Su Shi (1036 ——110/) was born in Meishan, Meizhou (now Sichuan), and his name was Zizhan.
Su Shi was a great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. He is an outstanding writer who is versatile in literature and art.
He was born in a well-educated family, and his father Su Xun was a famous essayist. He is good at planning and writing, and his style is arbitrary, which has obvious influence on Su Shi. Su Shi's outstanding achievements in prose, poetry and painting, on the one hand, depend on his own diligence, on the other hand, Su Xun's profound influence on him.
Su Shi was listed as one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties because of his prose achievements, and was later called "the four masters of Han, Liu and Ou Su". His poems are regarded as "the model of Song poetry"; His ci is called "legislation for ci" and is recognized as the representative and pioneer of the wild school; In painting, he, together with Mi Fei and Li Longmian, is known as the four great masters of the Song Dynasty. He is good at drawing ink bamboo, but his calligraphy also has unique attainments.
Su Shi had a rough life. He became a scholar at the age of 20, and his life was tortuous and dangerous. Su Shi is indeed a poet who has gone through hardships and completed himself.
Su Shi's survival time coincided with the dispute between Wang Anshi's reform and reform party and Sima Guang's old party. Because of his insistence on justice, Su Shi was caught between two forces, and was repeatedly relegated and tortured. Footprints have entered 20 places: Sichuan-Kaifeng-Fengxiang-Beijing-Hangzhou-Mizhou-Xuzhou-Huzhou-Huangzhou-Changzhou-Dengzhou-Beijing-Hangzhou-Yingzhou-Xuanzhou-Huizhou-Danzhou and so on.
Although Su Shi has gone through an extremely tortuous and dangerous life path, he has never been depressed and desperate, but has gone through hardships to complete himself and achieve real detachment. No setback or misfortune can defeat him mentally.
In general, Su Shi is Su Shi. He got rid of mental depression and finally achieved something in his career. Wherever he went, he actively did practical things for the people and left a "political voice" everywhere. In Fengxiang, he was called "Su Xianneng"; Dredge Hangzhou West Lake and build Su Causeway; He built hospitals and schools in Hainan. In the creation of civilization, his best poems belittle writing; In my life, wherever I go, I can keep close contact with the masses and win the love of local people. Su Shi has great influence among the people, such as Dongpo towel, Dongpo hat, Dongpo fan and Dongpo wine. , which are popular or spread to this day. It shows that Su Shi is widely spread among the people and has great influence.
Su Shi also left a lot of legacy. In addition to the "Su San Temple" in Meishan, Sichuan, there are hundreds of relics about Su Shi all over the country. Susan Temple has an inscription by Zhu De:
One family, three fathers and sons, all great writers.
Poetry and Fu are handed down from generation to generation, and Emei has a high proportion of * * *.
Second, the reasons for the formation of Su Shi's broad-minded personality
Due to the influence of Confucianism, ancient literati all hoped to make a difference and establish a career. As the saying goes, "a gentleman takes the world as his own responsibility" and "if he is poor, he will be immune from the world." When this ideal cannot be realized or encounters setbacks, he will have the following performances: First, martyrdom. It is to sacrifice one's ideals with one's life, for example, Qu Yuan threw himself into the Miluo River. Second, complain. It not only expresses poverty and sorrow in the poem, but also expresses the grievances of talents.
Tao Yuanming's poems are full of sighs about poverty, illness and sadness, as well as complaints about his depressed career. Li Bai's boldness cannot but be decadent; Du Fu cares about the national economy and people's livelihood, but his ambition can't be displayed, and there are many sad songs of frustration. Just like "Up the Mountain", "But there is no news from my relatives and friends, I am old and sick, and I am alone with my boat"; Chen Ziang "read the faint of heaven and earth, I shed tears alone"; Li Bai's "Since the world can't satisfy our desire, I will loosen my hair tomorrow and take a fishing boat" and so on.
However, when Su Shi arrived, he completely achieved a bold, natural, elegant and open-minded style of ci poetry, and was full of understanding of the wealth and poverty of life, showing a kind of mind of "being solid and enjoying it, failing and doing something". This should be a new expansion of the realm of life, showing a great progress in human wisdom.
How did Su Shi reach this state? I think this has something to do with Su Shi's two personalities since he was a teenager.
Su Shi was able to integrate the best character and cultivation of Confucianism and Taoism into his own cultivation when he was a teenager, which is very worthy of our attention. On the one hand, he has a firm Confucian ambition to serve the country since he was a child, that is, the idea that "a gentleman takes the world as his own responsibility". There is such a record in the history of the Song Dynasty. Su Shichuan: When Su Shi was young, his mother, Cheng, taught him the Han book Fan Wei Zhuan. Fan Li was a loyal minister persecuted in the party struggle in the Eastern Han Dynasty. When he was appointed as the special envoy of the Qing Dynasty, he had the ambition to clarify the world. When he was persecuted, he didn't drag out an ignoble existence, but rather gave his life, just as Tan Sitong said, "I laughed at heaven and went to Kunlun Mountain to stay." When I left my mother, I said, "I failed to repay my parents' filial piety." Fan Mu said: "A person wants to achieve fame and honor, but also wants to live a long life and be prosperous. Can he have both? " Mom wants you to realize your dream. "Little Su read here and vowed to be a slanderer when he grew up. Su Mu said, "You can be a model slanderer, but I can't be a model mother? "
Su Shi's life was neither an Arab New Party nor an old inflammatory party. No matter what kind of political persecution, as long as he returned to the imperial court, he still adhered to his ideals, did not blindly follow any faction, and did not want to go with the flow. So he suffered so much slander, but his wishes, ideals and conduct were consistent. At the critical moment, I have to tell the truth. In his words, it is "like a fly in my mouth, don't spit it out".
Su Shi's boyhood was also deeply influenced by Zhuangzi's thought. He has liked Zhuangzi since he was a child. There is such a metaphor in "A Happy Tour in Zhuangzi": "The mountain shot by the ancients is inhabited, its skin is like ice and snow, and it is graceful like a virgin. If you immerse yourself in the sky, you won't be drowned. If there is drought, you will see the golden stone flow, and the earth mountain is burnt but not hot. " This metaphor describes a high degree of achievement. It is said that there is a Taoist real person on the mountain photographed in the past. His skin is as white as ice and snow, and his figure is as beautiful as a virgin. The flood will not be submerged, and the drought will melt the stones and scorch the earth mountain, but he will not be hurt. -this actually expresses an ethics of Taoist spirit self-protection. In addition, Zhuangzi. "Master of Health" also tells the story of a cow expert: "Today's knife has been used for nearly 19 years, and thousands of cows have been solved. The blade is as new." This is about self-cultivation. There is also a story in "Zhuangzi Xiaoyao Tour": "There was a fish named Kun in the Ming and Northern Dynasties, which was so big that it was miles; Adult bird, whose name is Peng, Peng's back, knows thousands of miles; Fly away angrily, its wings hang in the sky like clouds. It's a bird, and shipping will migrate to Nanming. Nanmingdong, Tianchi also. " This lofty, bold, far-reaching, broad-minded story of self-cultivation and imagination is also told a lot in Zhuangzi. Su Shi read Zhuangzi when he was a child. He said: "I have seen something, but I can't say it." Now I see a book that won my heart. " (turquoise. Su Shichuan) He means that he used to have some thoughts in his mind, but he couldn't say them himself. I'm reading Zhuangzi now, and he just speaks his mind. It's amazing. It shows that perilla was as wise as Buddhism said when she was a child, and told Taoism that the essence had early enlightenment. When Su Shi was a child, he was able to integrate the best personality and cultivation of Confucianism and Taoism into his own cultivation, which was an important factor for Su Shi's success.
Through the previous analysis, we will have a deeper understanding of Su Shi's two attitudes towards life:
Su Shi has two attitudes towards life: he takes a detached and broad-minded attitude towards his own sufferings and setbacks, as he himself said: "It is no good to lose your life if you lose your evidence." Loyalty and love for the country and people have always been persistent and have not changed. So as long as he returns to the imperial court, he should say what righteousness is, and still say it. After all the hardships, he is still so loyal and straightforward. When the demoted officials are away, they try their best to do practical things for the people. Known as "Su Xianneng" by Fengxiang people, he saved the dense drought, the flood in Xuzhou, the West Lake in Hangzhou, the bridge in Huizhou and the hospitals and schools in Danzhou. He tries his best to do practical things for the people, and he has an excellent political voice everywhere he goes. Suffering created Su Shi's great personality.
Three. Su Shi's poems
Talking about Su Shi's poems without mentioning them is like going to Hangzhou without seeing the West Lake.
(1). Su Shi's poems
In Su Shi's literary creation, the number of poems is the largest. Among the existing poems, the poems with the largest number and the highest artistic value express personal feelings and praise natural scenery.
Su Shi's poems praising natural scenery can often make ordinary scenery exquisite and touching, full of interest or truth. Such as "Night Scene by Huichong River" and "Drinking Chu Qingyu on the Lake", the lakes and mountains, the graceful rain state, and the pictures of the early spring in the south of the Yangtze River are all wonderful and have endless feelings. On the other hand, the title of Xilinbi raises a question with profound philosophical significance by looking at the mountains. It warns people that due to different viewpoints and positions, the starting point of the problem is different, and the understanding of objective things is inevitably one-sided. To have a correct and comprehensive understanding of things, we must go beyond our narrow scope and get rid of personal prejudice. It also inspires people to think about the relationship between the whole and the part, macro and micro, analysis and synthesis in the process of understanding complex things, and to be wary of the fact that "the authorities are fascinated and the bystanders are clear" in the process of exploring truth. This fascinating scenery in Su Shi's poems is integrated with thought-provoking poems, which is the so-called "rational interest" in Song poetry.
Reflecting social reality and caring about people's sufferings is another main content of Su Shi's poems. Su Shi is a poet who is interested in helping the world. Born in the cold plain, he was demoted to the lower class after becoming an official, which provided a foundation for him to write such poems. Poems such as Wu Zhong Tian Cai Tan all reflect this spirit.
Su Shi also often uses historical themes to expose the shortcomings of real politics. Litchi Tan is a famous poem of this kind. It shows the poet's spirit of daring to struggle.
Su Shi's poems are characterized by prose and discussion style. He can dye all kinds of subjects just right, and they are all in harmony.
Su Shi's prose, together with Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu, is called "Han is like a tide, Liu is like a spring." Ou Ruhan, Su Ruhai ".
Su Shi's essays include recitation, strategy, explanation and miscellaneous comments, among which historical comments and political comments are the most important. One of the representative articles, Teaching Warfare and Keeping Tactics, is an article prepared for danger in times of peace. In view of the present situation of Gouan in the Northern Song Dynasty, the author puts forward the tactics of fighting and defending, and points out the current disadvantages very pertinently.
Su Shi's narratives include biographies of steles, travel notes of mountains and rivers, stories of pavilions and pavilions, etc. Although the number is small, it has the highest artistic value and the greatest originality in Su Wen. The representative works of epitaph biography are Fangshan Zi Biography and Liu Shuting Biography. Shi Zhongshan is a travel note with the nature of scientific investigation. It is organized in written form, aiming to explore the reasons for Shi Zhongshan's name and to explain that "you can judge whether something exists without looking?"
Essays also play an important role in Su Shi's prose. A large number, high artistic achievements, it includes prose, preface and postscript, letters, essays and so on. Most of these articles are handwritten, showing the author's mind and personality, full of charm and interest. Such as "the rest of the day."
Su Shi's Fu is the most famous before and after the Red Wall Fu. "Fu on the Former Red Cliff" is about boating on the Red Cliff with friends on the autumn night of the moon, and exploring the philosophy of life and the universe through the scenery in the moonlight. Although it has some negative emotions, it mainly expresses detached attitude towards life and optimistic feelings. The author of "Fu on the Red Wall" climbed the mountain scenery in the east, and showed a detached elegance in the cool breeze, bright moon and fairy roaming. The two poems are excellent works of prose in the Song Dynasty, which have the characteristics of parallel language, sonorous sound and harmony, and natural questions and answers between subject and object.
(2). Su Shi words
Su Shi has a special position in the history of China Ci. His ci has made new breakthroughs in theme, style, artistic conception and language rhythm. He extended the achievements of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty to the field of Ci poetry, and initiated a new stage of Ci poetry creation.
Su Shi's contribution to Ci lies in improving his understanding and evaluation of Ci. He broke the artificial boundary between poetry and others, making poetry a truly independent lyric poem.
In terms of subject matter, Su Shi led the poet's vision from the traditional "flower room" and "respect for the former" to human society, and even got the evaluation of "unintentional, speechless". Among the numerous themes of Su Ci, lyric ci, object-chanting ci and pastoral ci have the highest achievements.
As far as lyric poetry is concerned, in addition to the traditional romantic tenderness, Su Shi boldly developed and gradually turned the style of lyric poetry into a tool for literati to express their feelings and feelings. He used words to express himself, directly expressing his politics, patriotism, homesickness and even extensive human relations. For example, "Spring Scenery in the Garden" (Lonely Pavilion Lantern) expresses the political ambitions of "being a gentleman and being flexible" and "using the house and time". "Jiangchengzi" (the old man talks about juvenile madness) is about the grand occasion of hunting in Mizhou, expressing patriotic feelings. Among them, there is another mourning work by Wang Fu, the beloved wife of the poet's fourth grandmother. That is, "ten years of life and death are two boundless ……", and they express their grief with dreams. Their true feelings are sincere and heartbreaking.
There are as many as 30 poems about objects, which are artistically exquisite, emphasizing both the description of similarity and the description of likeness, which can not only write things, but also write sustenance. Such as "hidden water dragon" (like a flower is not a flower).
Su Shi's pastoral poems are a breakthrough in the theme of Song Ci. He wrote five poems "Huanxisha" in Xuzhou, describing rural scenery, farmers' image, working life and rural customs, just like a fresh and beautiful pastoral.
In terms of ci style, Su Shi created a bold artistic conception. The most representative is Nian Nujiao (river of no return, the waves are exhausted), where the poet depicts the magnificent scenery of mountains and rivers, controls infinite time and space, praises the great achievements of ancient heroes, laments his talents and regrets the hero's depression.
Su Shi also created broad-minded ci. The so-called broad-minded, refers to an open-minded, unrestrained, unconventional, optimistic and cheerful creative personality. Broad-minded is Su Shi's personality characteristic, and there are many broad-minded words in Su Ci, so broad-minded words can be called the main style of Su Ci. Such as "Water Tune Song Tou" (when is the bright moon). This word is all about the moon, but it is related to personnel everywhere. The poet seems to talk to the moon, explore the meaning of life, and finally get comfort from nature, get rid of the distress of life, and realize the openness of mind. There are also words like dialing against the wind (don't listen to the leaves in the forest).
Su Shi's traditional graceful words are also well-made. Such as "hidden water dragons" (like flowers that are not flowers) and "butterfly flowers" (flowers that are small and red and apricot).
Su Shi is also innovative in language and temperament. Su Ci's language is fresh, simple, concise and fluent, unlike Liu Ci's vulgarity or Huajian Ci's richness, but it is good at comeliness. In intonation, he introduced many generous and unrestrained tunes. Such as Qinyuanchun, Song of Eternal Sorrow, Mink Head, He Xinlang, etc.
In short, Su Shi finally made a generation of literary giants with Su Shi's attitude! !