The English name of tourmaline comes from the ancient Sinhalese word Turmali, which means "mixed gem". The composition and color of tourmaline are very complicated. The international jewelry industry basically divides tourmaline into commercial varieties according to color. The brighter the color, the higher the value. Pay attention to color, transparency and purity when purchasing.
Chinese name: tourmaline mbth: tourmaline alias: tourmaline, tourmaline category: silicate-borosilicate chemical formula: na (mg, Fe, Mn, Li, Al) 3L6 [Si6O18] [BO3] 3 (Oh, F) 4 colors: various colors, bicolor or multicolor luster can be seen inside or outside the same crystal or in different parts: glass luster transparency: fully transparent and translucent stripes: longitudinal grain system of main surface: triangular crystal system cleavage: no cleavage, characterized by high hardness section: spherical triangular hardness: 7-8 crystal habit: * * triangular columnar or complex triangular pyramid columnar crystal, mineral density of longitudinal grain development on crystal surface: 3.06 (+0. Refractive index: 1.624 ~ 1.644 Birefringence: 0.0 18 ~ 0.040 Introduction, name, origin, historical development, color, multicolor, tourmaline cat's eye effect, variety and color of jadeite. Optimization treatment, heat treatment, irradiation treatment, filling treatment, coating tourmaline, identification and discrimination, efficacy, maintenance, function, selection of red tourmaline, green tourmaline, blue tourmaline, black tourmaline, watermelon tourmaline and tourmaline, jade introduction tourmaline, also known as wishing stone, is a kind of gem that tends to be absorbed because of its weak energy. Because "tourmaline" is homophonic with "exorcism", it is often regarded as the main gem to receive blessings and exorcise evil spirits. The name tourmaline is tourmaline in mineralogy and tourmaline in English, which comes from the word "Turmali" in ancient Sinhalese, meaning "mixed gem". In some historical documents of our country, it is called arsenic, tourmaline, bixia stone, broken evil gold and so on. Tourmaline crystal Tourmaline is a complex triangular columnar crystal, and there will be characteristic growth stripes on the surface of the crystal parallel to the extension direction of the columnar crystal. In cross section, it is a curved spherical triangle. Tourmaline originated in 1500. A Portuguese exploration team found a gem in Brazil, flashing with colorful neon lights. Just like a rainbow shooting from the sky to the center of the earth, ordinary stones bathed in the rainbow got all kinds of colors contained in the world along the way and were washed crystal clear. This kind of gem hidden in the foothold of rainbow is called tourmaline by later generations, and it is also called "rainbow falling into the world". At present, there are tourmaline, ruby, sapphire, aquamarine, tanzanite, emerald and so on. , with natural color, is classified as colored gems, and is deeply loved by the public, with huge market value-added space. The word "tourmaline" in the historical development of China first appeared in the Qing Dynasty. There are related records in the ancient books of Qing Dynasty: "The name of Bi Yayao was recorded in China, but it was not published in detail. The Qing Dynasty canon says: Do concubines use Biya Ding? Yunnan has something to say, something to say, and something to thank and finish; Uji is also Bixia Creek. People in this world are called Biya, or Bi, or, but the origin of its name is no problem, but it is a foreign dialect, so there is no doubt. " Three talents competed in the river and Han dynasties: tourmaline was purified by array method. In some historical works after the Qing dynasty, there have also been names such as "tourmaline", "bixia stone" and "tourmaline stone", while people in modern society call this strange gem tourmaline. Legend has it that tourmaline is a favorite of Empress Dowager Cixi. There are many tourmaline jewelry in the funeral of Empress Dowager Cixi, among which there are many precious varieties such as watermelon tourmaline. There are many kinds of tourmaline ornaments, such as tourmaline bracelets, tourmaline rings, tourmaline pendants and so on. Tourmaline is one of the materials for first-class and second-class officials to wear flower feathers, and it is also the material for making the beads they wear. At the same time, tourmaline is also the favorite of Empress Dowager Cixi. Therefore, in the era of Empress Dowager Cixi, tourmaline received unprecedented attention in China. Empress Dowager Cixi, who monopolized the state affairs, not only had a soft spot for jadeite, but also for colorful tourmaline. She is a complete tourmaline fan. In the funeral of Empress Dowager Cixi in the Qing Dynasty, there was a lotus carved from tourmaline, weighing 3,628 yuan, and a pillow made of tourmaline was worth 752,000 silver at that time. Among the hundreds of rare treasures in the Treasure Hall of the Forbidden City in Beijing, there is a huge pink tourmaline clasp, which is called the best tourmaline in the Qing Dynasty. The belt buckle is made of pink tourmaline embedded in a silver silk tray. This tourmaline is transparent, bulky, and some have cotton stripes. The double money patterns of silver tired silk are interlocking. On the back of the silver back plate, small beads are engraved with "Endless Life" and "Immortality", with the stamp of "Hongxing" and "Foot Pattern" beside them, and there are double "longevity" and "blessing" in the middle of the fine tired silk rope pattern. This tourmaline is 5.5cm long and 5.2cm wide, transparent and pink. It is a treasure among tourmalines, especially in Qing Dynasty. The color of tourmaline is the most abundant among all kinds of precious stones. Tourmaline is a complex borosilicate mineral, and its chemical formula is Na (Mg, Fe, Mn, Li, Al) 3L6 [Si6O 18] [BO3] 3 (OH, F) 4, in which metal ions such as iron, magnesium, lithium, manganese and aluminum can be substituted for each other, and the different content of each ion will directly affect it. Iron-rich tourmaline is dark green; Magnesium-rich tourmaline is yellow or brown; Tourmaline rich in lithium, manganese and cesium is rosy, pink, red or blue; Chromium-rich tourmaline is dark green. Among them, blue and bright rose tourmaline are top grades. In the same tourmaline crystal, the uneven distribution of components often leads to color changes, such as two-color tourmaline, multi-color tourmaline or watermelon tourmaline with infrared green inside. Multicolor tourmaline is not only colorful, but also the most attractive thing is its polychromatic nature. When we hold tourmaline and observe it from different angles against the rotation of light, the hue and depth of tourmaline will change with the change of observation angle. This is due to the strong multicolor of tourmaline, which also gives tourmaline a mysterious color. Piezoelectric effect and thermoelectric effect of tourmaline When tourmaline is heated or pressed, or rubs against silk or wool, it will produce electrode effect at both ends of columnar tourmaline, with one end positive and the other negative, which will make tourmaline attract some dust or paper. This magical power is the piezoelectric effect and thermoelectric effect of tourmaline, which is also the origin of the name "tourmaline". There is an interesting story: it is said that in 1703, on a warm summer day in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, several children were playing with stones brought back by Dutch navigators. Suddenly, a child found that dust and grass clippings near these stones were sucked in. The children were surprised and called their parents to see it. Sure enough, they found that this stone can attract or repel light objects, such as dust and grass clippings. From then on, the Dutch called it a "vacuum stone" and used it to clean the smoke in the pipe. Tourmaline cat's eye effect Tourmaline crystals contain abundant gas-liquid inclusions, which are often distributed directionally to form tubular inclusions. Dense tubular inclusions make tourmaline processed into arc or round beads appear cat's eye effect-an obvious bright band appears on the surface of tourmaline, and the bright band changes with different observation angles. From the color point of view, the composition of tourmaline is complex, and the color is also complex and changeable. The international jewelry industry basically divides tourmaline into commercial varieties according to color. The brighter the color, the higher the value. Blue tourmaline: a general term for light blue to dark blue tourmalines. Blue tourmaline is the most valuable color in tourmaline because of its rarity. Blue tourmaline is produced in yellow clay of weathered granite in Siberia, Russia, and also found in Brazil, Madagascar and the United States. Red tourmaline: a generic term for pink to red tourmaline. Red is the best tourmaline, with purple and rose. It is called Ruby, which is also called "Baby Face" in China. But in nature, brown, reddish brown, crimson and so on are produced more, and the color tone changes greatly. At the same time, the specific gravity of tourmaline will change with the color; Deep red has a higher specific gravity than pink. Zoisite: It is dark in color and rich in chemical element magnesium. Brown tourmaline is mostly produced in Sri Lanka, North America, Brazil and Australia. (The English name of brown tourmaline comes from Drewe, Austria. Diaspore: Diaspore is very rare, only produced in Madagascar and California. It should be noted that some colorless tourmalines on the market are made of pink tourmalines after heating and desalting. (The English name of colorless tourmaline comes from the ancient Greek word "achroos", which means colorless) Tourmaline: Green and yellow tourmalines are the most common among all tourmaline color variants, so their value is not as good as blue and green tourmalines. Green tourmaline is mostly produced in Brazil, Tanzania and Namibia, and yellow tourmaline is distributed in Sri Lanka. Multicolor tourmaline: Due to the good development of tourmaline ribbons, red and green two * * * bands or three * * * bands often appear on a crystal. Common red and green gems, commonly known as "watermelon tourmaline", are deeply loved by collectors and consumers. According to the optical effect, tourmaline cat's eye: when tourmaline contains a large number of fibrous and tubular inclusions arranged in parallel, it can show the cat's eye effect by grinding it into an arc gem, which is called tourmaline cat's eye. Tourmaline cat's eye discoloration tourmaline: tourmaline with obvious discoloration, but rare. Tourmaline foreign origin Brazil is the best tourmaline in the world. The origin of tourmaline in Brazil is mainly concentrated in the state of Grasse in Minners. Tourmaline produced here is colorful. Up to now, more than 20 colors have been mined, including almost all the colors of tourmaline. Red tourmaline and green tourmaline produced in Brazil sell best, and they are the main mineral resources in Brazil, mostly occurring in the rich pegmatite veins in the local area. Paraiba, Brazil produces a blue-green tourmaline, which is expensive and rare, and the market is extremely hot, because it is named Paraiba tourmaline produced in Paraiba. California is also one of the main producing areas of tourmaline. The dikes mined in the United States have weathered, and a large number of feldspar has become rock-free soil. Therefore, the mining method of tourmaline mine in the United States is mainly digging, which is easier than mining tourmaline in other producing areas.
Russia's Siberia, Madagascar, Sri Lanka and Myanmar also have tourmalines, but the texture is not as good as that of Brazil. China tourmaline producing area Altay producing area Xinjiang
China tourmaline is produced in Keketuohai, Fuyun County, Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, where it is rich in gem-grade tourmaline. Xinjiang tourmaline is bright in color, with red, green and blue colors, large crystals and good quality.
Yunnan tourmaline producing area
Tourmaline produced in Yunnan is mainly distributed in Fugong, Yuanyang, Gongshan, Baoshan and other places, mostly transparent to translucent. Among them, pink, rose and peach tourmalines are mainly produced in Fugong and Yuanyang. Green tourmaline has a variety of colors, such as green, green, dark green, yellow-green, blue-green, grass green, light green and so on, with good texture, mainly produced in Gongshan, Fugong, Baoshan and other places; Blue tourmaline has sky blue, green blue, navy blue and other colors, mainly produced in Gongshan and Baoshan; Multicolor tourmaline is also produced in Fugong, Yunnan Province, but there are many cracks in the crystal and the transparency is poor. Tourmaline produced in Inner Mongolia is mainly distributed in Wangligetai and other places in Urad Zhongqi, and it is rare to see large crystals and good transparency.
Fugong Latudo Tourmaline Mine is located in Latudo Village, Jiakedi Township, Fugong County, about 20 kilometers south of the county seat and 500 meters east of the highway. The chemical composition of the material is: (Na, K, Ca) (Al, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn) 3 (Al, Cr, Fe, V) 6 (BO3) 3 (SI6O 18) (OH, F) 4. Optical properties: anisotropic body, uniaxial, negative optics. Polychromaticity: medium to strong, with different shades of body color. Ultraviolet fluorescence: generally none; Pink tourmaline: reddish to purple under long and short waves. Absorption spectrum: red and pink tourmaline: green light absorption bandwidth, sometimes narrow band of 525nm, visible absorption lines of 45 1 nm and 458 nm. Blue and green tourmaline: it has universal absorption in red region and strong absorption band at 498nm. Magnification inspection: gas-liquid inclusions, irregular tubular inclusions and parallel line inclusions. The chemical general formula of tourmaline is: XY3Z6 [Si 6018] (BO 3) 3 (OH) 4. Among them, the position of X is mainly occupied by Na, Ca and K; The position of y is mainly occupied by Mg, Fe, A 1 and Li; The position of z is mainly occupied by A 1 Due to the displacement of X, Y and Z positions and the different formation environment, many tourmaline species have been formed. When y is mainly Mg, it is called magnesium tourmaline; When Fe is the main component, it is called iron tourmaline or black tourmaline; If Mn enters this position, it is called sodium manganese tourmaline. Tourmaline is called lithium tourmaline when Li+Al is the main component. In lithium tourmaline, part of OH is often replaced by F. When the quality of natural tourmaline is poor or no, manual methods are often used to improve its quality. The commonly used methods are: heat treatment to make the tourmaline with dark color lighter, so as to enhance transparency and improve the grade of gemstones. Irradiation treatment uses high-energy rays to irradiate colorless or light-colored multicolor tourmaline. Different irradiation time and dosage will make it appear different colors. Electron bombardment can also turn colorless or pink tourmaline into better red, but it will produce many cracks. Filling treatment uses materials such as resin to fill surface cavities and cracks to improve appearance and durability. Under the magnifying glass of 10 times, we can see the gloss difference of the surface, and occasionally we can see bubbles in cracks and cavities. The "flash effect" can be seen along the fracture surface, and the absorption peak of organic matter can be seen in infrared spectrum. The coated tourmaline is colorless or nearly colorless. After painting, it can show other colors, with bright colors and greatly enhanced luster. Only one refractive index may be displayed on the refractometer, which varies greatly and may exceed 1.70. Distinguish and distinguish between crystal and tourmaline: mainly observe their colors. Generally speaking, the purple in crystal is rare, and the purple of tourmaline is generally lighter, with pink purple and light purple. On the other hand, the crystal is not as red and green as tourmaline (except crystal), so we can use the color difference between the two to roughly identify the true and false. Fluorite and tourmaline: From the comparison of hardness, the Mohs hardness of tourmaline is 7.5 degrees, while the Mohs hardness of fluorite is only about 4 degrees. The two can be compared by scratching glass. Secondly, when fluorite pretends to be tourmaline, it is often made of multicolor materials, but tourmaline has no purple. Just when the multicolor of fluorite appears, it often has purple, so it is also an effective means to distinguish fluorite from tourmaline. Tourmaline handmade ring glass and tourmaline: from the internal inclusions, there are often small and round obvious bubbles in the glass, but tourmaline inclusions do not. There is another way for glass to pass off as tourmaline, that is, to pass off cracked glass as rough tourmaline. This kind of glass is usually dyed after bursting, so the color dyes are gathered in the gap, which is easy to distinguish by light transmission observation. 1, color: rose red, purple red, green and pure blue and pretty watermelon are the best colors, followed by pink and yellow, colorless and black. In the same color, according to the richness of the color, it is divided into four grades, which are dark, medium and dark. 2. Cleanliness: Require as few internal defects as possible, and the crystal clear tourmaline has the highest price. Tourmaline contains many cracks and gas-liquid inclusions, and is usually used as jade carving material. Internationally, tourmaline purity is divided into six grades, namely, slight variegated (VVF), obvious variegated (VL), slight cotton wool (VS), obvious cotton wool (S) and unclear (C). 3. Transparency: Transparency refers to the transparency of tourmaline. The more transparent it is like glass, the higher its value, and its international rating is 4. Distinguished characters (SF), distinguished shapes (SS), light transmittance (SL) and opacity (NL). 4. Workmanship/cutting: Workmanship, inspecting the technical level of appearance polishing of tourmaline carvings and bead chains. Compared with tourmaline ring surface, it mainly examines the cutting of its surface, and the cutting should be regular, symmetrical and polished. 5. Rarity: Rarity refers to the comprehensive index obtained by comprehensively considering the four basic attributes of tourmaline, such as color, weight, transparency and volume, which directly affects the market value of a tourmaline. Efficacy 1. Bright rainbow colors can give people a feeling of happiness and yearning, help broaden their minds and horizons, and have a certain auxiliary therapeutic effect on curing mental diseases such as depression. Tourmaline contains energy, has a calming effect and can make people concentrate. Moreover, changeable colors can stimulate ideas and creativity, make people act steadily, do their best, and make their careers flourish. Tourmaline is considered to be the top-class Wang Mishi, which comes from Guangdong civilization. In Guangdong, a good-looking woman is considered to be from Wang Fu. As the saying goes, tourmaline can make people feel better, so people who wear it often will become moist, shiny, very beautiful and beautiful in appearance. Tourmaline can radiate a magnetic field with strong affinity, eliminate the gap between people and have a natural attraction to love and friendship. At the same time, people with leadership temperament wear tourmaline, which can release more charm and attract more people to gather. 5. In addition to the above effects, red and green tourmalines also have the meaning of getting rich. In the meantime, because the color of red tourmaline is close to blood, people think that red tourmaline also has the health care function of promoting blood circulation and has a good effect on treating dizziness and anemia. The first measure of maintenance, when you don't wear tourmaline jewelry at ordinary times, put tourmaline jewelry in the jewelry box alone, and don't let tourmaline jewelry collide with other jewelry, causing unnecessary losses. The second measure, tourmaline hardness is 7-8, which is relatively high, but tourmaline itself is brittle and afraid of breaking. Unless it is pure and flawless tourmaline, try not to wear tourmaline gems for strenuous exercise or heavy work, so as not to cause tourmaline gems to break. Third, it is a good habit to check and repair your jewelry regularly. Go to a professional jewelry store to check your tourmaline jewelry every month. If the gemstone falls off and is scratched, solve it in time. Fourth, if your friend's tourmaline jewelry is borderless inlaid and micro-inlaid, you should avoid bumping when wearing tourmaline jewelry, because the tourmaline jewelry inlaid in this way is beautiful, but not very strong, so be careful. Fifth, don't wash with high-temperature water for a long time. If it is too hot, it will change the color of tourmaline. The color of red tourmaline is widely distributed, mostly between pink and pink. Give it to the opposite sex to express love and occupy the other person's heart at the same time. Wear it to meet beautiful love and ideal partner, and make the friendship between husband and wife stronger. Ruby has a soft red color and stable energy emission, so women wear it with the effect of beauty beauty. It can strengthen people's leadership temperament and spread personal charm, which is very suitable for people who often deal with the public. It can bring people more connections and get more support. Tourmaline can also improve the relationship between people. It can eliminate people's indifference, isolation and eccentricity, make people easy to get along with, change others' preconceptions about themselves, and thus improve interpersonal relationships. Green tourmaline green light corresponds to the heart chakra, which can make people feel happy and happy. Green light is the light of wealth, which makes people feel happy and make money. It is also called "the stone of wealth". The green light is easy to make good friends, good relationships and good luck, and it is also easy to get the appreciation of the boss and the help of the nobles. Wearing green tourmaline can help to eliminate troubles, depression and unhappiness in the heart and bring real happiness and joy, especially for people with depression, autism or easy self-denial. Those who are weak, unwilling and unwilling to do things will help to find the pleasure of work, and they will be willing to devote themselves wholeheartedly and go all out to get the satisfaction of self-realization. Blue tourmaline blue tourmaline, corresponding to the throat chakra and the third eye, the main communication and sensitivity. Can effectively improve communication skills, expression skills and persuasion skills. People who are too generous, generous, generous and enthusiastic will be easily used by others because of carelessness, and wearing blue tourmaline can balance this character. Black tourmaline Black tourmaline looks dark. Can effectively eliminate stress, fatigue and turbidity, and improve health and luck. For people who are easily frightened and have nightmares at night, placing black tourmaline can stabilize the space energy field and ward off evil spirits. Wearing black tourmaline helps to protect patients from external interference, concentrate on treating diseases and enhance recovery speed. Watermelon tourmaline Watermelon tourmaline helps to eliminate all conflicts, contradictions and complex complexes in the heart, making people feel happy. The purchase of tourmaline mainly focuses on the following aspects: 1) color. Tourmaline is more precious in red and blue, and yellow and green are more common. In the choice of tourmaline jewelry, red, blue and green are the best, and the colors are required to be uniform and gorgeous; In necklaces and bracelets, it is best to have rich colors. The colors of each bead can be different, such as red, yellow, blue, green and purple. 2) transparency. Tourmaline requires crystal clear, the more transparent, the better the quality, and there can be no obvious fog or opacity; 3) purity. Tourmaline is fragile and prone to cracks. It also contains a lot of inclusions. The existence of a large number of cracks and inclusions will affect the transparency, color and fire color of tourmaline, and the tourmaline with very pure interior is also rare and belongs to the top grade. When choosing, try to choose the one that is clean inside.
4) Pay attention to the selection of tourmaline with special performance. Tourmaline is rich in color, and two or more colors appear on the same tourmaline, that is, two-color tourmaline or multi-color tourmaline, and the watermelon tourmaline with infrared green inside is also more precious; In addition, tourmaline cat's eye belongs to the top grade of tourmaline. Tourmaline is colorful and changeable, and it has peculiar piezoelectric effect and thermoelectric effect, which makes people believe that tourmaline has the magical power of nature. Long-term wearing can not only decorate people's lives, but also bring good luck, pray for peace and happiness, and bless their health. Therefore, today's tourmaline bracelets, necklaces, pendants, rings, brooches, earrings and so on. As the times require, they constantly introduce new ideas to decorate the jewelry world once dominated by platinum and platinum jewelry.