's ancient philosophy can be said to be a contradiction with distinct duality. Some philosophical thoughts show positive, innovative and progressive aspects, which belong to the essence; Some philosophical thoughts are negative, conservative and backward, belonging to dross. Contemporary college students should pay attention to inherit and carry forward the positive thoughts in China's ancient philosophy, and endow them with new contents according to the reality, so that these thoughts can really be used by us and provide useful reference for our own development and social progress.
China's Ancient Philosophy and Modern Life (Part II) This paper combs the ancient philosophical basis of Chinese medicine with the concept categories of essence theory, yin-yang theory and five elements theory and their applications in Chinese medicine, and further puts forward some reflection opinions on the dilemma of Chinese medicine theory from the philosophical point of view.
Philosophy is human's thinking and understanding of the world, so it is divided into subjective and objective; Science is a repeatable objective law, so philosophy includes science. In subjective philosophy, one is subjective truth that can be verified from a specific angle (if discussed from a specific angle, it becomes science); The other is that it has never been verified, but it is considered right, including religion and superstition. Traditional Chinese medicine is a philosophy and a medical system. On the basis of China's ancient philosophical thinking mode, it has formed a unique theoretical thinking mode of traditional Chinese medicine. As a medical system based on China's ancient philosophy, TCM must show the basic principles of China's ancient philosophy, that is, the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and Essence, with Yin-Yang and Five Elements as the core, especially Yin-Yang as the basis of all theoretical systems. The theory of essence, yin and yang and the theory of five elements are important parts of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine.
1 essentialism
Essentialism is the cognitive system of ancient philosophy about the generation, development and change of the universe. It is believed that the origin of the universe is essence, and the universe mediated by essence is an organic whole in which everything is connected. As one of the things in the universe, human beings are also inseparable from essence; The essence is a fine substance that exists in the universe and keeps moving, and its own motion form is the driving force to promote the development and change of everything in the universe. On the Book of Changes: "Essence is the thing." That essence is the origin of all things in the universe. Essence, also called essence, generally refers to qi in the cognitive system of China's ancient philosophy. It is an invisible and moving subtle substance full of the universe. In some cases, it refers to the essence of Qi and constitutes the origin of human beings. The basic view of modern materialist philosophy that matter is the world is very similar to that of essentialism. One of the most important and basic categories of China's ancient philosophy is Qi, and its universal category is unique to the Chinese nation. Yuan Qi's monism (also known as Yuan Qi's theory), which arose in the Han Dynasty, had a far-reaching influence on China's traditional culture and became the epistemology of China's ancient people to know the world.
The theory of essence in ancient philosophy was founded in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, which is consistent with the formation of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine. Therefore, the theory of essence and qi in ancient philosophy has a far-reaching influence on the formation of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine, especially on the embryonic form and holistic view of the theory of essence and qi in traditional Chinese medicine. The essence theory of TCM is a systematic theory to explain the essence, source, distribution, function and relationship of essence in human body, as well as the relationship with viscera and meridians. The theory that essence or qi is the source of all things in the universe in ancient philosophy has influenced the theory that essence is the source of human life, qi is the motive force of human life, the viscera, body and organs of human body are all formed by essence, and all functions of human body are driven and regulated by qi to produce movement changes. The essence of ancient philosophy is integrated into the essence of traditional Chinese medicine, and it is constructed as a thinking paradigm, which is in line with its inherent theory and practice, and the unique essence of traditional Chinese medicine and the cognitive theory of life appear. The essence theory of ancient philosophy holds that the concept of essence covers all levels of nature, society and human beings, and the material basis for the unity of nature, society, human beings and their moral spirit is essence; The essence of all things in the universe is the essence, which is full of all forms in the universe and has the media function of information blending, so that there is induction between heaven and earth. These profound philosophical thoughts have infiltrated into the theoretical system of TCM, promoted the cognate thinking and interrelated cognitive view of TCM, and formed the overall concept of expounding the integrity of human body and the correspondence between man and nature and social environment.
2 Yin-Yang theory
Yin-yang theory is an ancient philosophical system that explains the definition of Yin-yang and its laws of movement and change, as well as the occurrence, development and change of cosmic physics. It is China's simple theory of unity of opposites in ancient times, and it is also a dialectical concept for the ancients to explore the origin of the universe and explain the changes of the universe. It belongs to the category of China's native materialism and dialectical method. Yin-yang is a generalization of the opposite nature of some interrelated things or phenomena in nature. "Yin and Yang, split in two." Yin-yang theory holds that the whole world is material, and the unity of opposites and interaction of Yin and Yang promote the emergence, development and change of the world itself. Through the research on the basic development of ancient Chinese medicine philosophy in China, as well as the preliminary study on the way of thinking and methodology, this paper explains the development and changes of the universe, nature and life ontology. For example, Su Wen's On the Image of Yin and Yang says: "Yin and Yang, the way of heaven and earth, the discipline of all things, the changing parents, the beginning of life and death, the home of God." Yin-yang theory has gradually formed a unique thinking paradigm for the guidance of TCM theory, which is widely used to explain the causes and changes of normal life activities and pathological life of human body, so as to better diagnose and prevent diseases and make it an important part of TCM theoretical system. Yin-yang theory plays an important guiding role in the understanding of disease prevention and treatment. "yin and yang are the foundation of the law", and health preservation and disease prevention are carried out according to the changes of yin and yang in four seasons; The principle of treatment is determined according to the ups and downs of yin and yang of the disease: the ups and downs of yin and yang are more harmful; Those who are weak in yin and yang should make up for their deficiency. Then, according to the four qi and five flavors of drugs and the ups and downs of yin and yang properties, the prescription is legislated to adjust the imbalance of yin and yang in the process of disease, so as to make it secret, so as to achieve the purpose of eliminating evil and righting.
3 Five Elements Theory
The theory of five elements is a systematic theory of China in ancient times. Like the theory of Yin and Yang, it pays attention to the contradictory function of things and the forms of movement and change of things, and explores and explains the movement and dynamic balance between the forms of matter in the universe from the relationship between the structural elements of things and their forms of movement and change. The word "five elements" first appeared in Shangshu. Shang Zhou Shu's Fan of Flood Relief said: "Su Geng floods. Tears Chen Qi five elements. " Language makes a highly abstract summary of the characteristics of the five elements from the philosophical point of view, pointing out that the five elements are water, fire, wood, gold and earth. Water is moist, fire is inflamed, wood is straight, gold leather, and soil loves the wall. Among them, the five elements are not only five concrete material elements of gold, wood, water, fire and earth, but also rise to the rational category of philosophy abstractly. The theory of five elements is an ancient philosophical thought, which explores the definition, characteristics, restraint and abuse of the five elements of gold, wood, water, fire and earth to explain the occurrence, development, change and interaction of various forms in the universe. It belongs to the category of materialism and dialectics peculiar to ancient China. According to the Five Elements Theory, five basic substances, namely gold, wood, water, fire and earth, constitute all things in the universe, and their constant movement and interaction promote the development and changes of all physical phenomena in nature.
The theory of five elements explains many functional activities of human viscera, meridians, body, official orifices, spirit and emotion with the characteristics of five elements, forms a physiological and pathological system centered on five zang-organs, realizes the connection with the natural environment, and creates a five zang-organs system in which man and nature are integrated. It analyzes the physiological relationship between the five zang-organs with the help of the law of mutual restraint of the five elements, explains the mutual influence of the five zang-organs diseases with the abuse of the five elements and the combination of mother and child, and finally achieves the guiding role of diagnosis and prevention of diseases. Therefore, the theory of five elements, as the main thinking paradigm of TCM, plays an important role in the construction of theoretical system of TCM, especially in the clinical practice of TCM. On the basis of the theory of essence, yin and yang and five elements in China's ancient philosophy, TCM inherits and innovatively uses medical theory to clarify the relationship between human life activities and the external environment, explain the occurrence, development and prevention of diseases, and take various measures to improve health, prolong life span and improve productive labor capacity, thus forming a unique theory of essence, yin and five elements in TCM. The basic ideas of China's ancient philosophy, such as essence, Yin-Yang theory and Five Elements theory, all have four basic characteristics: paying attention to macroscopic observation, overall research, being good at philosophical thinking and emphasizing functional connection.
In a word, traditional Chinese medicine is a systematic medical discipline that rose in ancient China. When exploring the law of human life movement, China's ancient advanced philosophical theory and medical theory were organically cast into an inseparable whole, and it was promoted to a philosophical form. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is based on the theory of essence, yin and yang and five elements, and uses comprehensive thinking mode to analyze and solve medical theory and practice, which embodies the close combination of China traditional culture and TCM.
4. Thinking about the basis of ancient Chinese medicine philosophy.
The philosophical basis of traditional Chinese medicine is based on the theory of yin and yang, five elements and essence, which has not changed much since the era of Neijing. The profound philosophical guidance in ancient times made the theory of Chinese medicine shine brilliantly, but it also made Chinese medicine stagnate. How to keep pace with the times in the new era, inherit and innovate diligently and rigorously, and further improve the theory of traditional Chinese medicine is an urgent proposition in the medical era.
4. 1 The Five Elements Theory of TCM should be realistic and not picky. In order to resist the abolition of the theory of five elements, modern scholars have made new research on the philosophy of five elements, such as demonstrating the rationality of the thought of five elements from the aspects of mathematical thought, nonlinear dynamics, cybernetics, system theory and dissipative structure theory. However, it must be noted that the theory of five elements has played a more methodological role in the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, contributed greatly to the study of the relationship between the five internal organs, and also played a positive role in guiding clinical medication. However, it is only a method model to study the relationship between the five zang-organs. In fact, the relationship between the five zang-organs is far more complicated than the theory of five elements generating grams. According to the mathematical law, there are 65,438+00 pairs of five internal organs, 65,438+00 pairs of two internal organs and 5 pairs of four internal organs. Therefore, sticking to the theory of five elements to generate grams is not conducive to expanding the theoretical development of visceral pathogenesis. Some people who put forward the theory of "correlation of five zang-organs system" are worthy of reference.
4.2 Under the system theory, the five elements theory of TCM needs to be improved urgently. System theory is the most fashionable philosophical topic in contemporary times. The theory of five elements has the rudiment of system theory, but it is not a complete system theory, and can only be said to be holism. Traditional Chinese medicine has the characteristics of systematic and holistic thinking, which has great advantages compared with western reductionism, but it also has limitations. Traditional Chinese medicine has a thorough holism, but it is often deadlocked on local and detailed issues, which is the result of thinking outside and thinking inside, and it is also the result of overemphasizing holism. Beta Langfei, the founder of system theory, believes that to understand a whole or a system, we should not only understand its various parts, but also understand their relationships. Life is a steady open system. Without understanding the local part, it is impossible to build a complete system connection, so the theory of traditional Chinese medicine needs to be perfected in the details of the inner part of the human body and find new ways of connection.
4.3 TCM theory should be based on ancient philosophy, with inheritance as the premise and innovation as the opportunity. First of all, when it comes to the breakthrough of TCM theory, we must face up to the misunderstanding of the inheritance of TCM theory system. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has the characteristics of paying attention to the whole connection and fuzzy thinking, abandoning the complicated verification process and directly grasping the main contradiction, but the explanation of the specific pathogenesis and treatment principles of practitioners has caused the lack of authenticity. Traditional Chinese medicine pays more attention to function than matter, so we should learn from the achievements of anatomy in understanding the internal details of the human body. In understanding the human body, it is necessary for TCM to further understand things and improve the theoretical system of TCM. Secondly, the analogy thinking mode of traditional Chinese medicine is an image-number thinking system that needs to be improved urgently. Therefore, we should learn from empirical research and experimental research, take the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements as the core, establish an image-number medical model based on Tibetan images, make full use of the image thinking of traditional Chinese medicine, and construct an intuitive quality above mathematics, so that under the guidance of ancient philosophy, traditional Chinese medicine can keep pace with the times, forge ahead and make new progress. Thirdly, broaden the extension of the five elements thought, broaden the epistemology and methodology, take the system theory as the reference guide, and draw lessons from some methods of western reductionism appropriately. However, the path taken by traditional Chinese medicine in the direction of five zang-organs holism with analytical thinking mode is completely opposite to the reductionism with structural thinking mode in western medicine, which is completely equivalent to being incompatible with each other and will eventually exhaust the characteristics and advantages of traditional Chinese medicine.
In a word, the emergence and development of TCM theory is closely related to the development and changes of ancient philosophy in China, among which Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism have a far-reaching influence on TCM theory and go hand in hand with the continuous development of the connotation of the three philosophies. There is a lot of tacit knowledge in the knowledge of thinking philosophy and medical treatment methods of traditional Chinese medicine. These tacit knowledge, such as the vast galaxy, may be inseparable from most of human cognition. They are of great significance and worth studying and excavating. By using the existing theories and technologies to make it explicit to some extent, this paper tries to show the thinking track of doctors in the process of solving problems from an interdisciplinary perspective. It is believed that with the deepening of follow-up research and the maturity of technology, more fruitful results will be achieved in the research field of ancient Chinese medicine philosophy.
The innovation and modernization of traditional Chinese medicine is imperative, but it must not be cut to fit the needs. The vast number of Chinese medicine scholars need to absorb new philosophical ideas on the basis of in-depth understanding of ancient Chinese medicine philosophical classics, so that orange springs and wells are fragrant and Chinese medicine loves them!
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