Appreciation of Wang Zhenbai's Two Poems "White Deer Cave"
Attachment: Introduction of Lily New Year Channel, the anchor of Poetry Book.
Introduction to the platform, channel and anchor of "Poetry and Books" and the highlights shared by Lily in the past
Audio reading and reciting
Reading aloud, reciting and chanting are all good ways to experience the rhythm and rhythm of poetry in exclamation and singing! In chanting, you can unconsciously print the poems you have read in your mind and feel the beauty of the poems at the same time.
In the picture, the entering tone words are represented by a little red dot, and the little red dot is hidden in the lower right corner of each entering tone word. You can practice your detective skills and see if you can find it soon. After finding all the entering tones, you can play the game of "marking": draw a horizontal line on all the entering tones, that is, the upper tone and the lower tone. The meaning of this symbol is flat, but it must be noted that some words with one or two tones are actually Rusheng words, which should be marked as Rusheng words! Then draw a vertical line on all tones, that is, three tones, four tones and entering tones. This symbol stands for tone. If you can't label yourself, it doesn't matter. You can find every symbol representing flat tone according to the pictures I shared, and mark it on your poem according to it. But I strongly suggest that you challenge yourself and compare it with the pictures.
In the process of following the works of many great poets such as Tao Yuanming, Li Bai, Bai Juyi and Su Shi to explore the "true face" of Lushan Mountain, we gradually appreciate the poetic and Buddhist Sanskrit of Lushan Mountain, but as I said at the end of my last share, this is not the whole of the "true face" of Lushan Mountain. Lushan Mountain, as a sacred mountain of humanities in China, still has a strong academic atmosphere. In previous issues, I shared with you the Tao Yuanming Memorial Hall, Xiufeng, Shi Zhongshan, Sandiequan, Huajing and Tolin Temple that we visited during our study tour in Lushan ... But Bailudong Academy, which occupies an important position in China's ideological and academic history, accompanied us day and night.
In the process of sharing these problems, those pavilion-style quadrangle-style ancient buildings with white walls and black tiles hidden among mountains and green trees always emerge in front of my eyes. I remember that morning running on the winding mountain road with the gurgling river, that morning reading that we gradually calmed down with the chirping of birds in the pavilion, that inscription on the stele gallery and the statue of Zhou Dunyi in front of the main hall that we passed every day when we went to the lecture hall, that ancient Lingxing Gate that we passed every time we went out, the scholar column that we saw when we walked in the evening, and the pillow flow on the teacher and the elegant tea that we met under the pillow flow bridge. Of course, what impressed me the most was the Yan Hotel Courtyard where we lived day and night, ate and collected songs and poems in Sri Lanka, and the Bailuyuan in the back hill of Bailudong Academy. In fact, at that time, I didn't pay attention to it in my colorful study tour every day. On the contrary, I only made up my rational understanding of it when I shared it now.
The famous Bailudong Academy in history is located in Yangli, Houping Mountain, about 10 km south of Wulaofeng in Lushan Mountain. There is Zuoyi Mountain in the west and Zhuo'er Mountain in the south. Three mountains surround a stream, without the noise of the market. This is really a good place to study. I still remember that morning we took a bus to the entrance of Bailudong Academy. It was a single door with double cornices, and the flag of Bailudong Academy hung high on the door. The old trees are shaded and the streams are singing softly. This is a beautiful mountain view. The Bailudong Academy complex is connected in series from east to west along the west of the official road, and five tall courtyards are arranged from near to far, thus forming five courtyards, namely Xianxian Academy, Lingxingmen Academy, Bailudong Academy, Ziyang Academy and Yan Hotel. Each courtyard has two or three entrances, including the gatehouse of the academy, the Sage Academy, the Ritual Temple, Bailudong Academy, Ziyang Academy, the Scholar Building of Yan Hotel and the Higher Forestry College. Judging from the orientation pattern, Bailuyuan Academy is a large quadrangle complex with buildings facing south. Judging from the structure of building materials, Bailu Academy is a stone or brick-wood structure, mainly in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with a herringbone hard roof, which is quite elegant and indifferent.
Academy is an important form of spreading culture, cultivating students and exchanging academic knowledge in ancient China. After the war, the state-run official school was destroyed and failed, and it was a rural school run by private students. It is also an important place for scholars of various schools to spread culture freely among the people. Bailudong Academy is a famous representative of the Academy.
Bailudong Academy was founded in the first year of Southern Tang Dynasty. It is the first complete academy in China, and it is also known as the four largest academies in the world together with Yuelu Academy, Yingtianfu Academy and Shigu Academy. Later, together with Ji 'an Bailuzhou Academy, Yanshan Goose Lake Academy and Nanchang Zhang Yu Academy, it is called "the four major academies in Jiangxi" and enjoys the reputation of "the first academy in China".
However, the history of Bailudong Academy can actually be traced back to the Tang Zhenyuan period. Li Bo, a native of Luoyang, and his brother Li Shao once lived in seclusion here. Li Bo keeps a white deer "for fun" and is called Mr. White Deer. Deer understand human nature and follow the crowd, so they are called "God Deer". There is no hole here, because the terrain is low and concave, looking down like a hole, so it is called "Bailu Cave". Li Bo was the secretariat of Jiangzhou in Baolian period. In order to commemorate his youth, he studied here, planted flowers and trees, and built pavilions, terraces, buildings and pavilions to show his affairs. During the first year of Southern Tang Dynasty, Bailudong began to "establish a school and establish a field" for all parties to learn from. Take Li Shandao as the cave owner, Professor Zhang. It is also called "Lushan Guo Xue" and "Bailu Guo Yao". It is the only Chinese study established by the central government outside the capital in the history of China, which is as famous as imperial academy on the Qinhuai River in Jinling, and scholars at that time rushed to visit it. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Taizong attached great importance to academy education and presented the Nine Classics and other books to Bailudong Academy. Due to the attention of the imperial court and local official history, Bailudong Academy developed. However, I am afraid that Zhu is the person who has made the greatest contribution to Bailudong Academy.
Zhu was a famous thinker in ancient China, a master of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, and also a master of Confucian ethical thought system. In the eyes of Confucian scholars, Zhu is a master second only to Confucius and Mencius, and enjoys the honor of being the only disciple who is not personally handed down by Confucius. During his stay in Zhinan Kangjun, he rebuilt Bailudong Academy in Lushan, gathered disciples to give lectures, spread culture and educate scholars, which was an important milestone in his life to revitalize Neo-Confucianism and establish and improve the academy system.
After the unification of most parts of the Northern Song Dynasty, the troubled times gradually calmed down, the style of writing gradually flourished, and scholars demanded to go to school one after another. However, the government has no time to manage it. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has not run a school for more than 80 years. Therefore, "Confucianism often relies on mountains and forests, that is, giving lectures at leisure, with a large rate of 100 people." After Song Zhenzong came to power, he strongly advocated the imperial examination, developed the official school, and formulated the policy of not entering the academy without entering the official school. The academy gradually declined, but Bailudong Academy still barely maintained. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, nomadic people went south in a big way, and the buildings of Lushan Mountain fell into flames. Bailudong Academy is also "abandoned", "buried", "wild as hazelnuts" and "desolate and dilapidated". The rebirth and prosperity of Bailudong Academy, in addition to the relative social and economic stability in the Southern Song Dynasty, is also closely related to Zhu Zhenxing's efforts to educate and restore the Academy.
In the sixth year of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu was appointed as the Kang Army of Zhinan. He inspected the site of Bailudong Academy, and found that it was a ruin with overgrown weeds and piles of rubble. He was deeply moved and decided to repair it. While sending people to raise money to revive things, he told the court his thoughts about restoring the academy.
At that time, the Southern Song Dynasty imperial court was afraid of the nomads from the south, and there were still many financial difficulties, so it had no spare capacity to take care of the education cause. Moreover, Nankang Army has three official schools, so you don't have to bother to repair the academy. However, Zhu believes that Bailudong is a place surrounded by mountains and rivers, with beautiful and humid vegetation, and it is indeed a place to give lectures. He insisted on rebuilding Bailudong Academy for two reasons: First, since the founding of the Song Dynasty, the court attached great importance to the construction of Bailudong Academy, which made great contributions in spreading culture, educating scholars and consolidating rule. Therefore, the reconstruction of the academy is "indispensable"; The second is to emphasize that Lushan Taoist temple is "hundreds", and its destruction is prosperous. If we only build temples, but not Confucius temples, and only listen to the sound of bells and drums, we will not pay attention to culture and education. Due to Zhu's repeated requests, the reconstruction of Bailudong Academy was finally approved. On the day of the completion of the Academy, Zhu happily drank wine and wrote a poem: "Rebuilding the old museum is a pleasure, and it is necessary for sages to listen. Why don't you drink algae, and the editor dares to talk about sincerity. The deep source must be obtained from leisure, and the wonderful use is not happy. Mo Wen has unlimited foreign relations, and this heart talks about this mountain alliance. "
During his six to eight years in Nankang Army, Zhu mainly did the following things for the revival of Bailudong Academy: rebuilding the college, upgrading the college, collecting books, establishing teachers, accepting apprentices, formulating study rules and offering courses. On the basis of summarizing the previous regulations on running schools and the experience and lessons of Zen Buddhism, Zhu formulated Bailudong's theory, that is, "father and son are related, monarch and minister are righteous, husband and wife are different, old and young are orderly, and friends are trustworthy", and "the order of learning" is "learning, asking, thinking, arguing and holding". If you do something wrong, you should look for it for yourself. This learning rule is generally followed by academies all over the country, and it is still valued and studied by Chinese and foreign educators.
Zhu carried out various teaching activities in Bailudong Academy. Including "giving lectures in class", "learning from each other", "asking questions and asking difficult questions" and "exhibition ceremony", with disciples studying hard and taking care of themselves as the main forms. Zhu has many incisive instructions on students' reading methods, which are summarized as six in Zhu's reading methods: step by step, intensive reading, swimming with an open mind, self-observation, studying hard and keeping respectful and determined. It is worth pointing out that whenever Zhu has leisure, he will travel with the students and explain, enlighten and enlighten them in the forest of rocks. To this end, Zhu built many pavilions around the academy for sightseeing and carved many scenic spots, which enabled teachers and students to combine self-cultivation, giving lectures with proper rest and tourism, enlivened their entertainment life and improved their physical and mental health. He thinks this is a good way to cultivate their moral integrity. This is exactly what we read during our study tour in Lushan Mountain.
Thanks to Zhu's painstaking efforts, Bailudong Academy is well-known in Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia, and enjoys a good reputation overseas. It became an important cultural cradle from the late Song Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, and laid a solid foundation for the prosperity of Bailudong Academy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
There is a statue of Zhu in the middle of the courtyard of Yan Hotel where we stayed during our study and visit. Every morning and evening, we will come to the statue of Zhu on time, wearing thick clothes and chanting poems. These lectures have also been specially compiled into Zhu's Jing and Xin Jing. Now looking at the photos and handouts at that time, I understand the profound meaning of Teacher Tan bringing us here to study. Bailudong Academy is really a good place to study. How wonderful and rare these ten days of study and research are!
Like Zhu and Li Bo, I cherish my study and life in Bailudong, and the author of the theme poem "Two Poems of Bailudong I want to share in this issue" wrote this famous poem with "an inch of time and an inch of gold" when studying in Bailudong.
Wang Zhenbai, the word Linxi, is from Yongfeng, Xinzhou. In the second year of Tang Dynasty, he was a scholar, and seven years later, he became a school bookkeeper. During his seven years in office, he went out with the army to resist foreign enemies and wrote many frontier poems, many of which reflected frontier life and boosted morale. The description of military labor and war scenes is magnificent, strong in color, sonorous in tone and touching. Politically, Wang Zhenbai has a clear position and determination. He wrote in the poem "Ruilian in the Palace": "I wish to share the grass and be born before Emperor Yao." However, Wang Zhenbai, who was born with honesty and frankness, failed to realize his ambition. He lived in the late Tang Dynasty, where politics was corrupt, court thieves and ministers were everywhere, and wars were everywhere. Since entering the imperial court, Wang Zhenbai has deeply felt the filth and corruption of politics in the late Tang Dynasty. Therefore, Wang Zhenbai, who has served as a freelancer in the imperial court for several years, finally can't stand the life of intrigue and panic in officialdom. When Tang Zhaozong went hunting in Qishan, he angrily withdrew from this trouble spot and retired to his hometown, when he was less than 35 years old.
Wang Zhenbai felt powerless to save the declining Tang Dynasty, so he quit his post and retired. However, in the face of the country's peril, he could not get rid of his emotional pain. He remained upright and retired, which was actually a helpless choice. Therefore, after retiring, Wang Zhenbai did not live a leisurely and comfortable life, but devoted the rest of his life to the people in his hometown. He founded the "Shanzhai Bookstore" at the southern foot of Xishan outside Yongfeng County, a township city, and devoted himself to teaching and preaching for children in his hometown. After teaching, he amused himself by writing books, was diligent and studious, and often sang with Luo Yin, Fang Gan, Guan Xiu and other celebrities, and was known as "the four great poets in Jiangxi". Wang Zhenbai's poems are "profound in connotation, lofty in significance", "exquisite and elegant, with beautiful words", which are highly praised by scholars from all directions and serve as a model for others. In the first year of Zhongxing in the Southern Tang Dynasty, Wang Zhenbai died in his hometown of Yongfeng, Xinzhou, which is now Guangfeng District, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province. The imperial court conferred the title of "King on the Pillar" on Dr. Guanglu, and established a Taoist temple, which was buried on the moat outside the west gate of Guangfeng District.
Wang Zhenbai's poetry was famous in the late Tang Dynasty, and its literary status was highly respected in all previous dynasties. Song Dynasty poet Pan Ruotong's "Elegant Ci of County Pavilion": "Bai Zhen, the title of the poem was broadcast at the end of Tang Dynasty". The Biography of Talented Scholars in Tang Dynasty written by Xin, a Yuan Dynasty, said that he was "knowledgeable and versatile, specializing in poetry, beautiful and elegant, and won two titles in one breath, and he was above the blue clouds, so the article can be cited." But for most people now, his name is very inconspicuous in the starry Tang poetry circle. However, you must have heard the famous sentence "an inch of time is an inch of gold" in his "One Song and Two Songs in Bailudong" from teachers or parents. Next, let's take a look at this most famous poem about Bailudong.
Concentrate on reading, I know that spring has passed, and every inch of time is as precious as an inch of gold. It is not Taoism that mocks, but the teachings of Duke Zhou are devoted to the study of Confucius.
"Late spring" refers to late spring, late spring; "Laughter" means joking and joking. "Zhou Qing Sikong" refers to the etiquette and Confucianism of the Duke of Zhou, and the poem refers to the study of classics and history. "Pursuit" means in-depth learning. This poem translated into vernacular Chinese roughly means: concentrate on reading, before you know it, spring will pass, and every inch of time is as precious as gold. If I hadn't been interrupted by the laughter of Taoist priests, I would have been deeply studying the essence and teaching of Duke Zhou and Confucius.
This is a poem about the poet's own reading life, and it is also a poem that cherishes time. The first narrative, "Reading is Deep in Spring", says that I concentrate on reading, and before I know it, spring will soon pass. As can be seen from this poem, the poet concentrates on reading, is nervous and full every day, and completely forgets the time. The shade is thick and the spring scenery is deep, which was suddenly discovered by the poet inadvertently. This discovery surprised the poet and made him feel a lot. Time series transformation is unusual. Why didn't the poet find it before? The word "reading" tells the reason. It is precisely because the poet's mind is completely immersed in reading that he finds that the time sequence has changed unconsciously. However, what this discovery caused was not the fleeting feeling and regret of the beautiful spring scenery, but the time spent studying was so precious that I cherished my mood all the more, so the poet's heartfelt sigh that "an inch of time is worth an inch of gold" became a golden sentence that has been told for thousands of years. This poem uses gold to describe time, and "an inch of time and an inch of gold" to express the preciousness of time, which vividly shows the poet's treasure of time.
"One inch of time" here refers to a very short time, so why did the ancients call time "time"? How long is an inch of time? The appearance of the word "time" is related to ancient timing tools. Before the Qing Dynasty, there were no clocks and watches in China, so it was not easy to be punctual. Of course, this does not mean that there were no timing tools in ancient times. For example, I told you about the timing tool "copper pot dripping water" in the sharing on the fifteenth night of the first month. The word "time" is related to the ancient timekeeping tool "sundial". The sundial is a tool for human beings to measure time according to the change of the position of the sun shadow. It consists of a base, a dial and a pointer. The base is parallel to the ground, the drifting surface is parallel to the equator, and the pointer is parallel to the earth axis. The pointer is generally made of copper and passes vertically through the brick surface. The brick surface is disc-shaped and stony, with 12 hour engraved on both sides. When the sun shines on the sundial, the projection of the sundial needle will be projected on the surface of the sundial, which means the corresponding time. Every day from morning till night, the sun moves from east to west, and the shadow of the sundial pointer changes with each step. The sun is "light" and the shadow is "yin", and the elapsed time is reflected in the change of the shadow of light, from which the word "time" comes.
Look at this inch again. We now measure time in hours, minutes and seconds. Why did the ancients use "inch" to measure time? It is recorded in the Biography of Great Dai Li: "The cloth refers to the inch, and the hand knows the ruler." When Zheng Xuan commented on the Book of Rites, he also said: "Lay four fingers to help, and one finger to handle the case." As you can see, one inch refers to a wide length. The time it takes for the shadow of the sundial pointer to move one inch on the dial is called one inch time, that is, "one inch shadow" Because an inch is only as short as a finger, "inch yin" naturally refers to a very short time, so it is even more precious and perishable to measure time.
In the observation of everything in heaven and earth, in the cycle of the four seasons, the ancients gradually realized that the passage of time has always been ruthless and never waits for people. First of all, "inch silver" and "inch gold" are linked together. It is "Huai Nan Zi Yuan Dao Xun" that advises people to cherish every moment: "Therefore, saints value inch silver instead of ruler jade, which is rare and easy to lose." Jade is a jade ring used for ancient sacrifices. Although priceless, time is more precious than jade. On the basis of the first sentence of "Two Poems on Bailudong" by Wang Zhenbai, it naturally aroused such profound feelings, which was enough to arouse the singing of every scholar who cherishes time. Therefore, when the poem came out, it became a well-known aphorism, so that it was later incorporated into the children's enlightenment book Zengguang Xianwen in the Ming Dynasty, which collected various aphorisms and proverbs of China from ancient times to the present. However, the widespread popularity of the combination of "an inch of time and an inch of gold" and "an inch of gold can't buy an inch of time" in Augmented Xianwen makes people forget its original source: Wang Zhenbai's "One Song and Two Songs in Bailudong". When my mother and I participated in the recording of the third season of the Chinese Poetry Conference, our family group rushed out of the 100-member group many times. Sister Fu Xin of Hunan First Normal University got stuck in the last sentence of "an inch of time and an inch of gold" when answering a question.
After expressing deep regret, did the poet continue reading? It was true, but it was interrupted by a visiting Taoist friend. This is exactly what the third sentence of the next poem expresses: "It is not the Taoist who laughs." This Taoist seems to be a humorous person. I don't know what he said to the poet, which made the poet who concentrated on reading laugh. Taoist priests can endure loneliness and calm down if they want to sit quietly and make an alchemy, while poets need Taoist priests to "laugh" before they are willing to relax and rest, which shows that poets are absorbed in reading. What books did the poet read? The fourth sentence "Zhou Qing Sikong is pursuing" answers this question. It turned out that when the Taoist priest arrived, the poet was delving into the essence of Duke Zhou and Confucius and humbly teaching the saints.
From this poem "The First Part of Two Poems of Bailudong", we can see that the poet Wang Zhenbai is a man who cherishes time as gold and studies knowledge. I think he must have benefited from this quality when he became a famous poet at that time.
Interestingly, Zhu, who has made a decisive contribution to Bailudong Academy, also has a poem "Accidental Achievement" similar to "Two Chapters of Bailudong": "Young people are easy to learn, and an inch of time is not light. I didn't feel the dream of spring grass in the pond, and the leaves in front of the steps were autumn. " This poem was written in Zhu's later years. According to legend, when Zhu was old, he went to a school and saw a group of students playing by the pond outside. It was late autumn, and the leaves of plane trees were falling with the wind. When I thought of my bald head, I couldn't help feeling deeply and recited this poem casually. Is "an inch of time and an inch of gold" exactly the same as "an inch of time and an inch of gold"? And does "spring grass in the pool has no dream, and the leaves in front of the steps have fallen in autumn" express a similar expression that time flies and time waits for no one, so we must cherish time with keen and delicate brushwork and implicit and vivid images of time sequence flow? The only difference is that Zhu's "Accidental Success" warns teenagers that life is easy to get old and learning is difficult, and every inch of time should be cherished, while his "Bailudong No.1 and No.2 Songs" tells them how much they cherish time.
In fact, many ancient poems express similar advice and cherish time. For example, the first two sentences of Lu You's Reading on a Winter Night that I shared before are somewhat similar to Zhu's Accidental Success.
My mother likes Wang Zhenbai's One Song and Two Songs in White Deer Cave very much. When she participated in the recording of the third season of the Chinese Poetry Conference, the fixed poem she chose for the first time on stage was "I wonder if it is spring, and an inch of time is an inch of gold". But when she answered the questions of two poems, she confused Lu You's "The ancients learned nothing" with Zhu's "An inch of time cannot be light". Although these two poems have the same rhyme and seem to be seamlessly connected, my mother often laughs at herself, "I haven't learned enough to recite poems!" " Indeed, when we study, we should not only cherish time, but also really make enough efforts in precious time!
When we were studying in Bailudong Academy, we also practiced the spirit of cherishing time in Zhu's poems. We get up early to run and read books every day, study in class in the afternoon and do our homework at night. The arrangement of going out to play is also very good for the content of reading and learning. It is precisely because we cherish every minute that this short two-week study tour has become so unforgettable.
In Guangfeng District, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, Wang Zhenbai's hometown, the famous phrase "an inch of time and an inch of gold" in the first two poems of Bailudong No.1 has been built as a local cultural card. On 201September 1 1 Sunday, the local CPPCC held a research forum on "Wang Zhenbai cultural brand building", trying to build Wang Zhenbai culture into a local brand, so that people who cherish time in China and even the whole world will think of Guangfeng and Wang Zhenbai when they think of time. Some CPPCC members even suggested that the "time" culture should be written into city business cards, organizations should be established, brands should be registered first, and publicity efforts should be intensified to make Wang Zhenbai's "time" culture a household name. This more commercial promotion is indeed helpful to the spread of culture, but can it really spread the connotation of reading with the spirit of "an inch of time and an inch of gold"?
1. Have you been to any college? Can you share a favorite college?
2. Have you participated in any impressive study tours? Can you share it with everyone?
Have you read Zhu's poems? Can you share one of his poems, such as Spring Day?
4. What poems have you read that advise people to cherish time? Can you share a song with us?
5. Have you ever felt "an inch of time and an inch of gold" in your study? Share with you how you did it.
What impressed you most about Bailudong Academy, a special friend who has been to Lushan camp?
(Yuan) New Biography of Talented Talents in Tang Dynasty
(Yuan) and others wrote Zhuxi Biography of the History of Song Dynasty.
Luo Yongtang's Lecture Notes on Lushan Camp
Bailudong Academy official website
What is the earliest official institution of academy in China?
Of course, there are all kinds of Baidu ...